Oceanography Chapter 3 Test

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

mid ocean ridge is a _______ plate boundary

divergent

rift valley

down dropped area on crest of ridge

echo soundings

echo sounder or fathometer - reflection of sound signals off ocean floor

what are efficient bathymetric tools? (2)

echo sounding and satellites

how was the mid atlantic ridge discovered?

echo soundings, german ship METEOR

t or f: in turbidity currents, small particles settle first with larger particles setting on top

false

t or f: ridges separate quickly and have gradual slopes compared to a rise

false

t or f: subduction zones move and change over time

false

t or f: PDR is does not make reliable maps

false: PDR produces the first reliable sea floor maps

t or f: the continental shelf is not part of the continent

false: the continental shelf is geologically part of the continent

rise = ______ separation

faster

passive margins have ______ shelves

wider

bathymetry

measure of ocean depth and seafloor topography

bathymetry

measures the vertical distance from the ocean surface to mountains, valleys, plains, and other sea floor features

continental arc are _____

mountain on land (andes mountains

PDR is referred to _____

mowing the lawn

submarine canyons are ______

narrow, deep, v-shaped in profile

mid ocean ridge = ______

new crust

sediment in abyssal plains cover ______

ocean crust irregularities

the study of bathymetry determines _______ and _______

ocean depths and ocean floor topography

where are volcanic arc located?

on non subducted ocean plates

how much does the mid ocean ridge occupy in the deep sea basin?

one third

seismic surveys use

air guns or strong, low-frequency sounds

continental slope is where ____ begin

deep ocean basins

deep ocean basins

deep water areas farther from land

where are abyssal plains well developed?

atlantic and indian oceans

submarine canyons extend to _____

base of continental slope (3500 m or 11,500 ft below sea level)

abyssal plains extend from _______

base on continental rise

how do satellites measure the sea floor?

based on gravitational bulges in sea floor

how is the continental slope marked?

by submarine canyons

how are submarine canyons carved?

by turbidity currents

side scan sonar _____

can be towed behind ship to provide very detailed bathymetric strip map

oceans trenches are the ____ of oceans

deepest part

where do the sediments of turbidity currents go?

deposited at slope base

seismic surveys shoes the

details of ocean structure beneath sea floor and detailed shape and position of boundaries

gloria

device used for side-scan sonar

different seafloor features exist in _______

different oceanographic locations

california's transform active margin has a ______

continental borderland

what are the 3 major ocean provinces?

continental margins, deep-ocean basins, mid-ocean ridge

type of _______ determine ______ features

continental margins, shelf

order of continental margin?

continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

passive continental margin order of features

continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

does the continental slope or shelf have a greater shelf?

continental slope (averages 4 degrees but can vary from 1-25 degrees)

2 types of active continental margins

convergent and transform active margins

pacific ring of fire is marked by _____

convergent boundaries

what generates ocean trenches?

convergent margins

hypsographic curve

cumulative plot of area versus depth or elevation

where are most ocean trenches located?

pacific ocean

ocean trenches are located where in the pacific ocean?

pacific ring of fire

where do the majority of world's active volcanoes and earthquakes happen?

pacific ring of fire

most ocean floor features are generated by _______

plate tectonic processes

PDR stands for ______

precision depth recorder

sea floor mapping from space uses _____

satellite measurements

hydrothermal vents are _____

sea floor hot springs

what did PDR help confirm?

sea floor spreading

what are the mid ocean ridge features?

seamounts, pillow lava/basalt, hydrothermal vents

what abyssal plain volcanic peaks are below sea level?

seamounts, tablemounts, guyots, and abyssal hills/seaknolls

abyssal plain volcanic peaks that are at least 1km above sea floor

seamounts, tablemounts, or guyots

abyssal plain volcanic peaks poke through _____

sediment cover

turbidity currents have _____

sediment from continental shelf

seamounts

tall volcanoes

california's margin is a _____

transform active margin

pacific ring of fire are the _______ of pacific ocean

margins

deepest trench

mariana trench (11,000 meters or 36,161 feet)

abyssal plains have _______ of _________ particles

suspension settling, very fine

active continental margins

- associated with convergent or transform plate - much tectonic activity - west coast if US - thin sediment accumulation

transform continental margin

- less common - transform plate boundaries - linear islands, banks, and deep basins close to shore - coastal california along san andreas fault

passive continental margins

- not close to any plate boundary - no major tectonic activity - east coast of US (shallow) - thick sediment accumulation

convergent active margin

- ocean-continent convergent plate boundaries - active continental volcanoes - narrow shelf - offshore trench - islands - western south america

average depth of shelf break

135 meters (443 feet)

how far an the continental shelf reach up to and where?

1500 km (930 miles) in arctic ocean

when was echo sounding created/used?

1925

when was PDR created/used?

1950s

average depth of continental shelf

70 km (43 miles)

how hot do hydrothermal vents get to?

800 degrees F

what does GLORIA stand for?

Geological Long-Range Inclined Acoustical Instrument

what are the modern bathymetry measuring systems?

SONAR, SIDE SCAN SOLAR (GLORIA)

abyssal plain volcanic peaks that are less than 1km above sea floor

abyssal hill/ seaknolls

continental shelf

flat zone from shore to shelf break

PDR is ____

focused high frequency sound beam

continental rise is the _______ in turbidite deposits

graded bedding

where are some of the deepest and flattest parts of earth?

in abyssal plains

mid ocean ridge is the _______ mountain chain

longest

poseidonus

made first sounding in 85 BC

shelf break is where marked _________ occurs

increase in slope angle

what do satellite measurements reveal?

indirectly reveals bathymetry

island arc

island in ocean (Japan)

trenches _______ their position over time

keep

negative of echo soundings

lacks detail and could provide inaccurate view of sea floor. reflects anything in its way

what is the continental slopes topography similar to?

land mountain ranges

sounding

line with heavy weight

soundings

line with heavy weight

hydrothermal vents have _______

seep metal sulfides

what method uses a strong, low frequency sound to measure the shape/position of boundary layers?

seismic survey

continental margins

shallow water areas close to shore

rises have a _____ slope

shallow/gradual

seismic survey

shape and position of boundaries

pillow lavas or pillow basalt

shapes formed when hot basaltic lava quickly cools

hypsographic curve def

shows relationship between height or land and depth of ocean

vents have ______ impact on ________

significant, ocean chemistry

in a continental rise how are the sediments characteristics?

similar to those formed by rivers on land

ridge = ______ separation

slower

what kind of earthquakes doe rift valleys form?

small earthquakes

what does SONAR stand for?

sound navigation and range

what is used when measuring bathymetry?

soundings, poseidonus, fathom

submarine canyons are _______ to ______ walls

steep, overhanging

ridges have a _____ slope

steeper

mid ocean ridge

submarine mountain range

continental rise is the _____

transition between continental crust and oceanic crust

continental rise is marked by ______

turbidite deposits from turbidity current

how do turbidity currents move?

under the influence of gravity

turbidity currents are ____

underwater avalanches mixed with rocks and other debris

fathom

unit of measure (1.8 meters or 6 feet)

hydrothermal vents have _____ ecosystems able to survive without _______

unusual and diverse deep ocean, sunlight

satellite

used to map ocean floor from space

PDR

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

abyssal plain volcanic peaks that are above sea level

volcanic islands

what does the mid ocean ridge create?

volcanic/basaltic lava


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