Oceanography Chapters 1-5
All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except: evaporites. halites. manganese nodule. phosphates. stromatolites.
stromatolites.
Areas of intense volcanic activity that remain in more or less the same location over long periods of geologic time and are unrelated to plate boundaries are called hotspots. True False
true
Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides. True False
true
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:
turbidity currents
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are: deep sea fans. graded bedding. turbidity currents. turbidite deposits. white smokers.
turbidity currents
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: a glacier. a river delta. organisms a volcanic eruption. the wind.
a glacier.
1) The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the: A) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. B) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. C) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans. D) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. E) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans.
B) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
24) One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: A) combines with iron in volcanic rocks. B) can form ozone and block some UV radiation. C) is necessary for photosynthesis to occur. D) reduces atmospheric temperature. E) was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere.
B) can form ozone and block some UV radiation.
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?
It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? clay-sized particles cosmogenous sediments large particles such as gravel manganese nodules silt-sized particles
Large particles such as gravel
7) The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle A) Pytheas. B) Eratosthenes. C) Herodotus. D) Seneca. E) Ptolemy.
A) Pytheas.
19) Oceanic crust is primarily: A) basalt. B) carbonate sedimentary rocks. C) clay minerals. D) granite. E) siltstone.
A) basalt.
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:
Thermocline
Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called: cosmogenous. biogenous. hydrogenous. terrigenous. volcanogenic.
biogenous.
Ocean sediments provide all of the following mineral resources except: coal. clathrates. manganese nodules. methane hydrates. petroleum.
coal
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. abyssal plain B. continental flood basalt C. continental rise D. continental shelf E. continental slope
continental flood basalt
Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the: abyssal plain. continental rise. continental slope. mid-ocean ridge. trench.
continental slope
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: cosmogenous. biogenous. hydrogenous. lithogenous. volcanogenic.
cosmogenous
All of the following are lithogenous sediments except: beach sand. diatom ooze. glacial deposits. clays. volcanic particles.
diatom ooze.
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: a)decrease in temperature downward toward the core. b)differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. c)gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. d)initial collection of materials and their position in Earth. e)presence of water at Earth's surface.
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.
All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except:
evaporation
A glacial deposit is well sorted. True False
false
Anaerobic organisms require oxygen to survive. True False
false
Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic. true false
false
At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity. true false
false
Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world. True False
false
Free oxygen was present in the Earth's primordial atmosphere. True False
false
Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect. true false
false
Heterotrophic organisms can make their own food from inorganic carbon sources. True False
false
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of water.T/F
false
Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. True False
false
Mantle plumes are columnar areas of hot molten rock that arise from within the lithosphere. True False
false
New crust is formed at trenches and older crust is subducted at oceanic ridges. True False
false
Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust because it is made of silica and manganese. True False
false
Paleomagnetism confirms that at particular times in the geologic past Earth has had more than one magnetic north pole. True False
false
Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. true false
false
The continental shelf is generally defined as a steeply sloping zone extending from the shoreline to the shelf break. True False
false
The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. true false
false
The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water. true false
false
The salinity of the oceans has been steadily increasing. True False
false
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: carbonate dissolution. deposit feeders. fecal pellets. precipitation. wind.
fecal pellets.
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? diatoms foraminiferans glauconite phosphorites radiolarians
foraminiferans
All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: continental rise. continental shelf. continental slope. fracture zone. submarine canyon.
fracture zone
All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: continental rise. continental shelf. continental slope. fracture zone. submarine canyon.
fracture zone
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more: clay than in temperate waters. coral debris than in tropical waters. gravel than in tropical waters. shell fragments than in temperate waters. silt and sand than in tropical waters.
gravel than in tropical waters.
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?
high heat capacity
Manganese nodules are an example of: biogenous sediments. cosmogenous sediments. hydrogenous sediments. terrigenous sediments. volcagenic sediments.
hydrogenous sediments.
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: cosmogenous. biogenous. hydrogenous. lithogenous. volcanogenic.
hydrogenous.
The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the:
hydrologic cycle
Phosphate-rich nodules form in: continental shelf waters. estuaries. hydrothermal vent areas. intermediate to shallow depth water. mid-ocean ridges.
intermediate to shallow depth water.
The San Andreas Fault: is a continental transform fault. is an oceanic transform fault. is associated with deep focus earthquakes. is located in the Juan de Fuca Plate.
is a continental transform fault.
Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are: less than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% hydrogenous material. less than 30% neritic material. more than 30% neritic material.
less than 30% biogenous material.
Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called: lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment. biogenous sediment. hydrogenous sediment. cosmogenous sediment. All of these.
lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment.
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: cosmogenous. biogenous. hydrogenous. lithogenous. volcanogenic.
lithogenous.
Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. crust; lithosphere asthenosphere; lithosphere lithosphere; asthenosphere mantle; crust lithosphere; mesosphere
lithosphere; asthenosphere
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures low pressure and warmer temperatures low pressure and colder temperatures
lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are: associated with hydrothermal vents. located in submarine canyons. parallel to the rift valley. perpendicular to the ridge axis.
perpendicular to the ridge axis.
Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living. plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past.
plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.
An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the:
pycnocline
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? coccolithophores corals foraminiferans phosphorites radiolarians
radiolarians
As the salinity of seawater increases, its:
residence time changes.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley
rift valley
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called: seamounts. tablemounts. submarine canyons. oceanic trenches. oceanic ridges.
sea mounts
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called: seamounts. tablemounts. submarine canyons. oceanic trenches. oceanic ridges.
seamounts
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere: decreases in proportion to the distance. is unrelated to the distance from the ridge. increases in proportion to the distance. randomly varies. remains the same
increases in proportion to the distance.
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is: abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf. abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise. rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf. shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain. slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.
The method that used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is: direct observation. drilling. light waves. satellite observation. sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).
sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).
The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:
temperature
5) All of the following are TRUE concerning the deepest part of the ocean except: A) the bottom of this trench was visited by Piccard and Walsh in the Trieste in 1960. B) the deepest part of the ocean is located in a trench off the coast of Japan. C) the depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest. D) the depth of this trench is estimated at 11,022 meters (~36,161 feet). E) this trench is called the Mariana Trench.
B) the deepest part of the ocean is located in a trench off the coast of Japan.
Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound. True False
False
Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments. True False
False
The Wentworth scale is used to arrange the amount of sorting in a sediment deposit. True False
False
The deposition of radiolarian oozes is affected by the carbonate compensation depth. True False
False
The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons. True False
False
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. Pangaea subduction zone paleomagnetism rift valley Panthalassia supercontinent 250 million years ago study of magnetism over geologic time depression along a ridge axis ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate
Pangaea -supercontinent 250 million years ago subduction zone -sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate paleomagnetism -study of magnetism over geologic time rift valley -depression along a ridge axis panthalassia -ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean
Calcareous shells will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet). True False
True
Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. True False
True
Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf. True False
True
Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator. True False
True
Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events. True False
True
Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. True False
True
The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. True False
True
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. continental shelf B. abyssal hill C. shelf break D. continental rise E. continental slope
abyssal hill
The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s): 1. 2. 3. 2 & 3. 3 & 4.
2 & 3.
Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s): 1. 2. 4. 2 & 3. 3 & 4.
4.
26) Earth is about: A) 6,000 years old. B) 4.6 billion years old. C) 4.6 million years old. D) 40 billion years old. E) 400,000 years old.
4.6 billion
16) The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a: A) nebula. B) solar system. C) protoplanet. D) quasar. E) supernova.
A) nebula.
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. Nebula E Mantle C Core A solar system D Crust B
A. composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer B. outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite C. contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification D. the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it E. gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system)
The four main classifications of marine sediment include: lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment. biogenous sediment. hydrogenous sediment. cosmogenous sediment. All of these.
All of these
21) Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included: A) ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. B) carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane. C) hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. D) nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. E) all of the above.
B) carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane.
18) The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: A) decrease in temperature downward toward the core. B) differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. C) gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. D) initial collection of materials and their position in Earth. E) presence of water at Earth's surface.
B) differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.
All of the following statements regarding pH are true except:
Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution.
4) The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately: A) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet). B) 840 meters (2,756 feet). C) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet). D) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet). E) none of the above.
C) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet).
22) Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to: A) comets from outer space. B) release of liquid water from the core. C) water vapor released from volcanic outgassing. D) all of the above. E) none of the above.
C) water vapor released from volcanic outgassing.
2) The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the: A) Arctic Ocean. B) Atlantic Ocean. C) Indian Ocean. D) Pacific Ocean. E) Southern Ocean.
D) Pacific Ocean.
14) A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an: A) guess. B) law. C) observation. D) hypothesis. E) theory.
D) hypothesis.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans
D. abyssal plains
25) Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the: A) origin of rocks. B) chemical composition of rocks. C) formation method. D) metamorphism. E) ages of rocks.
E) ages of rocks.
23) The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called: A) adaptation. B) evolution. C) descent with modification. D) intelligent design. E) natural selection
E) natural selection
15) Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: A) guesses. B) laws. C) observations. D) hypotheses. E) theories.
E) theories.
13) The scientific method includes all of the following except: A) data collection. B) evaluation of data. C) hypothesis formation. D) hypothesis testing. E) validation of a theory.
E) validation of a theory.
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: abyssal plain far from a continent. continental rise. continental shelf. crest of a mid-ocean ridge. All of these locations contain manganese nodules.
abyssal plain far from a continent.
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A mesosphere B asthenosphere E lithosphere D basalt C granite
mesosphere-lower portion of the mantle that is rigid asthenosphere-plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere lithosphere-crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer basalt -oceanic crust granite-continental crust
Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment: microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris. microscopic spherules and abyssal clays. biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris. abyssal clays and evaporites. biogenous oozes and evaporites.
microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.
Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except:they occur along transform plate boundaries. movement occurs in the same direction. they have many earthquakes. they occur between offset oceanic ridge segments.
movements occur in the same direction
The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:being subducted beneath the North American plate. being subducted beneath Japan. being thrust over the North American plate. diving under Japan. moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is: abyssal clay deposits. manganese nodule deposits. neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits. neritic siliceous sediment deposits. pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits.
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits.
Sediments found on continental margins are called: continental. estuarine. neritic. oceanic. pelagic.
neritic.
All of the following statements are true of ocean sediments except: ocean sediments are thickest pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide
ocean sediments are thickest pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:seamounts. tablemounts. abyssal hills or seaknolls. oceanic trenches. oceanic ridges.
oceanic trenches
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: guesses. laws. observations. hypotheses. theories.
theories
All of the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except: they may contain coarse grained sand and rock fragments in the sediments they may contain sediments of lithogenous origin they may contain sediments transported from rivers onto the continental shelf they may form shallow coastal waters they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin
they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin
A rift valley may be associated with divergent plate boundaries. True False
true
A sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called a turbidity current. True False
true
As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline. true false
true
At divergent plate boundaries, usually only shallow depth earthquakes can be found. True False
true
Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. True False
true
Coastal sand dunes are usually well sorted due to winds. True False
true
Deep-ocean water contains more carbon dioxide than surface water because deep water is colder and has the ability to dissolve more gases. true false
true
Deep-sea trenches are found at convergent plate boundaries. True False
true
Earth developed the first ocean by about 4 billion years ago. True False
true
Evaporation causes cooling in the liquid left behind. true false
true
Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater. true false
true
Fast-moving spreading zones tend to be more gently sloping than slow-moving ridges. True False
true
Layers of the earth separated based on density differences. True False
true
Precipitation, runoff, melting icebergs, and sea ice formation all decrease salinity. true false
true
Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks. True False
true
The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago. True False
true
Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth that readily exists in all three states of matter simultaneously (ice, water, and water vapor). true false
true
n general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history. True False
true
