Oceanography final

Tropical cyclones are also called: hurricanes. all of these typhoons. willi-willis.

all of these

________is one of the requirements for photosynthesis.

all of these (carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, light)

The deep, narrow fjords of New Zealand, Norway and British Columbia are examples of _____ coastlines

all of these (drowned, submergent, glacially deepened)

What are some effects of a lower pH on ocean animal life?

all of these (excess H2S at the seafloor, damage to corals, dissolution of calcite shells)

Which of the following is an example of a primary producer?

all of these (phytoplankton, chemosynthetic bacteria, a diatom)

Where do we find benthic organisms

all of these. (on the deep ocean floor, attached to rocks, in tidal muds)

Geologists believe that a new ocean basin will form:

along the East African divergent rift system.

Scientists can observe primary productivity in the ocean from space by measuring the _________________.

amount of chlorophyll in surface waters.

The Japanese islands are an example of:

an island arc that formed along a trench

The mid-ocean mountains, such as the ridges and rises:

are constructed of volcanic basalt.

In the process of lithification, sediments:

are converted into solid rock.

Oxygen enters seawater:

as a byproduct of photosynthesis and diffusion from the surface.

The Earth's oldest rocks are found:

at the cores of the continents.

Which of the following is the last or oldest stage of coral reef development?

atoll

Ocean trenches occur at which kind of plate boundary?

convergent

Which of the following is a type of zooplankton?

copepods

Which of the terms below is defined by this statement: a wave's _____ is its highest point.

crest

For the questions about Plunging Breakers, which one of the total set of beaches BEST shows a steep beach face?

San Jose del Cabo

Which of the statements below best describes longshore drift or beach drift?

Sand moves parallel to the beach.

Which major ocean bodies contact Baja and Yucatan, respectively?

Sea of Cortez and Gulf of Mexico

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sound in the ocean?

The speed of sound in the ocean decreases as temperature increases.

Nautical conversions: 1 knot = 1.15 miles/hr

True

Nautical conversions: 1 land mile = 1.609 km

True

On a plunging breaker beach face, wave energy is sharply reduced, and the wave usually curls steeply forward.

True

The Fin whale is a baleen whale

True

The largest animal on Earth feeds near the bottom of its environment s food chain

True

Which of the following best describes how longshore currents can create rip currents?

Two longshore currents approach each other from opposite directions.

The hydrogen bonds of water molecules account for all of the following EXCEPT?

Water is always safe for human consumption

What happens to the water if two longshore currents approach each other?

Water then rushes offshore in a fast, narrow current called a 'rip current'.

Which of the following North American coastlines is considered an "active margin"

West Coast

Part I, B: Are these two currents upwelling currents? How do you know?

Yes; winds blow north, alongside the continent, then offshore.

After studying the images and descriptions of the coastal regions, which two below can be classified as being located at a passive plate margin?

Yucatan and Cape Cod

Part II, B: The general Pressure and Precipitation models for these four areas indicate that low P (pressure) and wet (precipitation) conditions dominate for __________.

Yucatan, Ireland, New Zealand

The present shorelines of the world are considered to be:

a dynamic environment affected by both long-term and short-term cycles.

An estuary in which salinities tend to be higher away from the ocean entrance than near the ocean entrance is called:

a fjord estuary.

A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin is collectively called:

a gyre

A zone in which the ocean's salinity increases rapidly with increasing depth is called:

a halocline.

During an El Niño event:

a strong equatorial countercurrent develops in the Pacific.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a turbidity current? none of these A fast surface current of water that runs parallel to beaches and that causes a rapid decrease in water clarity (turbidity). The cause of mid-ocean trenches. A phenomenon associated with violent atmospheric storms at sea.

none of these

A spring tide occurs:

none of these (45 degrees, 90 degrees, in spring)

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning bycatch?

none of these (bycatch sometimes greatly exceeds the target catch, bottom trawling is one of the methods that results in a lot of bycatch, they are animals unintentionally killed while fishing for other species)

Besides rising sea level, what other effects are global warming having on the ocean?

none of these (lowering acidity, lowering CO2 levels, raising pH levels)

Which of the following is not an effect of plastic in the oceans?

none of these (mammals and seabirds caught in plastic debris, seals and sea lions become entangles in nets, sea turtles mistake plastic for jelly fish)

Which of the following features might you see along a "depositional" coast?

none of these (sea stack, wavecut terrace, sea cave)

A good working definition for life might be: A highly organized system that can capture, store, and transmit ______________.

energy

The origin of sea cliffs, sea stacks, sea caves, blowholes, and arches is related to:

erosion by waves.

Warm air _____________ and cool air _____________.

expands and rises; contracts and sinks

Frozen water is less dense than liquid water; this is because below 4C, the ice crystal lattice occupies less space (aka volume) than does the liquid water molecule.

false

Part I, B: These currents are cold because they flow from cold, Arctic waters; upwelling does not play a role in their temperature.

false

Part I, C: 11. A seasonally colder land mass creates rising air currents, which in turn generates clouds and precipitation.

false

Part II, A: 4. The only current affecting the 4 regions which is cold and upwelling is the California Current.

false

There is no difference between the solubility of salt in cold water vs hot water; in other words, there is no difference in molecular bonding based on temperature.

false

With all the rivers emptying into Puget Sound, the dominant type of sediment on the seafloor is hydrogenous. Hint - think about where the rivers come from!

false

Overall, the ocean's most valuable biological resources consist of:

fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.

Which type of estuary has the poorest mixing between fresh river water and salt sea water?

fjord type

Which type of estuary has the poorest mixing between fresh river water and salt sea water

fjord-type

When the tide is rising, we call it a(n) ________ tide

flood

As carbon dioxide enters the ocean it:

forms carbonic acid.

Prevailing winds generally move across the continental United States from which direction:

from west to east

Is an ebb current one where the tide is coming into shore or going away from shore? And in Puget Sound, is the ebb current traveling north or south?

going away; north

What fundamental 'force of nature' is responsible for the motion of backwash?

gravity

For the shoreline in the pair of pictures showing a series of 'groins', that interrupt the flow of longshore drift, which side of each of the groins shows accretion of sand?

north

The youngest seafloor rocks are found:

near the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges.

The _______zone is the open ocean environment, over the continental shelves.

neritic

A Spring Tide occurs during which set of phases of the moon

new and full

The main inorganic nutrients necessary for photosynthesis, growth and reproduction in marine autotrophs are:

nitrates and phosphates.

The most abundant gaseous components of the Earth's atmosphere are

nitrogen and oxygen.

What is the approximate mixing time of the world ocean? about 100,000,000 years none of these about 100 years about 100,000 years

none of these

What is the density of seawater with T = 0C, and salinity = 33 0/00? none of these 10.266 102.66 0.10266

none of these

Which of the following statements accurately describes ALL continental margins? none of these They are regions of great geological stability. They are areas where lithospheric plates are actively moving apart. They are areas of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes, where lithospheric plates are converging or are in collision.

none of these

Primary producers in the ocean are called

phytoplankton

What type of organism is described by this statement: "plant-like, often single-celled, photosynthesizes, an autotroph, forms the base of the ocean food web"

phytoplankton

Which of the following are plant-like organisms.

phytoplankton

One major concern about climate change is that:

phytoplankton productivity will decrease.

The whale shark is the largest species of shark and eats:

plankton near the surface of the water.

Which rock type forms from cooling magma deep in the earth's crust?

plutonic

A group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area is called a:

population

The organisms that produce food are called:

primary producers.

The organisms that produce food in any food chain are called

producers

Which of the following is characteristics of plunging breakers

rapid loss of energy

The age of most marine sediments is:

rarely older than about 180 million years old.

Waves tend to be parallel to the shore when they break due to the process of:

refraction

What is the name of the process that causes waves to change direction as they approach the coastline, gradually becoming more parallel to the coast?

refraction

This statement, "release of stored energy from chemical bonds in food" refers to which process below?

respiration (cellular)

The principle of constant proportions states:

that the ratio of major salts in samples of seawater from various places is a constant

Residence time is:

the average length of time an element spends in the ocean.

The highest point on a beach profile is:

the berm crest.

Carbonate sediments are rare in deep sea sediments because:

the carbonate shells dissolve in deep water.

The power for tropical cyclones comes from

the condensation of warm, moist air.

The neritic zone is found above which region of the continental margin

the continental shelf

The zone of lighted ocean where marine autotrophs are able to thrive is called:

the euphotic zone.

The primary force(s) that cause(s) tides in the sea is (are):

the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun.

The downcoast transport mechanism for beach sand along much of the Pacific coast is called:

the longshore current, a current that moves sand north-to-south along the coast, parallel to shore, close to shore.

The zone of the ocean in which marine producers conduct photosynthesis is

the photic zone

Oceanographers usually classify coasts by:

the physical processes shaping the coasts.

Part I, B: The two currents here are California and Canary, respectively.

true

Part I, C: Increased warmth over the Indian and Asian landmass generates the summer monsoons.

true

The salt content in the water under frozen sea ice is higher than the salt content in the ice itself due to salt being expelled from the ice lattice or structure.

true

Zooplankton are a type of heterotroph.

true

A _____ is produced by seismic activity, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides

tsunami

The Gulf Stream: Adrift on a life raft (no paddles, no sails, no motors!) on the Gulf Stream, how long would it take to drift across the Atlantic Ocean from Newfoundland, Canada, to Cornwall, England (about 1838 nm)?

39.5 days

Which of the following is the correct equation by which you can verify that an open ocean (depth=4000 m) tsunami (wavelength=200 km) is NOT a deep water wave?

4 km equal to or greater than 200 km/2.

In EX04, the firstTable called III, 3, a, which you completed, uses data from the Table of Seawater Constituents. What is the total weight of salts (ions) in grams (g) that you calculated on this new Table? And what is the salinity of this water?

35.05 g and 35.05 0/00

Whaling has effectively ceased. Except for a small and relatively insignificant number of pirate whalers, the taking of whales for profit is a thing of the past.

False

From the textbook Table 5.1 and your EX03, what is the settling velocity of clay, in cm/sec, in still water? And what is this settling rate in m/yr? At this rate, clay settling to the bottom of the Mariana Trench (11,020 m deep) will take about ______ years.

0.00025 cm/sec; 78.9 m/y; 139.7 yr.

In the open sea, tsunami reach an average wave height of about:

1 meter

What is the density of seawater with T = 4C, and salinity = 35 0/00?

1.0278

Roughly _____ of the biomass consumed by any consumer is stored in the consumer as flesh.

10%

Which of the below is a common surface temperature for temperate (about 30-60 degrees N and S latitude) water?

15 C

What is the wavelength for "shallow water" waves in a tank with a depth of 0.75 m?

15 m

Deep water waves have a wave base to wavelength ratio of _____

1:1/2

The critical ratio for a wave s height to its wavelength before it begins to break is

1:7

What are the ranges of latitude and longitude, in degrees only, for Baja, Mexico?

23 to 34 N, 109 to 117 W

Most of the world's coral reefs are found between which latitudes?

25N and 25 S

What are the lengths of the coastlines (km) of Baja and Ireland, respectively?

2780 and 1450

The second Table on EX04 has calculations based on a seawater sample with chlorinity of 16 0/00. What is the approximate total weight in grams of all the salts in this Table?

28

Looking again at the second Table, with calculations based on chlorinity of 16 0/00, what is the approximate salinity of this sample? How does this salinity compare to that of average seawater, which is about 35 0/00?

28 0/00; lower

What is the salinity for the seawater in this question with T = 9C, and density = 1.024? Units are parts per thousand.

31 0/00

If a sample of seawater has a salinity of 3.3%, what is the salinity in parts per thousand, using the correct symbol?

33 0/00

For salinity of 3.3%, what is the weight (in grams) of ions in 1000 grams (g) of water?

33 g

The average salinity of the world ocean is about _______parts per thousand.

34

What are the ranges of latitude and longitude, in degrees only, for New Zealand (both N and S islands combined)?

34 to 47 S, 166 to 179 E

What are the lat/long coordinates for Seattle, WA, in degrees and minutes? Latitude is written first, then longitude.

47 degrees 36 minutes N, 122 degrees 20 minutes W

What is the depth of a deep water wave tank, when wavelengths are 15 m?

7.5 m

Higher low tides, and lower high tides occur when the sun and moon are at what angle to each other?

90 degrees

Which of the following statements about pH is not true?

A pH of 3 is alkaline, a pH of 10 is acidic

Biological and other land-based evidence for plate tectonics can be seen in: the distribution of Glossopteris flora and fauna. evidence of ancient glaciation. the correlation of rocks in now widely separated continents. all of these

All of these

Define an ion:

An ion is an atom with more or fewer electrons than the number of protons in the nucleus.

Where in the world s ocean is krill an important food source

Antarctic

Where do penguins live?

Antarctic region

At a divergent tectonic boundary, plates move_____.

Apart

Using the maps and questions on the EX08 file, at what (general) time of year do you see the greatest primary productivity around Antarctic or the Southern Ocean?

Around January through March

Using the maps and questions on the EX08 file, at what (general) time of year do you see the greatest primary productivity around Ireland?

Around June through August

The Gulf Stream: In which major ocean do we find the Gulf Stream current? Does the Gulf Stream flow slower or faster than normal (human) walking speed? What is the Gulf Stream's speed in knots?

Atlantic; slower; 1.94kt

After studying the images and descriptions of the coastal regions, which two below can be classified as being located at an active plate margin?

BC and New Zealand

Which 2 of these 4 regions are peninsulas: *New Zealand, N and S Islands *Yucatan Mexico *Baja Mexico *Ireland

Baja and Yucatan

_____________ refers to organisms that live on or are associated with the bottom.

Benthic

Which of the following formulae is correct for respiration (cellular)? Note that this is the reverse of photosynthesis. As such, it is a simplified version.

C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + Energy

Part II, A: 6. Which of the currents below is NOT part of the North Atlantic Gyre?

California

Part II, A: 1. Which of these currents strongly affects Baja, Mexico, and Yucatan, Mexico, respectively?

California and Yucatan

For the questions about Spilling Breakers, which two of the total set of beaches BEST show shallow beach faces?

Cancun and Cabo Pulmo

You will have seen the charts of tidal currents (ebb and flood) for 2 channels in Puget Sound: Admiralty Inlet and Deception Pass. You will also have seen that the maximum current speed occurs at different times in these channels, and that the maximum current speeds themselves, are very different. What is a hypothesis for why these 2 phenomena occur?

Deception Pass is a deep, narrow channel, and is closer to the open ocean.

Which of the following is the correct definition of a "deep water wave"?

Depth is equal to or greater than 1/2 the wavelength.

The outermost solid layer of the Earth that comprises both continental and oceanic crust is called the:

Lithosphere

All of the following statements are true about an Ekman spiral EXCEPT:

Ekman spiral is not influenced by Coriolis.

A spring tide occurs when the moon is in a first or third quarter phase, and the tides are more extreme in heights (highs are higher, lows are lower).

False

BC and Yucatan both exhibit a Primary-type coastline.

False

Cape Cod and New Zealand both exhibit a secondary-type coastline.

False

Constructive wave interference occurs when wave troughs meet wave crests

False

Copepods are zooplankton; as such they are a producer, not a consumer.

False

Coral reefs are fast-growing structures

False

Dissolved CO2 is least plentiful just below the limit of photosynthesis because of respiration by many small animals at middle depths.

False

Earth's inner core is liquid.

False

Fishing is a growth industry, but the fishing consortia are, for the most part, careful to conserve this resource and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield.

False

Nautical conversions: 1 fathom = 6 meters

False

Nautical conversions: 1 knot = 1.15 nautical miles/hr

False

Nautical conversions: 1 nautical mile = 1.25 land miles

False

Part II, A: 5. Upwelling is not responsible for bringing deep ocean nutrients to the surface.

False

Refraction in ocean waves is identical to refraction in sound and energy waves in that it involves movement through a different medium.

False

The 'all ocean' average for net primary productivity is greater than that for 'all land'.

False

The synthesis of inorganic materials from organic substances by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis is called primary production (or primary productivity).

False

You will have seen the different tidal heights and arrival times for Seattle and Olympia, WA on the charts on EX06. A hypothesis that explains both of these phenomena is that Seattle is closer to the south end of Puget Sound, and tides are lower in height and later in time.

False

Part II, A: 1. Which of these currents strongly affects Ireland?

Gulf Stream

Which of the below is a starting product for chemosynthesis?

H2S

Which of the statements below best describes longshore current?

Incoming swash of water moves parallel to the beach.

Where in the ocean is: 12S, 129E?

Indian Ocean, off N coast Australia

The per capita world fish catch has changed in what way?

It increased steadily to about 1970, and then declined.

Part I, C: During which month(s) is precipitation in the Indian Ocean and SE Asia the highest?

June-August

You will have seen the chart of lunar phases for March 2002 on the EX06 file. Which set of dates is correct for 2 spring tides?

March 14 and 28

What is the correct list of names for plates labeled with numbers 1, 3, 5, 6, 7?

Nazca, Pacific, Eurasian, S. American, African

Part I, B: Which hemisphere is being depicted here? North or South?

North

Which of the atoms in the image above are represented by the different colors and polarities below?

O = red and (-); H = white and (+)

A certain experiment is designed to measure an amount of product created due to photosynthesis, but the sugar (also carbohydrate) component can not be measured. What alternate product of photosynthesis could be measured instead?

O2

Which of the following statements defines the principle of constant proportions?

Salt (ions) in seawater are in definite proportions regardless of the overall salinity.

What occurs at a hot spot?

One plate moves over a mantle plume.

Bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group:

Osteichthyes

Where in the ocean is: 60S, 90W?

Pacific Ocean, W of Drake Passage

The Hawaiian Islands formed as they pass over a hot spot in the middle of the:

Pacific Plate

Earlier than 200 million years ago, the continents were joined into one supercontinent called

Pangaea

What is the name given to the supercontinent of about 225 million years ago?

Pangaea

Part I, B: Name the two currents that flow northward along the west coasts of South America and Africa, respectively:

Peru (Humboldt) current and Benguela Current

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the global distribution of phytoplankton?

Phytoplankton populations do not vary with latitude and season.

Into which of the following groups do seals, sea lions, and walruses fit?

Pinnipedia

As early as the 1700s, scientists and explorers notice a remarkable coincidence of shape of the Atlantic coasts of Africa and which continent?

South America

Which of the following changes in ocean chemistry is likely occurring due to excess carbon in the atmosphere?

The ocean is becoming more acidic.

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the baleen whales?

The baleen whales are the smallest of the true whales because they only feed on plankton which is filtered by the baleen.

Which of the following statements is FALSE considering thermohaline circulation?

Thermohaline circulation is caused by even and steady global heating of the ocean

All of the following characteristics apply to the Cetacea EXCEPT:

They all have teeth in powerful jaws that make them efficient predators.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the islands bordering deep-sea trenches?

They are explosive volcanoes and are called island arcs.

What do these things have in common: Paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading, Pangaea, transform faults, and Pacific hotspots.

They are involved with plate tectonics.

A certain experiment is designed to measure an amount of product created due to photosynthesis. If this experiment was attempted in the dark, photosynthesis could not occur.

True

A flood current occurs as the tide height is increasing.

True

A tombolo forms as moving sand connects an island to the mainland

True

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to bind light into chemical bond using chlorophyll, CO2 and H2O.

True

Earth's outer core does not allow S-waves to pass through it, thus it is not solid.

True

Eustatic sea level change is a change that affects all the ocean surfaces, globally.

True

On your EX06 file, Page 2, under Tsunami Waves, you are asked to calculate the speed of a tsunami wave in water that is 3890 m deep. You have the equation that relates speed, gravity, and depth. Then you use that speed, along with details of an earthquake in Sumatra that generated the tsunami, to estimate its arrival time at the shores of Sri Lanka. What is that time?

about 2 hours

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more:

acidic; its pH is lower.

Is the WA/OR coast at an active or a passive continental (plate) margin?

active

Hydrothermal vents are located near:

active areas of seafloor spreading.

Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are being linked to which of the following:

all of the above (measurably higher ocean surface, loss of land ice, increasing ocean acidity)

The depth to which light can penetrate the ocean depends on: the angle of the sun above the horizon. the amount of suspended material in the water. all of these the smoothness or roughness of the sea surface.

all of these

To varying degrees, the ocean is stratified with respect to: all of these temperature salinity density

all of these

Underlying the unconsolidated sediments of the seafloor are:

basalt pillows and basement rocks.

In shallow water, the motion of water particles:

becomes a back-and-forth motion near the bottom.

Fragments of shells and bones are typical in which type of sediment?

biogenous

What type of sediments are calcareous and siliceous oozes?

biogenous

Which of the following sediments cover the greatest area of seabed?

biogenous sediments

Which of the following structures of seaweed is similar to land plant leaves?

blade

The deep-ocean basin includes all of the following features EXCEPT:

continental shelf.

What compound is used by the foraminifera to make their 'hard parts'?

calcite

What is produced in primary productivity?

carbohydrates

Using the maps and questions on the EX08 file, what is the principle reason for the annual changing levels of primary productivity in both northern and southern oceans?

changes of seasons

In chemosynthesis, the energy for life comes from

chemicals in the water

This description, "the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic compounds, using energy stored in the inorganic material (ie sulfur, ammonia, hydrogen), with energy released during oxidation" refers to which process below?

chemosynthesis

A form of autotrophy other than photosynthesis is:

chemosynthesis.

Select the finest particles in this list.

clay

Which of these sediments is the smallest, and most likely to be deposited far from shore, in deep, calm water??

clay

Tsunami or seismic sea waves are generated by:

coastal or submarine earthquakes

Sources of terrigenous sediments includes all of the following EXCEPT:

coccolithophores

All other factors begin equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in ____________ seawater.

cold

San Francisco's characteristic cold and foggy weather is caused by a:

cold eastern boundary current.

The densest water in ocean currents is the:

coldest and saltiest.

Neritic sediments are found on the:

continental shelf.

All of the following changes in ocean conditions are expected to occur if current trends in climate change continue EXCEPT:

decrease in the intensity of El Nino events.

If wind-wave crests are 200 feet apart in water that is about 100 feet deep, the waves are called _____ -water waves.

deep

What type of ocean waves are tsunami

deep water waves

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 main factors that determine wave height?

direction

Which of the following defines a wavelength?

distance between trough and trough

A tide pattern of one high and one low each day describes a

diurnal tide.

Rift valleys, seafloor spreading, and mid-ocean ridges are all features of which type of plate boundary?

divergent

The mid-ocean ridges are:

divergent plate boundaries.

What occurs along a coastline if Ekman transport pushes surface water toward the continent?

downwelling

An example of a fishing technique that is particularly disruptive is:

drift nets.

The organisms that cannot produce their own food are called:

heterotrophs.

The property of water that accounts for the ability of liquid water to absorb heat and change only very little in temperature is called:

high heat capacity.

Where in the world's oceans is the greatest range (or change) of primary productivity found?

high northern latitudes

When the side of the Earth facing the moon has a high tide, the opposite side has a

high tide

The side of the Earth facing the moon will experience a high tide, while the opposite side of the Earth will have a:

high tide.

Steep, narrow, rocky beaches are usually found in areas of:

high wave energy.

When the sun and moon are in a line with the Earth, the:

highest high and lowest low tides will occur.

The most dangerous threat to the marine environment, overall, is probably:

human overpopulation.

The amount of oxygen that seawater can hold in solution will be greater:

in colder water.

In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate ______, which ______ transfer efficiency.

in opposite directions; increases

The best fishing grounds are located:

in temperate waters over continental shelves.

Baleen whales are:

in the suborder Mysticeti.

Changes to coral reefs in recent decades do NOT include which of the following?

increasing areas of corals worldwide.

The deepest parts of the Pacific Basin are located:

near the margins of South America, Japan, and the Marianas Islands.

And once again, looking at that second Table, with calculations based on chlorinity of 16 0/00, this salinity is approximately that of Puget Sound. What major feature of the landscape around Puget Sound is responsible for the different salinity?

input from rivers and fresh water

The continental shelf:

is a gently sloping ocean floor platform.

An example of a zooplankton that is very important to many pelagic communities is:

krill

Lithogenous (terriginous) sediments originate from which general region of earth and its environs?

land

What is the most likely main food source of the Sperm Whale?

large squid

What is magma called when it reaches Earth's surface?

lava

In the ocean as a whole, the limiting factor for primary productivity is:

light.

Compaction and cementation are part of which process in the rock cycle:

lithification

The wings of the most severely oceanic birds (that is, birds spending nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean) tend to be:

long, thin, and pointed.

What is the influence of salt on the freezing time of water? In other words, does salt raise or lower the freezing point?

lowers

When the sun and moon and earth are at 90° to each other, what is the effect on the earths tides?

lowest high tides and highest low tides will occur

What is the name given to Earth's interior layer number 2?

mantle

The maximum of each species that can be caught without negatively influencing future populations of that species is called the:

maximum sustainable yield.

Where would you expect to find limpets, snails, and barnacles?

mid-latitude rocky shores

Seattle and Olympia have similar tidal patterns, though their heights and arrival times differ. What type of tidal pattern do they have?

mixed (mixed sem-diurnal)

Which type of tidal pattern below is defined by this statement: 2 high tides (of different heights) and 2 low tides (of different heights) each day.

mixed (mixed sem-diurnal)

Which body has the greatest influence on ocean tides?

moon

If our planet were without its ocean, but otherwise the same as it is today, surface temperatures would be:

more extremes of cold and heat

Water particles in a deep-water wave:

move in circular orbits.

The type of tide associated with the first and 3rd quarter phases of the moon are_____ tides.

neap

If you were standing on top of a high mid-Pacific island at 15° north latitude, from which direction would you expect the wind to come? (Hint: don t forget to consider Coriolis effect!)

northeast

The ocean realm furthest away from land is called the__________zone.

oceanic

What are the two types of crust and what rock type is most typical of each, respectively?

oceanic and continental; basalt and granite

Which of these is a non-renewable resource?

oil

What is the approximate age of the oldest sediment in the Core Sample Diagram; it lies below the Mt Mazama ash layer.

older than 7770 years

Active continental margins are located:

on the west coasts of both North and South America.

Radiolarians and diatoms are both examples of:

organisms with shells that form siliceous oozes.

Which zone of earth's interior is considered to be liquid?

outer core

Greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT:

oxygen

In photosynthesis, which gas is released?

oxygen

Which of the below is produced by photosynthetic primary producers?

oxygen

The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule tend to bond to:

oxygen atoms of another water molecule.

Which of the following lists of elements represents the main components of the Earth's crust?

oxygen, silicon, aluminum.

The trailing edge of a moving continental crustal plate is most likely to exhibit features associated with:

passive continental margins.

The classification term that refers to the open ocean in general is

pelagic

The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of seafloor spreading and:

periodic reversals in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field.

In which direction does a "rip current" flow?

perpendicular to the beach toward deeper water

In which direction does a rip current flow? See Figure 2 for help.

perpendicular to the shore and away from the shore

Physical resources that are extracted from the ocean and are useful to humans include:

petroleum and natural gas.

According to the atmospheric circulation model developed in the text, air tends to

rise at 60° north and fall at 30° north.

Which of the following are not parts of a seaweed?

root

In which kind of estuary is the rate of river water flow greater than the rate of tidal flow

salt wedge

In looking at the Core Sample Diagram, you can see layers of different sediments; which layer is the coarser-grained sediment?

sand

Second to petroleum and natural gas, the most profitable physical resource recovered from the marine environment is:

sand and gravel.

Which of the following features might you see along an "erosional" coast?

sea stack

Which materials are weathered, eroded, transported and ultimately deposited into rivers, lakes, and ocean basins, among other places?

sediments

What defines 'well sorted' sediments?

sediments of the same or similar size

A tide pattern of two equal highs and two equal lows each day is a

semidiurnal tide

Which of the following have skeletons made of cartilage, not bone

sharks and rays

Put the numbered sections (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) of the image of the continental margin below, in the correct order.

shelf, rise, deep ocean floor (abyssal plain), sediments, slope.

The two most abundant elements (ions) dissolved in seawater are:

sodium and chloride.

Which of the following animals are invertebrate nektons?

squid

The turbidity deposits on the Core Sample Diagram have different overall thicknesses, and different thicknesses of individual types of layers, such as sand and mud. The reason for these differences is most likely which feature of the mega-thrust earthquakes:

strength of earthquakes

At a _____ zone (convergent boundary) one plate descends beneath the edge of an adjacent plate.

subduction

Where do we find the most violent earthquakes?

subduction zones

The deepest layers of the ocean originate from:

surface waters especially at high latitudes.

This statement generally describes which type of wave? "A slow, regular movement of the sea in rolling waves that do not break."

swell

In photosynthesis, the energy for life comes from

the sun

The term salinity refers to:

the total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean.

The dependable (prevailing) surface winds of the Earth centered at about 15° north and south latitudes are called:

the tradewinds

When a tsunami reaches shore,

the wave height is increased by entry into shallow water.

The immediate source of surface currents is:

the wind

Which of the following statements is true of ALL marine birds?

they all nest on shore

All of the following statements are true concerning subduction zones EXCEPT:

they are sites where lithospheric plates are diverging or pulling apart.

Why are sharks and rays not classified with fish?

they do not have bones

A wave of water moving up a river, initiated by tidal action within a river estuary, is called a:

tidal bore

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 factors of the wind that influence wave height

time of day

The Coriolis effect causes objects moving in the southern hemisphere to appear to veer off course:

to the left, or counterclockwise when viewed from above.

A(n) _______________ is a bridge of sediment that connects sea islands.

tombolo

A boundary in which crustal plates move past one another is called a:

transform fault.

Because of the effect of cold water on the solubility of gases such as CO2, and the formation of carbonic acid, siliceous oozes are more abundant than calcareous oozes in polar waters.

true

Coarse sand and pebbles are more likely than silt and clay to be deposited well inland from a tidal area, where wave action may be strong.

true

On the map above, 4 eastern boundary currents (California, Peru, Canary, and Benguela) are shown as cold water currents. Which of the items below is used to explain the reason for this cold water?

upwelling

Coral reefs are found only in areas of_____

warm, sunlit, shallow water, with wave action

England's weather is _____________________ than would be expected at that latitude because of the influence of surface currents.

warmer and more humid

The most influential agent changing the shape and structure of shoreline and coast is

wave action

The single most influential agent changing the shore and coast is:

wave action.

The highest part of a wave is its

wave crest

Part I, C: 10. What is the predominant direction of the strongest winds between the east coast of Africa and India during this period? Describe this with compass directions in terms of where the wind comes from.

west-southwest

Generally the fastest and deepest ocean currents are:

western boundary currents.

Tropical cyclones tend to move:

westward and poleward in both hemispheres.

What is the primary energy source of the oceans waves?

wind

Which of the following aspects of the wind determine wave height?

wind speed, wind duration, and fetch. (all of the above)

The process that drives the longshore currents comes from

wind waves approaching the beach front at an angle

The energy that drives the longshore currents is derived from:

wind waves approaching the beach front at an angle.

Which of these lists of waves is arranged in order from smallest wavelength to longest wavelength?

wind waves, seiches, tsunami, tides

Which beach feature can be produced by strong winter storms

winter berm

Which beach feature can be produced by strong winter storms?

winter berms

Which set of features below best describes the radiolaria?

zooplankton; silica 'hard parts'

Which of the following pair of organisms make up the structural component of a coral reef

zooxanthellae and coral polyps