Oceanography Lab Exam 2

8B The times shown below the maps, indicated it probably took about ____________ hours for the high tide to travel the entire length of the Bay. a. 3 b. 13 c. 20 d. 23

d. 23

6A According to Figure 3, wave direction arrows indicate that waves in tropical latitudes generally move towards the ______________ and towards the equator. a. east b. west

b. west

8A It can also be seen that the eastern boundary of the ocean basin is the adjacent land's ____________ coast. a. eastern b. western

b. western

8A Consequently, the open-ocean equatorial Pacific experiences __________. a. upwelling b. downwelling

a. upwelling

6A On this basis, a wave with a wavelength of 100 m is likely to break if its wave height reaches about __________ m. a. 7 b. 10 c. 14

c. 14

(5B) According to the T-S diagram, the density of the 50 m ocean water sample you plotted is approximately _____________ g/cm^3. a. 1.0262 b. 1.0264 c. 1.0271

a. 1.0262

6A According to the caption below the vertical cross-sections just described, a surface wave behaves as a deep-water wave if the water depth is greater than ___________ its wavelength. a. 1/2 b. 1/20th c. 1/50th

a. 1/2

(5B) At 1200 m, temperature and salinity were near ____________, respectively. a. 11.0 C and 36.25 b. 12.0 C and 35.7 c. 14.0 C and 36.2

a. 11.0 C and 36.25

7A According to the green observed values, the initial water rise after 1530Z on 11 March 2011 was about ___________ ft. above the predicted water level. a. 2.5 b. 5.0 c. 8.0

a. 2.5

(5B) The 2000 m temperature, salinity values were near ____________, respectively. a. 4.0 C and 35.1 b. 5.0 C and 35.4 c. 6.0 C and 35.3

a. 4.0 C and 35.1

7B This highest surge level was about __________ ft. above the normal tide predicted tide level for that time. a. 9 b. 14 c. 21

a. 9

(5B) The water conditions at 1200 m fell nearest the ranges of temperature and salinity identified as a(n) ____________ mass. a. MIW b. NADW c. AAIW d. AABW

a. MIW

(5B) The water conditions at 400 m fell near the ranges of temperature and salinity identified as a(n) ______________ mass. a. NACSW b. MIW c. NADW d. AAIW e. AABW

a. NACSW

(5B) The water conditions at 50m were nearest the ranges of temperature and salinity identified as a(n) ___________ mass. a. NACSW b. MIW c. AAIW d. AABW

a. NACSW

7B There were multiple examples of these tracks in 2018. __________ is one particular example. a. Tropical Storm Alberto b. Hurricane Chris c. Hurricane Helene d. Tropical Storm Joyce

a. Tropical Storm Alberto

(5B) Does your identification of the samples determined by use of the T-S diagram generally conform to the printed identification of the water masses at these depths in Figure 5? a. Yes b. No

a. Yes

8B These plants are ___________ that provide a broad base for the Bay's food chains and habitats for many organisms. a. autotrophs b. heterotrophs c. consumers

a. autotrophs

7A If the wave crests approaching the same shoreline from deep water were parallel to the shore, the orthogonals associated with them would __________. a. be straight b. curve to the left c. curve to the right

a. be straight

(5B) The circulation of the deep ocean is driven by the increase in density of surface water due to changes in its temperature and/or salinity. A major mechanism whereby the density of surface waters at high latitudes increases is by ___________. a. cooling b. heating

a. cooling

5A In the Southern Hemisphere, the apparent Coriolis force arising from the Coriolis Effect acts 90 degrees to the left of the direction of motion and produces subtropical ocean gyres that circulate __________ as seen from above. a. counterclockwise b. clockwise

a. counterclockwise

7A Bays are places of sediment ___________. a. deposition b. erosion

a. deposition

7B The storms' tracks imply that these cyclones ____________ transport energy and moisture to higher latitudes. a. did b. did not

a. did

6B According to the model in the second part of the animation, locations at Point N and S will each experience a single high tide over a lunar day. These locations experience ___________ tides. a. diurnal b. semidiurnal c. mixed

a. diurnal

6B The heights of the predicted low tides at Pensacola are typically nearly equal and the heights of predicted high tides are also about the same. Tides with these daily frequency and height characteristics are described as ___________. a. diurnal b. semidiurnal c. mixed

a. diurnal

7A On the other hand, orthogonals denote the dispersal or spreading out of wave energy when _____________. a. diverging b. converging

a. diverging

6A Generally they show that the regions of more closely spaced isobars and relatively high wind speeds __________ approximately coincide with the regions of relatively high significant wave heights as shown in Figure 4. a. do b. do not

a. do

6A As shown in Figure 3, waves in the Southern Hemisphere in the band of ocean between about 40S and 60S were moving generally toward the ___________. a. east b. west

a. east

6A The movement of waves at these latitudes indicates winds blowing generally toward _________. a. east b. west

a. east

8A In the same view, the direction of the near-surface ocean flow is towards the _________. a. east b. west

a. east

(5B) The map shows that the highest SSS values occur in the ___________ portion of the Mediterranean Sea. a. eastern b. central c. western

a. eastern

8A Noting in Figure 1 the cardinal direction arrows in the upper left hand corner of the block diagram and the coast labels, the west boundary of the basin is the land's __________ coast. a. eastern b. western

a. eastern

8B In the middle hydrographic sections, it can be seen that the most saline water is generally at the __________ depths. a. greatest b. shallowest

a. greatest

8B Figures 2 and 3 show that, by the time the tide observed at the mouth of the Bay at 0000 EST on 28 December 2018 had traveled the full length of the Chesapeake Bay, Kiptopeke and other locations near the mouth of the Bay were experiencing their next ___________ tide. a. high b. low

a. high

8B The comparison of the 1100 EST 27 December 2018 water level nowcast map in Figure 2 with the predicted and observed water levels in Figure 3 for the same time are consistent in showing the presence of a __________ tide near the mouth of the Bay. a. high b. mid c. low

a. high

(5B) Based on the positions of the different water samples you plotted on the T-S diagram relative to the isopycnal, ocean water density at this site __________ with increasing depth. This is a stable condition that inhibits vertical motions. a. increased b. remained constant c. decreased

a. increased

6A The wave profile also shows that the wave height, the vertical distance between the crest and succeeding trough, __________ as the water depth decreases. a. increases b. decreases

a. increases

8B With increasing salinity, the density of water __________. a. increases b. does not change c. decreases

a. increases

8A The shading shown in Figure 3B indicates that the level of marine productivity ___________ consistent with this process. a. is b. is not

a. is

5A In the Southern Hemisphere, where the sense of Earth's rotation is clockwise as seen from above, objects moving across Earth's surface will appear to be pulled in the opposite direction, to the _________. a. left b. right

a. left

8B On this basis, we would expect the Bay waters overall to be _________ salty in spring than in autumn. a. less b. more

a. less

(5B) The density of surface water at any latitude can be increased by ____________. a. more evaporation than precipitation b. more precipitation than evaporation

a. more evaporation than precipitation

8A At that location, the wind is blowing towards the ___________. a. north b. south

a. north

8B Simultaneously, the less dense near-surface water is a mixture containing greater amounts of fresh water that is flowing toward the ___________. a. ocean b. mid-Bay

a. ocean

7A It shows that compared to either side of the kink on the line, the wave speed at the kink must be slower, the wave heights must be higher, and the water depth must be ___________. a. shallower b. deeper

a. shallower

8A The upwelling that is responsible for the high marine productivity off southern Africa (particularly the western coastal area) is generated by winds that blow along the coast from __________. a. south to north b. north to south

a. south to north

8A Based on the model, the season when cold coastal upwelling water cools the overlying air to saturation and produces frequent fog is ____________. a. summer b. winter

a. summer

6B Their predicted tides differ greatly in type and range. These contrasts can primarily be attributed to differences in __________. a. their geographical settings b. the astronomical forces acting on them

a. their geographical settings

7A Your analysis shows that orthogonals of wave crests approaching a headland refract _____________ the headland, thereby concentrating wave energy. a. toward b. away from

a. toward

7A Generalizing, patterns of orthogonals indicate that wave crests approaching a shoreline at oblique angles are refracted _______________. a. toward the shoreline b. away from the shoreline

a. toward the shoreline

8A As you determined in the first part of the investigation, the relatively high productivity along the equator is due to _________ as surface waters flow away from the equator due to the effects of the Northern Hemisphere northeast trade winds and the Southern Hemisphere southeast trade winds combined with a weak Coriolis Effect. a. upwelling b. downwelling

a. upwelling

8A This direction of water transport would produce coastal ___________. a. upwelling b. downwelling

a. upwelling

8B The Coriolis Effect causes water currents to turn rightward, so fresh water flowing southward down the Bay curves rightward toward the ____________ side of the Bay. a. western b. eastern

a. western

7B With this directional pattern, storms like Florence(#6) that do not curve until passing about 75W, ____________ likely impact land before turning northward a. will b. will not

a. will

6B According to the blue predicted water curve, Pensacola experiences ___________ low tide(s) and the same number of high tide(s) each tidal day. a. 0 b. 1 c. 2

b. 1

6B Based on the predicted tides for Pensacola during the two-day period, the vertical distance between the predicted highest high tide and the lowest low tide was ___________ft. a. 0.4 b. 1.9 c. 2.6

b. 1.9

6A To progress as a shallow-water wave type, as seen in the vertical cross-section to the right in Figure 1, the caption below the cross-section indicates the water depth must be less than ___________ its wavelength. a. 1/2 b. 1/20th c. 1/50th

b. 1/20th

(5B) A localized plume of higher salinity water extending into the Atlantic immediately west from the Strait of Gibraltar is displayed in the __________ map. a. 300 m b. 1000 m

b. 1000 m

(5B) The temperature and salinity values at a depth of 400 m were about __________, respectively. a. 10.5 C and 36.0 b. 12.0 C and 35.7 c. 15.0 C and 35.5

b. 12.0 C and 35.7

6B The two curves plotted on Figure 1 represent two partial tides of the observed tides. For the 24-hour period represented, the vertical difference in height between the water level at high and low tides of the red curve is ___________ft. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4

b. 2

6A On the date and time of Figure 3, the shading indicates that the regions of highest significant wave heights in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres covered a greater portion of the ocean surface in the latitude belts from ____________. a. 0 to 30 degrees b. 30 to 60 degrees c. 60 to 90 degrees

b. 30 to 60 degrees

(5B) The salinity at 50 m was near ___________. a. 35.8 b. 36.2 c. 36.3

b. 36.2

7A The water level then dropped to ___________ ft. below the predicted water level. a. 4 b. 6 c. 8

b. 6

7B Figure 4 shows that the highest water level heights were in the New York harbor region near Edison, NJ. The maximum height plotted was ____________ ft. a. 6.5 b. 8.9 c. 11.5

b. 8.9

7B The highest wind gust was _________ knots (95 mph) a. 79 b. 83 c. 95

b. 83

(5B) This water flows over the Gibraltar sill (which rises to a depth of about 290 m) and into the Atlantic, where it mixes with some cooler and less saline water and sinks to within a few hundred meters of about 1200 m depth. This is the origin of the ____________ sample that you identified in the Figure 2 casting. a. North Atlantic Central Surface Water b. Mediterranean Intermediate Water c. North Atlantic Deep Water

b. Mediterranean Intermediate Water

(5B) The water conditions at 2000 m fell near the ranges of temperature and salinity identified as a(n) __________ mass. a. MIW b. NADW c. AAIW d. AABW

b. NADW

7A The pattern of orthogonals you drew centered on the bay area indicates that the orthogonals refract ____________ the midpoint of the bay shore thereby spreading out wave energy. a. toward b. away from

b. away from

8B The animation shows the tides moving through the estuary ________ the mouth of the Bay. a. towards b. away from

b. away from

5A As seen in Figure 1, the Northern Hemisphere high-pressure systems (Hs) exhibit ____________ motion as seen from above while those in the Southern Hemisphere turn in the opposite direction. a. counterclockwise b. clockwise

b. clockwise

5A As viewed from above the South Pole, all points on Earth's surface (except directly at the South Pole) show curved motion concentric to the South Pole due to Earth's rotation, and the sense of Earth's rotation from this vantage point is _________. a. counterclockwise b. clockwise

b. clockwise

7A Generalizing, __________ orthogonals indicate the concentration of wave energy. a. diverging b. converging

b. converging

6A As is typical with Northern Hemisphere atmospheric low pressure systems, the associated horizontal wind pattern exhibits ____________ motion as viewed from above. a. clockwise b. counterclockwise

b. counterclockwise

7A The orthogonal you drew ___________. a. is straight b. curves toward the shore c. curves away from the shore

b. curves toward the shore

7A With your pencil, continue the orthogonal started on the wave crest in the lower right to the shore. This orthogonal __________. a. is straight b. curves toward the shore c. curves away from the shore

b. curves toward the shore

6A As a wave approaches shore, its wavelength __________. a. increases b. decreases

b. decreases

8A The surface-layer water flows described in the previous two items indicate that during average trade-wind conditions the surface waters along the equatorial Pacific are ___________. a. converging b. diverging

b. diverging

8A As the model shows, this eastward flow results in ___________ in the eastern portion of the ocean basin. a. upwelling b. downwelling

b. downwelling

8A As the model shows, this produces ____________ in the western portion of the ocean basin. a. upwelling b. downwelling

b. downwelling

(5B) The total input of water from all sources into the Mediterranean must ___________ the total output of water. a. be less than b. equal c. be greater than

b. equal to

7A Consequently, headlands are places of ___________. a. deposition b. erosion

b. erosion

8B Knowing the direction of movement of tides in the Chesapeake Bay as seen in the water level nowcast animation, Figure 2 reveals that this tide progressed about _________ of the Bay in the subsequent five hours. a. the entire length b. half

b. half

6A The orange areas generally to the northwest and southeast of the center of this wave pattern indicate significant wave heights which are relatively ____________ compared to those in surrounding waters. a. low b. high

b. high

7B According to Figure 5, the highest storm tide from Sandy occurred near the same time as the normal __________ astronomical tide. a. low b. high

b. high

8A Referring to Figure 2, observe the coastal areas where the U.S. Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico, the Amazon River of northern Brazil, the Platte River of Argentina, the Congo River of equatorial Africa, and the Indus and Ganges Rivers of the Indian subcontinent enter the ocean. The chlorophyll shadings at these locations indicate relatively _____________ concentrations. a. low b. high

b. high

7A The color coding shows ________ wave heights appear generally associated with slower wave speeds, meaning wave energy was being concentrated by wave refraction. a. lower b. higher

b. higher

7A A longshore current transports sediments as littoral drift along the coast. The longshore current in the left panel flows from _____________. a. right to left b. left to right

b. left to right

8B Both Figure 2 and 3 show that by 1600 EST 27 December 2018, Kiptopeke and other locations near the mouth of the Bay were beginning to experience __________ tide conditions. a. high b. low

b. low

7B The two block diagrams show that the hurricane passing over a thinner surface mixed layer will produce a wake with __________ SST values. a. higher b. lower

b. lower

7B The two block diagrams show that, under otherwise similar conditions, the location with a thinner ocean surface mixed layer will experience ___________ SSTs beneath the hurricane. a. higher b. lower

b. lower

6A The differences in significant wave heights can be attributed to _____________ storm systems at those latitudes where the highest significant wave height exist. a. fewer b. more

b. more

7B And, the hurricane passing over a thicker surface mixed layer will be __________ intense due to more warm water, all other factors being equal. a. less b. more

b. more

8A In Figure 2, at middle and low latitudes of both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, coastal areas tend to be ___________ productive than mid-ocean areas. a. less b. more

b. more

7A The alternating pattern of water level fluctuations beyond predicted levels indicate the tsunami is a _________ wave event. a. single b. multiple

b. multiple

8A The upwelling that is responsible for the high marine productivity off northern Africa is generated by winds that blow along the coast from __________. a. south to north b. north to south

b. north to south

8A These winds flowing towards the northeast in these Northern Hemisphere locations transport coastal surface waters of the Arabian Peninsula in an ____________ direction. a. onshore b. offshore

b. offshore

6A The intermediate vertical cross-section in Figure 1, called transitional, shows that the vertical displacements of water parcels follow oval paths which become smaller and more oval shaped with increasing depth, until just above the ocean bottom, the water particle motion is essentially ____________. a. only up and down b. only horizontal back and forth c. both up and down, and back and forth

b. only horizontal back and forth

8B Because of sediment deposition, the water is relatively shallow in most parts of the Bay. Hence, sunlight readily penetrates to the bottom and is available for __________ which supports an abundant growth of grasses and other rooted aquatic plants. a. cellular respiration b. photosynthesis

b. photosynthesis

7B Because of a Northern Hemisphere hurricane's counterclockwise circulation around its surface low-pressure center as seen from above, such winds would have brought extensive wind damage, accompanying heavy rainfalls and a damaging storm surge to the ___________ of the point where an advancing hurricane's center would come ashore. a. left b. right

b. right

8A The model shows that the Ekman transport is 90 degrees to the ____________ of the wind direction and towards the east. a. left b. right

b. right

8A The near-surface flow of water is about 90 degrees to the __________ of the direction towards which the wind is blowing. a. left b. right

b. right

(5B) Based on the reddest portion of the high salinity plume, it appears that from its entry point to the Atlantic, the MIW water tends to flow most strongly to the __________. a. left and, in this location, toward a lower latitude b. right and, in this location, toward a higher latitude

b. right and, in this location, toward a higher latitude

8B The water level and time information presented in Figures 2 and 3 indicate that the Chesapeake Bay experiences ____________ tides. a. diurnal b. semi-diurnal c. mixed

b. semi-diurnal

6B The conditions when the tidal bulges are centered on the equator will produce, at any particular location subjected to tides, two high tides of about the same height and two low tides of about the same height. These are referred to as ___________ tides. a. diurnal b. semidiurnal c. mixed

b. semidiurnal

6B This daily pattern of tides exhibited at Fernandina Beach is described as __________. a. diurnal b. semidiurnal c. mixed

b. semidiurnal

6A In summary, as a deep-water surface wave approaching shore transitions to a shallow-water wave, its wavelength ___________, its wave period ____________, and its wave speed ____________. a. shortens, lengthens, decreases b. shortens, remains constant, decreases c. remains constant, shortens, increases

b. shortens, remains constant, decreases

8B As the waters of rivers and streams enter the Bay, their currents ___________ and sediments settle out of suspension forming mud flats and sand bars. a. accelerate b. slow

b. slow

8B The fact that water throughout the Figure 4 vertical cross-section have salinity values that are lower than those of the nearby open ocean implies that ___________ mixing has occurred involving all the water at the mouth of the estuary. a. no b. some c. complete

b. some

8A Figure 2 also shows that in the broad expanses of the Pacific Ocean, marine productivity along the equator is ____________ marine productivity in the subtropical ocean basins to the north and south. a. somewhat lower than b. the same as c. somewhat higher than

b. somewhat higher than

8A According to the Model Ocean Basin, a wind blowing towards the _________ would produce upwelling and increased productivity along the Northern Hemisphere western coast of Africa. a. north b. south

b. south

6A Since the waves are wind generated, we can assume that in regions of highest significant wave heights, surface winds were relatively __________. a. weak b. strong

b. strong

8A The dominant factor in causing these explosions of productivity is the reappearance of ____________. a. nutrients b. sunshine

b. sunshine

6B __________ high tides (and the same number of low tides) occur during the time from one moonrise to the next moonrise (one lunar day). a. one b. two

b. two

8A In the same view, the coastal downwelling would be expected offshore of the __________ while coastal upwelling would be happening offshore of the opposite coast. a. eastern coast b. western coast.

b. western coast

(5B) At this speed, to travel the approximately 9000 km distance from its Antarctic source area to 40 degrees N would take a density-driven AABW current close to ___________ years. a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 10,000

c. 1000

(5B) At a depth of 50 m, the temperature was about ___________ C. a. 14.5 b. 15.8 c. 17.5

c. 17.5

6B According to the middle-graph water level curves, Fernandina Beach, over a period of one day, experiences __________ high tide(s) and the same number of low tide(s). a. 0 b. 1 c. 2

c. 2

6B According to the water level curves, Cedar Key experiences ____________ high tide(s) and the same number of low tide(s) each day. a. 0 b. 1 c. 2

c. 2

6B The first labeled time indicated on these graphs is 00:00 local time for the day __________ November 2018. a. 26 b. 27 c. 28 d. 29

c. 28

6B The height difference between the low and high values of the blue curve is __________ft. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4

c. 4

6B In summary, the height of an actual tide is the sum of its partial tides. The 24-hour tidal range of the Figure 1 tide is near _________ ft. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5

c. 5

6B Based on the plotted predicted data for the two days, the vertical distance between the highest high tide and lowest low tide at Fernandina Beach was about _____________ ft. a. 1.7 b. 4.8 c. 7.2

c. 7.2

8A In the Northern Hemisphere's tropical latitudes, the wind stress on the ocean surface produces Ekman transport of water 90 degrees to the right of the direction of motion and towards the northwest. This results in surface-layer ocean water flowing __________ the equator. a. toward b. parallel to c. away from

c. away from

8A In the Southern Hemisphere's tropical latitudes, the wind stress on the ocean surface produces Ekman transport of water 90 degrees to the left of the direction of motion and towards the southwest. This results in surface-layer ocean water flowing __________ the equator. a. toward b. parallel to c. away from

c. away from

7B From the color coding of storm intensities indicated on the Figure 5 map of Hurricane Florence, and Major Hurricane Michael upon making landfall, the weakening of the storm's energy would likely have been due to ___________. a. reduced evaporation when over land b. increased surface roughness slowing winds c. both of these factors

c. both of these factors

(5B) The salinity of the surface water generally increases in the Mediterranean from west to east because the rate of evaporation from the sea surface is __________ the addition of fresh water through the combination of precipitation and runoff from land. a. less than b. equal to c. greater than

c. greater than

8B The pattern displayed in the Figure 4 top left January vertical hydrographic section indicates that the water is generally _________. a. warmest at the surface b. warmest at the bottom c. isothermal

c. isothermal

6B The primary cause of the differences between predicted and observed tide heights, as most dramatically seen in the Cedar Key graph in Figure 2, is almost always __________ in origin. a. astronomical b. seismic c. meteorological

c. meteoroligical

6B Consequently, the tides at Cedar Key are described as ____________. a. diurnal b. semidiurnal c. mixed

c. mixed

7B This causes wind speeds to be higher to the _________ of the advancing hurricane's eye. a. left b. center c. right

c. right

7B This occurred ___________ Sandy's path as it came ashore. a. to the left of b. at c. to the right of

c. to the right of

5A Contour lines are added to approximate the configuration of the water mound. The mound is depicted as highest in the ________ portion of the basin. This shape is a common characteristic of the large subtropical gyres of the world ocean. a. east-central b. central c. west-central

c. west-central

5A The direction of the Ekman transport changes as the averaged wind direction changes across the ocean basin to produce a convergence of water and the ___________ of the water surface. a. east-central b. central c. west-central

c. west-central

7A Near the earthquake epicenter, maximum wave heights were near ____________ ft. a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

d. 8

8B Consequently, in Figure 4, it can be assumed that the denser bottom water is primarily ocean water in origin that is probably flowing toward the ____________. a. ocean b. mid-Bay

mid-Bay