Oil test 1 UMKC
What does "peak oil" mean?
"Producing" oil at maximum rate
Rate of energy consumption between 1949-2007
1949 - 31.982 quads 2007 - 101.6 quads
When did we reach peak oil?
1971
What is the difference between 1p (proven reserve) and 2p (proven plus probable) oil reserve statistics?
1P is the volume of oil that they can recover from the field with 90% certainty 2P is the volume with 50% probability
Estimations of the amount of oil in an oil field has changed since the 1960's, why?
1P statistics only changed to a mixture of 1P & 2P, backlogging to fix statistics
What is the average recover factor for oil fields?
29%
When is the earliest known use of bitumen?
40,000 years ago for Neanderthal tools
What is the size of a US barrel of crude oil?
42- gallon barrel that yields 45 gallons of petroleum products
In the oil and gas lecture, you learned that Abraham Gesner is credited with discovering how to make kerosine from coal. However, a process of distillation of crude oil was discovered in the Middle East in what year?
950
What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between light and heavy crude oil? What makes an oil "sweet"?
A blend of hydrogen and carbons. Come from water and carbon dioxide from algae, plankton and tiny marine plants that bound the hydrogen and carbon into molecules in their bodies. Then they sank to the bottom of shallow seas and lakes where they accumulated into thick layers of biological sediment Light and heavy crude oil depends on the hydrogen and carbon content in the oil. Heavy has more carbon, light has more hydrogen "Sweet" oil is referred to a low sulphur content
What is the Hubert model?
A stats based model using a logistic curve and mathematics to assume a rate of oil production maximization once oil reserves have reached the half point
Oil is derived from what organisms?
Algae, plankton, marine plants
What are some causes of crude oil price supply disruptions?
Amount of supply & demand, pipeline problems, outages, weather, and political environment
What is an oil gusher?
An oil well with a very strong natural flow that is doesn't need a pump
What is a giant oilfield?
An oilfield is considered giant if it's reserves are greater than 500 million barrels of oil
Only two regions of the planet have not been fully explored for oil and gas. Where are they?
Antartica and the artic
What were some prehistoric uses of bitumen?
Arrows, vases and art, insulating homes and waterproofing boats
What is bitumen?
Asphalt, black and oily, viscous form of petroleum. Formed by decomposed organic compounds. 83% carbon 10% hydrogen
What is the earliest evidence of bitumen use in the americas?
Body paint, arrow making, art, waterproofing canoes ~ 7,000 cal BP
The industrial revolution was fueled by steam engines burning coal. Describe the global illumination marker in the 18th century
Coal oil/ kerosine was used to light the streets of towns and roads which gave way to the illumination market
What does commodification mean? Was crude oil always a commodity?
Commodification is when services or goods are given monetary value. Crude oil was not always a commodity
Conventional oil vs unconventional
Conventional - easier to get and costs less to extract Unconventional - more expensive and difficult to extract
What is a fossil fuel?
Decomposed animal & plant matter compressed with sedimentary material & heat for millions of years
What 5 sectors in the US use energy
Electric power Transportation Industrial Residential Commercial
energy efficiency vs energy conservation
Energy efficiency is using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function Energy conservation is anything that lessens the use of energy through behaviors and habits
In 2005, the US congress enacted a renewable fuel standard (RFS) that set minimum requirements for the use of renewable fuels. What ingredient was added to gasoline?
Ethanol
What is the EEZ and what is its purpose?
Exclusive economic zone, it is a 200-mile border out past the shore of a country. Used to lease for energy production companies.
Which countries are the largest oil-exporting and oil-importing nations?
Export - Saudi Arabia & Russia Import - US & China
What are three different categories for sources of energy?
Fossil fuels - oil, coal, natural gas Nuclear Renewable - hydro, wind, solar, biomass, etc
What is oil saturation?
Fraction of pore space occupied by oil
Where did ancient Egyptians get their bitumen and what did they use it for?
From the Dead Sea for mummification
How is gas, oil, and water layered in an anticlinal oil trap?
Gas and oil rise to a dome capped with impermeable rock. The graph shows and anticline.
The author of crude reality states that a "gallon of gasoline derived from plant material that decomposed under the earths surface for thousands of years" what is wrong with this statement? What is fossilized sunshine?
Gasoline takes more work to create with crude oil and the gallon of gasoline came from 90 tons of decomposed organic matter. Fossilized sunshine refers to the plant matter that has been decomposed and compressed into "fossil fuels". It is referring to the photosynthesis of plants that get energy from the sun millions of years in the making of the fossil
What petroleum products are made from crude oil?
Gasoline, distillates (diesel and heating oil), jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt
What is Greek fire? Where was it invented and what was it used for?
Highly combustible mixture of petroleum, quick lime, and sulfur. It was invented in Syria but later used for weapons. Fire grenades were used to be catapulted.
According the the EIA website, US import of petroleum peaked in 2005 and has declined since. Why did this trend reverse?
Increase in domestic petroleum production and exports helped reverse the trend
Explain the importance of diesel fuel
It is the second most consumed petroleum product in the US. it is important for construction, trucks, buses, boats, trains, and electronic generators. Heating oil is also used in our water heaters and furnaces. Has more energy per volume than other liquids.
In the introduction to the book crude readily, Brian black states that "petroleum happens only once" what does he mean by this statement?
It took millions of years and compression or organic material to make petroleum. There is only a finite amount and once it runs out it is gone.
50% of the worlds oil was formed in which two geological time periods?
Jurassic and Cretaceous
What geological conditions must be present to form and "oil factory" in the sedimentary rocks?
Layers of kerogen containing rock must be covered by additional layers of sedimentary material to form porous rocks. Then it must be put under high pressure and be exposed to temperatures of 100 C
Who had legal ownership of underground crude oil? What is the rule of capture?
Legal ownership was only permitted for oil that had reached the earths surface. The race was to find oil and set up shop as your own.
Different bitumen source locations can be fingerprinted, identified based on their chemical composition. Describe what archeologists have found about the ancient trade routes of bitumen & Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia traded with Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Egypt
What is crude oil?
Mixture of hydrocarbons formed from animals and plants that have been covered in a mixture of sand, wilt, and rock. Over time, heat and pressure compress to turn this into crude oil also known as a fossil fuel
In the prologue to the book "crude reality" Brian black uses the phrase "our petroleum culture" and "ecology of oil" to refer to what? Who belongs to this culture?
Most developed countries belong in this culture. Everything we do and use needs oil or petroleum products.
In the Old World, where was bitumen naturally found?
Nearby springs and I coke that release bitumen when heated
Is uranium a fossil fuel?
No, it can be reprocessed and used again
What are the four major non renewable energy sources?
Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear
What is OOIP? How does an oil reservoir form?
Oil originally in place Oil reservoirs are formed when rising oil forces some of the water out of the porous rock and becomes trapped below and impervious layer of rock
What does OPEC stand for?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Oil was first collected and drilled at oil seeps. Name two of the most important early oil seeps.
Pennsylvania & Baku
What energy sector consumes the most energy
Petroleum mostly used for transportation
Describe the three phases of production in a giant oilfield like the ban oilfield in the United Arab Emirates
Phase 1: production uses pressure that originally exists in oilfield Phase 2: pressure is enhanced by pumping water (or pumping back in natural gas) Phase 3: chemical is injected like a detergent to "wash" the rest of the oil out
Oil that naturally pores out at the ground surface is called an oil seep. Where are some locations in the world where bitumen occurs naturally in an oil deep?
Pitch lake La brea tar pit Dead Sea Venezuela Switzerland Northeastern Alberta Canada
Define pitch, naphtha, petroleum
Pitch- viscoelastic polymer derived from tar, coal, or petroleum. Naphtha- powerful oily fire essence Petroleum- liquid mixture of hydrocarbons present in rock strata
Describe the positive and some unintended negative consequences from our petroleum culture
Positive: transportation and productions of goods/ manufacturing Negatives: environmental problems, finite supply, politics and military force, war
Differences between primary energy and secondary energy
Primary includes fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy sources Secondary is energy such as electricity generated from primary energy source
Difference between renewable and non renewable energy
Renewable is from a source that can be replenished
What is meant by fractional distillation?
Separating out different types of hydrocarbons. Heat crude oil in furnace and pass-through cooling tower. Heavy hydrocarbons accumulate at the bottom and light at the top
Where, when, and what were the first drilling machines used for?
Sichuan China, 2,250 years ago, salt
What are some ancient uses of bitumen?
Sticking arrowheads to the shaft of arrows, preserving mummies, prescriptions for skin ailments and wounds
Abraham gesner and the importance of the emergence of kerosene. How was kerosene made, what did it replace, why is this so important in our history of petroleum culture
Synthetic product made from coal Replaced whale oil Started a petroleum boom
About 65% of US oil production comes from which 5 states?
Texas North Dakota New Mexico Oklahoma Colorado
What event in 1970s showed that control of oil flow is a form of political and economic power?
The Middle East was restricted for political reasons and oil production from the rest of the world couldn't compensate
An oil Derrick is the name applied to the framework supporting a drilling apparatus in an oil rig. What is the origin of this word?
The framework came from China but the name is named after Thomas Derrick who used the tool for executions in the Elizabethan era
What does depletion of remaining recoverable resources (DRRR) mean and how does the author of "Peaking at Peak Oil" use this to explain fundamental differences in prediction of future oil production rates?
The future production depends on the resources that are left in the reserves. Oil is a finite resource and production can only decline after it reaches peak point.
Lathe price of crude oil on the global market is driven by supply and demand. What is the dominant factor that affects the demand for oil? In what year were crude oil prices the highest ever recorded?
The highest price ever recorded was in 2008. The dominant factor that affects demand for oil is the supply available, global economy and quotas
Describe the evolution of Sumerian brick making. Why did the Sumerians need to make bricks?
The mud and clad used to hold structures together kept collapsing due to water and uneven bricks. Once hay and then bitumen was added to the mix the brick shape was changed and buildings could be made sturdier and larger.
Which sector of the global economy requires the most oil?
Transportation
What is URR?
Ultimately recoverable resources
Why is there so much controversy around "peak oil"?
Using old statistics and technology from 1960 oil production. Only looking at 1P data instead of 1p & 2p. Using only small estimates of data and assumptions that oil isn't finite.
What is porosity?
Volume of pore space in a material
Describe the American model for the boomtown and the boom/ bust cycle in the petroleum industry
Workers found the oil field and the towns quickly grew with tons of oil to be captured. As the towns grew the oil supplies would shrink which then led to the towns being out of work and looking for the next boom
Your textbook describes several locations not mentioned in the bitumen web articles. Name some other ancient bitumen sources
Zorzania, Titusville, China
What is permeability?
the ability of a material to transmit a fluid