On the midterm

Black-capped Chickadees stay warm on cold nights b

. shivering b. fluffing up their feathers to trap more air c. sleeping in sheltered sites (under snow-covered branches or inside cavities in trees) d. entering torpor

A Polar Bear is very large and rotund (round). This shape conforms to

Bergmann's Rule

In the Far North, many animals are larger and more rotund than their southern relatives. This feature is known as

Bergmann's Rule

physical breakdown of the food

Birds that eat a lot of seeds and other hard plant parts often swallow small stones to help with the

Animals in northern areas tend to be paler than animals farther south. This principle is known as:

Gloger's Rule

tough plant tissues

Large masseters indicate that an animal eats

are able to see behind their heads

Mallards (ducks)

a number of animals, non-related and all armed with some defence, look like each other

Mullerian Mimicry

spend winter deep in the ground, beneath the frost line, in hibernacula

Snakes

they taste bitter and thus serve to deter an animal from eating a plant

Terpenoids

play dead when frightened:

Virginia Opossums

Gulls, ducks, and geese can stand on ice without freezing their feet because of this adaptation:

a counter-current heat exchanger known as the rete mirable is activated in winter

Flocking in birds offers this benefit

a flock provides more eyes to watch for danger and lessens the odds of being caught for each bird in the flock

A goldenrod gall contains:

a freeze-tolerant fly grub

You see 200 Cedar Waxwings in one tree all eating berries is an example of what

a single-species flock

Plants become cold hardy by this process

acclimation

Moose go to beaver ponds and shallow lakes in summer to

acquire sodium from aquatic plants

In preparation for winter, Beavers do this

add lots of mud to the outside of their lodge for insulation

Gray Tree Frog, hatchling Painted Turtle , Spring Peeper Chorus Frog

all are freeze tolerant

American Bitterns have vertical markings on their breast because the stripes

allow bitterns to hide in cattail marshes

Bright colours worn by insects that are poisonous are known as

aposematic colouration

orb weaver web spider

are beautiful vertical structures with complex strand patterns

Black Fly larvae

attain their food by filter-feeding in water

insects that swim at the surface of ponds often have this defence:

bicolouration

When frightened, a Killdeer "freezes" and allows this adaptation to help protect it:

breast bands for disruptive colouration

Underwing Moths look just like tree bark. But if a bird sees one and pecks at it, the moth opens its wings and this happens:

bright patterns suddenly appear and startle the bird

bitterns use

cryptic behaviour to help them hide.

In winter evergreen ferns curl their leaves to avoid

desiccation (by reducing the surface area)

Ant lions

dig pits in the sand with their mandibles, then lie at the bottom waiting for prey to fall in their traps are known as pitfall traps eat mostly ants will pull their prey down into the sand before they eat them have a poison bite that subdues their prey Who am I

The head of a Chipping Sparrow has a black line through the eye and a white stripe above it. These marks are called:

disruptive patterns

Crab Spiders

do not make webs but hide on flowers; one species is able to change its colour to better match the flower on which it sits

majority of songbirds migrate

during night for several good reasons

Many insects have membranes that function as

ears

mixed function oxidases

enzymes that counteract plant toxins making them safe to eat

Autotomy is the ability to shed a body part and regrow it. This is a defence of

five-lined skinks

orb weaver spiders

flight intercept traps are prey capturing adaptions used by

if you see a caterpillar covered in yellow and red spines, you would suspect that it:

has a strong chemical defence

an analogous structure

has the same function as another structure on a different animal but arises from a different part of the body

Moose solve the winter mobility problem by:

having really long legs, 2 metres tall at the shoulder, and a special leg rotation at the shoulder

sheet web spider

look messy with vertical knock down strands and a cone in the middle of the web under which the spider sits

Inchworm caterpillars looks like twigs. This defence is known as:

masquerade

The main defence of Anglewinged Butterflies is

masquerade

Giant Swallowtail caterpillars look like bird droppings. This is known as

masquerade.

Migration is studied by banding birds. Before they are banded, songbirds are captured in

mist nets.

If an insect eats Balsam Fir, it never matures into the adult stage because it ingests a lot of this chemical defence:

phytojuvenile hormone

Monarch butterfly caterpillars are not good to eat because they contain cardiac glycosides (terpenoids). They get these by eating milkweed leaves. The way they acquire the toxins is known as:

sequestering

The subnivean space is important to

small mammals such as meadow voles in winter

The subnivean space allows

small mammals to better survive cold temperatures in winter

Jacbonson's organ

snakes are able to analyze scents with this structure

A moth sits camouflaged on a tree trunk. When disturbed, it opens its wings and two large eyespots appear. These:

startle the predator, act as distraction patterns

Giant Swallowtail caterpillars have a great secondary defence.

sticking out a bright red osmetarium from their head (to look like a snake)

is an adaptation for seeing at night.

tapetum lucidum

hawk

the eyes magnify an object about two to three times ( 2 - 3 X) its usual size eyes are large to allow more light to enter the eye for sharper vision cones are the most common photosensitive receptors in the eyes eyes are placed on the front of their head for better binocular vision (more overlap of the fields of view) e. small retinal pits called fovea are crammed full of cones to provide sharper vision in certain directions Who am I?

Hog-nosed Snakes are frightened, :

they play dead

mammalian cheek teeth

this structure is analogous to a bird's gizzard

Chipmunks and Raccoons escape cold temperatures by:

undergoing prolonged periods of lethargy

This colour pattern makes skunks conspicuous because it is a

warning colouration easier to see at night