One Sided
71. Enzymes increase the rate of a specific chemical reaction.
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72. The rate at which a chemical reaction can be increased is by either increasing the temperature or decreasing the activation energy.
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73. Enzymes increase chemical reaction rates, decrease the free energy of activation of specific reactions, and have unique pH and temperature optima.
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74. The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.
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75. The level of protein structure primarily involved in determining enzyme activity is the tertiary structure.
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76. Reactant molecules of enzyme action are called substrates.
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77. Digestive enzymes which remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates are referred to as dehydrogenases.
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78. Reduction reactions are catalyzed by dehydrogenases.
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79. The organ the enzyme is in does not affect the activity of an enzyme.
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8. Release of neurotransmitters occurs via exocytosis.
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80. In an enzymatic reaction, when temperature is increased past the point of "optimal temperature," the enzyme starts to reduce its catalytic activity.
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81. Metal ions such as magnesium or calcium can serve as enzyme cofactors.
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82. Zymogens are inactive forms of digestive enzymes.
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83. Addition of substrate when enzyme reaction rate is maximal results in no change in product formation.
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84. Allosteric inhibition occurs when the product of a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme and decreases enzymatic activity.
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85. The flow of energy in living systems is termed bioenergetics.
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86. Free energy is decreased when exergonic reactions proceed.
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87. ATP is the universal energy carrier.
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88. NAD is derived from the vitamin B-3, niacin.
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89. During oxidation a molecule or atom loses electrons.
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9. Folds of the plasma membrane that increase surface area are called microvilli.
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90. A reducing agent donates electrons to an atom or molecules.
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91. The majority of water within the body is found in the intracellular compartment.
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69. The medulla oblongata contains numerous vital centers.
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7. Intake of a specific molecule from the extracellular compartment by a cell occurs through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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1. The cytosol is the liquid portion of the cell between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
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10. The pH of the cytoplasm is more basic than the interior of a primary lysosome.
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100. The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly related to its solute concentration.
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11. Tay-Sach's disease is caused by a genetic defect which affects the activity of lysosomal enzymes.
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12. The organelle involved in the production of energy is the mitochondria.
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13. Cells actively involved in secreting proteins would contain large numbers or quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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14. Cells which contain large numbers of mitochondria and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum most likely are skeletal muscle cells.
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15. Proteins and mRNA transit the nucleus via nuclear pores.
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16. The function of the nucleoli is to produce ribosomal RNA.
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17. Chromatin is comprised of DNA and protein.
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18. Pre-mRNA contains noncoding regions called introns.
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19. Genetic translation occurs in ribosomes located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
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2. Proteins located on the surface of the plasma membrane act as receptors for hormones.
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20. The codon of the messenger RNA is recognized by the anticodon of the transfer RNA.
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21. Physiology emphasizes cause-and-effect mechanisms.
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22. For a theory to be scientific and accepted, it must be based on reproducible data.
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23. Hormones and nerves are often regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.
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24. Endocrine glands secrete hormones in response to specific stimuli.
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25. Intrinsic homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are "built-in" to the organs being regulated.
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26. Homeostasis is best thought of as being a state of dynamic constancy.
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70. Reflex arcs may have a single synapse.
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27. Peristalsis is a series of wavelike contractions of circular and longitudinal layers of muscle that push food from one end of the digestive tract to the other.
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28. Smooth muscle cells do not have a striated appearance.
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29. Dendrites, cell body, and axon are the three main parts of a neuron.
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3. The flexibility of a cell's membrane is determined by the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids.
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30. The highly branched extensions of a neuron whose function is to receive input from other neurons or receptor cells are called dendrites.
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31. Membranes are formed by epithelial tissue.
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32. Clusters of cells in exocrine glands are termed acinar cells.
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33. The valence electrons are the outer most electrons of an atom.
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34. Electrons are subatomic particles that have negligible mass.
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35. Hydrophobic molecules would contain nonpolar covalent bonds.
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36. Surface tension between water molecules occurs because adjacent water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other.
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37. An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons would have a net charge of -1.
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38. A solution of a pH above 7 is called basic.
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39. In an acidic solution, the OH- ion concentration is less than the H+ ion concentration.
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4. Transport, structural support and receptors are functions of membrane proteins?
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40. A blood pH of 7.6 is indicative of alkalosis.
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41. Ketones contain a(n) carbonyl group within the carbon chain.
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42. Sucrose is a disaccharide that is composed of glucose and fructose.
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43. Protaglandins, triglycerides, and cholesterol are all a type of lipid.
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44. Ketone bodies are liver synthesized derivatives of free fatty acids that can be used as an immediate source of energy by many organs.
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45. Phospholipids are group of organic compounds that act as surfactants.
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46. Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds contain and are usually liquid at room temperature.
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47. Ketosis occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body.
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48. The secondary structure of proteins is/are alpha helix coils and beta-pleated sheet folds of a protein strand.
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49. Weak chemical bonds between widely spaced amino acids and disulfide bonds between sulfur groups on cysteines both hold a protein in its tertiary structure.
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5. Phospholipids arranged to form the plasma membrane as a double layer with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward each other.
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50. The "spiral staircase" structure of DNA is referred to as the double helix.
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51. Destruction of the embryonic ectoderm will prevent formation of the nervous system.
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52. In the cerebral cortex, the gray matter is superficial and the white matter is deep.
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53. Cerebrospinal fluid is found both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
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54. Neural crest cells differentiate into spinal ganglia.
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55. 20 % of total blood flow to the body per minute goes to the brain.
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56. The hippocampus portion of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory.
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57. Frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital are the list of the lobes of the cerebrum.
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58. The insula is a cerebral lobe that is involved in memory and integration of sensory information (mostly pain) with visceral responses.
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59. Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit hearing.
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6. Particulate matter is nonspecifically taken into cells by the process of phagocytosis.
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60. During REM sleep, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur.
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61. Non-REM type of sleep pattern may aid the consolidation of memory.
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62. Writing skills would be impaired if the left cerebral hemisphere atrophied.
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63. Cerebral lateralization, in which the left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for language and analytical ability and the right for visuospatial ability, is true for 97% of all people.
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64. Aphasias are most often associated with damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
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65. The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in aggression, fear, and sex.
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66. The amygdala is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
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67. The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the thalamus.
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68. Cocaine acts to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into presynaptic axon terminals.
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92. Integrins are a class of glycoproteins that bind to components in the extracellular matrix thereby acting as adhesion molecules between cells and the matrix.
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93. Selectively permeable is a term which describes a membrane that allows only certain molecules to penetrate it.
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94. Simple diffusion transport does not require membrane proteins.
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95. Passive transport of water is known as osmosis.
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96. Active transport utilizes energy.
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97. The transport of molecules out of the urinary filtrate and into the blood is called reabsorption.
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98. Channels present in the membranes of some cells that allow rapid movement of water are called aquaporins.
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99. The rate of diffusion is influenced by the concentration gradient, membrane permeability, and membrane surface area.
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