opioids (14)

_________ usually refers to a sudden increase in the number of users of a particular psychoactive substance.

drug epidemic

In recent years, heroin use has been a rapidly spreading problem in the United States, suggesting that it is becoming an epidemic.

false

Long-term use of opioid drugs has been clearly shown to damage both the liver and the brain.

false

Naloxone and nalorphine are endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.

false

One of the major issues facing physicians today is that patients are not taking enough prescription opioids to manage their pain.

false

The majority of U.S. soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam did so through the intravenous route because the drug was relatively impure.

false

Withdrawal from opioid drugs is often fatal.

false

One concern with street heroin is that a large proportion now contains_________, a potent synthetic opioid that is used medically to treat severe pain.

fentanyl

Long-term exposure to opioid drugs

has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system.

Which of the following is a difference between heroin and morphine?

heroin is more potent and acts faster than morphine

Heroin is more potent than morphine because

it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier

Which of the following is a long-lasting synthetic opioid, produces withdrawal symptoms that are usually less severe and that appear later than with heroin but may last longer?

methadone

The two major active chemicals in opium are

morphine and codeine

Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of

opioid antagonists

In the second half of the 19th century, three forms of opioid addiction were developing in the United States. The long-useful oral intake of opium, and then morphine, increased greatly as

patent medicines became a standard form of self-medication.

Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of

popular prescription opioids that are being misused.

The major medical use for opioids is pain relief, and they have been used to save many lives because of their ability to

treat diarrhea

Combining opioids with sedatives can increase the likelihood of respiratory depression.

true

Morphine and codeine are derived from the opium poppyPapaver somniferum.

true

Which of the following is true of the opioid fentanyl?

It is used primarily in conjunction with surgical anesthesia.

At the current time, most of the heroin used in the United States is derived from poppy fields in

Mexico

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are

: three substances that have effects similar to morphine.

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

Egyptians, around 5000 BCE

Which of the following is a morphine-like neurotransmitter found in the brain and adrenals?

Enkephalin