Oral Histology: Chapter 2 Review Questions
Cartilage of the third branchial arch will give rise to the: A. Body and greater horns of the hyoid bone B. Cartilage of the larynx C. Stapes, styloid process, and stylohyoid ligament D. Mandible and maxilla
A. Body and greater horns of the hyoid bone
From which branchial arch is the sensory component of the trigeminal nerve derived? A. First branchial arch B. Second branchial arch C. Third branchial arch D. Fourth branchial arch
A. First branchial arch
Which of the following branchial grooves gives rise to the external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, tympanic antrum, mastoid antrum, and pharyngotympanic or Eustachian tube? A. First groove B. Second groove C. Third groove D. Fourth groove
A. First groove
At 24 days, which of the following structures is derived from the first branchial arch? A. Maxillary process B. Frontal prominence C. Forebrain D. Frontonasal process
A. Maxillary process
The first branchial arch gives origin to the: A. Muscles of mastication B. Muscles of facial expression C. Facial nerve D. Glossopharyngeal nerve
A. Muscles of mastication
Which statement is true? A. Neural crest cells that migrate into the first branchial arch determine the localization of the dental lamina. B. The dental lamina induces the formation of the vestibular lamina. C. The dental lamina determines tooth specificity. D. The lateral lamina determines tooth specificity.
A. Neural crest cells that migrate into the first branchial arch determine the localization of the dental lamina.
Which of the following supports the primitive embryo and is directly derived from ectoderm alone? A. Notochord B. Prochordal plate C. Secondary yolk sac D. Cardiac plate
A. Notochord
In which of the ways listed can prenatal development be completely studied? A. Three successive phases B. Twenty stages or horizons C. Eight weeks of fertilization then induction D. Three months of the embryonic stage
A. Three successive phases
Meiosis, in contrast to mitosis, involves: A. Two sets of cell divisions occurring in quick succession B. Only one set of cell divisions occurring during the "S" phase C. Exact duplication of parent cell in DNA quantity D. Production of diploid chromosome cellular numbers
A. Two sets of cell divisions occurring in quick succession
At about 8 weeks of gestation: 1. The ectodermal cells reorganize to form the amniotic cavity. 2. Endodermal cells form the secondary amniotic cavity. 3. Ectodermal and endodermal cells enlarge to form the prochordal plate. 4. The cells of the embryo form a three-layered disk. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Concerning Meckel's cartilage: 1. It is a hyaline cartilage. 2. It is a secondary cartilage that participates in endochondral bone formation in the mandible. 3. It is a rod surrounded by a fibrocellular capsule. 4. It spreads backwards into the ramus of the mandible. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Concerning development of the mandible: 1. The cartilage of the first arch forms the lower jaw in primitive vertebrates. 2. In humans, Meckel's cartilage also contributes to formation of the mandible. 3. Bone formation begins by an ectomesenchymal condensation on the lateral aspect of Meckel's cartilage. 4. Bone formation proceeds by endochondral ossification of Meckel's cartilage. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Concerning ossification of the maxilla: 1. It is exclusively intramembranous. 2. It takes place at three centers of ossification. 3. It begins around the seventh embryonic week. 4. The groove in the maxilla, which accommodates the tooth buds, is created by osteoclasts. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Concerning the branchial grooves and pouches: 1. The first groove forms the external auditory meatus. 2. An overgrowth of the second arch obliterates the second, third, and fourth pouches. 3. An overgrowth of the second arch forms the cervical sinus. 4. The second groove is also obliterated by the palatine tonsil. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
During head formation: 1. The anterior portion of the neural expands to form the fore-, mid-, and hindbrain. 2. There is no mesenchyme between the developing brain and surface epithelium. 3. The neural tube that forms the hindbrain develops eight rhombomeres. 4. Paraxial mesoderm lateral to the neural tube forms the anterior rhombomeres. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
The branchial arches: 1. Are situated laterally in the embryo 2. Consist of ectodermic swellings 3. Appear progressively 4. Are separated from each other by pouches situated in areas where ectoderm and endoderm fuse together A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
The upper lip on one side in the developing human is directly formed from which structures? 1. Maxillary process 2. Lateral nasal process 3. Medial nasal process 4. Frontonasal process A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
When the bone is first formed in the developing mandible, in which direction does the center of ossification spread? 1. Anteriorly to the midline 2. Anteriorly to the future angle 3. Posteriorly to the division of the mandibular nerve 4. Posteriorly to the division of the maxillary nerve A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Where in the developing embryo is the mesoderm layer absent so that there is no separation between the ectoderm and endoderm layers? 1. Prochordal plate 2. Cardiac plate 3. Cecal plate 4. Lateral plate A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Which of the following genes are expressed by neural crest cells that migrate in the first arch? 1. Otx-2 2. Hox 3. Barx 4. Iroquois homeobox-5 A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Which of the following statement(s) on the neural crest is/are true? 1. Neural crest cells migrate from the neuroectoderm. 2. In mammalian embryo, neural crest cells can be distinguished differentiating and separating at the crest of neural folds. 3. Neural crest cells give rise to components of the nervous system. 4. During reduction, neural crest cells undergo epitheliomesenchymal differentiation. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. During the formation of the secondary palate, three outgrowths appear in the oral cavity: two from the maxillary process and one from the frontonasal process. 2. Palatal malformations always include a defect in the primary palate. 3. Fusion of the secondary palate proceeds in a frontodorsal direction. 4. The primary and secondary palates start their formation at the same time. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. The buccopharyngeal membrane separates the oral cavity from the primitive foregut. 2. The anterior part of Meckel's cartilage will give the malleus, and the posterior region will create the incus. 3. The cervical sinus is a transient structure. 4. The maxillary process is derived from Meckel's cartilage. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
B. 1 and 3 are true
Which of the following is involved in an infection with rubella virus in a developing fetus? A. Induction of simple measles B. Cleft palate C. Deformities of the lip D. Malformation of the jaws
B. Cleft palate
For fusion of any processes to occur in the fetus, such as the palate, there needs to be elimination of their: A. Ectomesenchymal core B. Epithelial covering C. Neural cell migration D. Mesodermal features
B. Epithelial covering
Which of the following during development of the primitive mouth initially limits the growth of the stomatodeum? A. Meckel's cartilage B. First branchial arch C. Frontonasal process D. Secondary palate
B. First branchial arch
When the embryo folds during development, which critical event occurs? A. Formation of the neural tube B. Formation of the stomatodeum C. Segmentation of the hindbrain D. Segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm
B. Formation of the stomatodeum
The root of the tongue arises during development from the: A. Lingual swellings B. Hypobranchial eminence C. Second branchial arch D. Tuberculum impar
B. Hypobranchial eminence
During development, the second pharyngeal pouch is: A. Largely obliterated in its connection to the pharynx as it expands into two compartments B. Largely obliterated by the development of the palatine tonsil; however a part persists as the tonsillar fossa C. Expanded to give origin to the inferior parathyroid gland, whereas the ventral component, with its anatomic counterpart from the opposite side, forms the thymus gland D. Expanded to give origin to the superior parathyroid gland, and the ventral portion gives rise to the ultimobranchial body, which in turn gives rise to the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
B. Largely obliterated by the development of the palatine tonsil; however a part persists as the tonsillar fossa
Which of the following cells have migrated from the neuroectoderm and are the basis for future pigment cells and sympathetic neurons? A. Somite cells B. Neural crest cells C. Trophoblast cells D. Endodermal cells
B. Neural crest cells
Which of the following bones of the head are formed by endochondral ossification? A. Mandible B. Occipital C. Styloid process D. Maxilla
B. Occipital
In the human, each autosomal chromosome is: A. Designated X or Y and contains genes for enamel formation B. Paired so that every cell has 22 homologous sets C. Derived from either the mother or father, not both D. Paired so that every cell has a sexual format of either X or Y
B. Paired so that every cell has 22 homologous sets
Which of the following structures allows for a clear distinction between the oral and nasal cavities during facial development? A. Primary palate B. Secondary palate C. Palatal shelves D. Nasal septum
B. Secondary palate
Which statement is true? A. Condylar cartilage appears after the coronoid cartilage. B. The formation of the mandible starts before the development of the maxilla. C. The ossification of the body of the mandible starts after the ossification of the ramus. D. Coronoid cartilage appears during the sixteenth week of development.
B. The formation of the mandible starts before the development of the maxilla.
During the development of the branchial arches: 1. Mesodermal cells from the first branchial arch condense to form Meckel's cartilage. 2. The facial nerve accompanies the second arch. 3. The endodermal pouches of the second, third, and fourth arches are obliterated by an overgrowth of the second arch. 4. The ectomesenchymal cells of the second arch form the Reichert cartilage. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
Homeobox transcription factor genes: 1. Are expressed throughout the rhombomeres 2. Are not expressed anterior to rhombomere 3 3. Are not expressed posterior to rhombomere 3 4. Include a developmentally new set of transcription factor genes for cephalic structures A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
Meiosis 1. Involves two sets of cell division 2. Occurs with a time differential between the two 3. The second division produces two cells 4. The second division results in a haploid chromosome number A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
The pharyngeal membrane: 1. Is made up of ectoderm and mesoderm 2. Ruptures before the dental lamina forms 3. Separates the primitive oral cavity from the intestinal cavity until the seventh week 4. Is made up of the union of the ectoderm and endoderm A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
The primary palate: 1. Originates from the fusion of the lateral and medial nasal processes 2. Originates from the fusion of both medial nasal processes 3. Establishes itself at the same time as the secondary palate 4. Is not always affected during palatal clefting A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
The symphyseal cartilages: 1. Are an extension of Meckel's cartilage 2. Sit at the medial extremities of Meckel's cartilage 3. Persist until adulthood 4. Are two in number A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. The cleft lip is always unilateral. 2. An excessive merging of the mandibular and maxillary process is called microstomia. 3. The oblique facial cleft results from lack of fusion from the maxillary process and median nasal process. 4. A lack of fusion between the two medial nasal processes causes a median cleft lip. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
C. 2 and 4 are true
The articular disk of the temporomandibular joint forms from the: A. Coronoid cartilage of the maxilla B. Dense strip of mesenchyme between the ramus and mandibular notch C. Condylar cartilage of the mandible D. Broad band of mesenchyme between the squamous tympanic bone and condyle
C. Condylar cartilage of the mandible
The fetal stage, in comparison to the embryonic stage, is noted for: A. Differentiation of major external structures B. Induction of major internal structures C. Growth and maturation D. Extreme vulnerability to congenital defects
C. Growth and maturation
During tongue development, the tuberculum impar enlarges and merges with the: A. Palatal shelf on each side B. Medial nasal process on one side C. Lingual swellings on each side D. Nasal septum in the central portion
C. Lingual swellings on each side
The merging of the two medial nasal processes results in the formation of: A. Sides of the upper lip B. Lower lip and chin C. Maxilla carrying incisor teeth D. Secondary palate and its portions
C. Maxilla carrying incisor teeth
Teratogenic agents usually exert their effects during the stages of: A. Induction B. Induction and morphogenesis C. Morphogenesis and histodifferentiation D. Growth and maturation
C. Morphogenesis and histodifferentiation
Which of the following structures are formed with the fusion of the maxillary process and the lateral nasal process? A. Olfactory placodes B. Parathyroid gland C. Nasolacrimal duct D. Primary palate
C. Nasolacrimal duct
Concerning congenital defects: A. The oblique facial cleft involves the nose. B. Fusion of the two medial nasal processes defines the size of the mouth opening. C. Persistence of the groove separating the maxillary and lateral nasal processes results in the oblique facial cleft. D. The median hare lip results from the persistence of the groove between the maxillary and medial nasal processes.
C. Persistence of the groove separating the maxillary and lateral nasal processes results in the oblique facial cleft.
During which week of prenatal development does the intramembranous ossification begin in the lateral aspect of Meckel's cartilage? A. Third week B. Fourth week C. Seventh week D. Tenth week
C. Seventh week
During the formation of the maxilla and mandible, we can observe: A. Formation of a cartilaginous model B. Primary cartilage in both structures C. Similar mechanisms of ossification D. Secondary cartilage in the mandible only
C. Similar mechanisms of ossification
Which of the following syndromes occurs due to failure of neural crest cells to migrate properly to the facial region? A. Down syndrome B. Fetal alcohol syndrome C. Treacher Collins syndrome D. Asperger syndrome
C. Treacher Collins syndrome
The face generally develops in the human between: A. 6 and 10 days B. 10 and 12 days C. 12 and 22 days D. 24 and 38 days
D. 24 and 38 days
Concerning formation of the tongue: 1. The tongue begins to develop at about 4 weeks. 2. It involves the participation of three swellings. 3. The root of the tongue arises from a large midline swelling developed from the mesenchyme of the third arch. 4. The mucosa of the anterior two thirds of the tongue is derived from the first arch. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Concerning the branchial arch system: 1. Initially delimit the primitive stomadeum of branchial arches. 2. There are six branchial arches in the pharyngeal wall. 3. The arches are externally separated by small clefts called branchial grooves. 4. In aquatic vertebrates the pharyngeal pouches and branchial grooves fuse and eventually break down to form the gill clefts. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Concerning the distal-less homeobox (DLX) family of transcription factors: 1. They regulate jaw patterning. 2. A distinct set of genes is responsible for determining the mandible. 3. Lack of DLX-5/6 causes a reversal of the mandible into a maxilla. 4. They activate and repress downstream transcription factors. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
During folding of the embryo: 1. The head fold is important for the formation of the primitive oral cavity. 2. Ectoderm move through the stomadeum to line the oral cavity. 3. The lateral folding determine the disposition of the mesoderm. 4. The surface epithelium derives from the ectoderm of the floor of the amniotic cavity. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
In the embryo, at the beginning of the seventh week: 1. The eyelids are still inexistent 2. The nostrils can already be seen 3. The back of the nose does not yet exist 4. The oral cavity is not yet completely separated from the nasal cavity A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Prenatal development: 1. Exhibits three phases 2. Has a first phase involving cell proliferation and migration 3. Has a second phase that is particularly vulnerable to congenital defects 4. Has a fetal stage in which there is essentially growth and maturation A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
The following environmental factors can affect development of the embryo: 1. Viruses 2. Cortisone 3. Hormones 4. Radiation A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
The following molecules are associated with the acquisition of neural crest competence: 1. Members of the zinc-finger transcription factors family 2. Bone morphogenetic proteins 3. WNT 4. Fibroblast growth factors A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
When the stomatodeum first forms it is delimited: 1. Rostrally by the frontal prominence 2. Caudally by the cardiac bulge 3. Laterally by the pharyngeal arches 4. Posteriorly by the buccopharyngeal membrane A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. In the first branchial arch, Meckel's cartilage gives rise to bone in some regions. 2. The fourth branchial arch is associated with the pneumogastric nerve. 3. The third branchial arch gives rise to the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone. 4. The mandibular arch will form the chin region. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. The gut derives from the endoderm. 2. Neural crest cells give rise to cranial bones, dentin, and the periodontal ligament. 3. Paraxial mesoderm participates in the formation of somites. 4. The ectoderm forms the enamel of teeth. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. Two cell populations can be distinguished in the blastocytes. 2. Embryoblasts are involved in the development of the embryo. 3. Proliferation of endodermal cells forms a secondary yolk sac. 4. Trophoblasts line the cavity of the primary yolk sac. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
D. All of the above are true
Embryonic connective tissue in the head region during development is known as: A. Mesoderm B. Mesenchyme C. Ectoderm D. Ectomesenchyme
D. Ectomesenchyme
Down syndrome is known for: A. Trisomy of chromosome number 20 B. Production of a monosomy situation C. Facial enlargement and lengthened palate D. Fissured tongue and delayed tooth eruption
D. Fissured tongue and delayed tooth eruption
During fertilization in humans, there is: A. Division of sex chromosomes B. Formation of cells with 92 chromosomes C. Division of gametes D. Formation of a zygote
D. Formation of a zygote
During embryonic development, from which of the following layers is the endodermal layer directly derived? A. Osteoblast layer B. Epiblast layer C. Trophoblast layer D. Hypoblast layer
D. Hypoblast layer
Which of the following structures strongly influence the growth of the mandible after the tenth week of development? A. Meckel's cartilage B. Reichert cartilage C. Primary cartilage D. Secondary cartilages
D. Secondary cartilages
During which week of development do the palatal shelves elevate and fuse with each other above the tongue and with the primary palate? A. Second week B. Third week C. Fifth week D. Seventh week
D. Seventh week
Within the trunk of the developing embryo, paraxial mesoderm breaks up into: A. Thin layers called the intermediate mesoderm B. Thick layers called the lateral plate C. Somites consisting of somitomere components D. Somites consisting of sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome components
D. Somites consisting of sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome components
Which statement is true? A. The buccopharyngeal membrane is covered with mesoderm. B. Thickening of the endoderm forms the olfactory and optical placodes. C. All ectodermal pharyngeal pouches progress to give rise to normal structures. D. The persistence of a cervical sinus can cause a branchial fistula.
D. The persistence of a cervical sinus can cause a branchial fistula.
Reichert cartilage gives rise to: A. Meckel's cartilage B. Greater horns of the hyoid bone C. The sphenomalleolar ligament D. The stylohyoid ligament
D. The stylohyoid ligament
Homeobox genes in the developing embryo are known to: A. Contain a similar region of 50 nucleotide base pairs B. Only switch genes on to allow for patterning C. Produce proteins that bind to RNA of other downstream genes D. When combined, provide a set of rules to regulate development
D. When combined, provide a set of rules to regulate development
Formation of the secondary palate: 1. Involves two outgrowths in the oral cavity 2. The palatine shelves extend from the mandibular arch 3. The closure of the secondary palate is mediated by components present within the basement membrane 4. Completes around the third month after birth A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
Which of the following structures is derived from the mandibular process? 1. Frontonasal process 2. Medial nasal process 3. Lateral nasal process 4. Olfactory placodes A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
Clefts of the face, lip, and anterior maxilla: 1. Can result from defective development of the embryonic primary palate 2. Are never accompanied by clefts involving the secondary palate 3. Such as macrostomia are from failure of fusion of the mandibular processes 4. Such as microstomia are from failure of fusion of the maxillary processes and the medial nasal processes A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
E. One of the above is true
In Treacher Collins syndrome: 1. There is a problem with the migration of neural crest cells. 2. Only the teeth are affected. 3. Facial development is completely arrested. 4. All dental tissues including enamel are affected. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
E. One of the above is true
Which of the following branchial grooves is not obliterated by the overgrowth of the second arch but may persist as a cervical sinus that may or may not open into the side of the neck? 1. First groove 2. Second groove 3. Third groove 4. Fourth groove A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
E. One of the above is true
Which of the following secondary cartilages contributes to the development of the maxilla? 1. Zygomatic cartilage 2. Coronoid cartilage 3. Condylar cartilage 4. Symphyseal cartilage A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
E. One of the above is true
Which of these bones are formed by intramembranous bone formation? 1. Frontal 2. Tympanic portion of the temporal bone 3. Mandible 4. Sphenoid
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. Cell-surface receptors are necessary for growth factor activity. 2. Growth factors can act using paracrine regulation. 3. Autocrine regulation is a process when cells recapture their own secretory product. 4. Growth factors regulate the expression of heterodox genes. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Ossification in the maxillary process is noted to take place in: A. A center associated with the nasal capsule B. An arch or primary cartilage region C. The angle where the posterior superior alveolar nerve branches off D. The dividing of the zygomatic nerve
A. A center associated with the nasal capsule
Which statement(s) is/are true? 1. During the ossification of the mandible, Meckel's cartilage is resorbed. 2. Meckel's cartilage has no direct role in the ossification of the mandible. 3. The ramus of the mandible forms around week 10 of development. 4. The growth of the maxilla is influenced by three secondary cartilages: condylar, coronoid, and symphyseal. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Concerning the formation of the body of the mandible: 1. The condensation of the mesenchyme begins in the angle formed by the division of the inferior alveolar nerve and its incisor and mental branches. 2. The condensation of the mesenchyme occurs on the external aspect of Meckel's cartilage. 3. Bone formed on the lateral aspect of Meckel's cartilage forms a gutter that will be converted into a canal for the inferior alveolar nerve. 4. Formation starts around week 7 of embryonic development. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Concerning the nervous system: 1. Develops as an ectodermal thickening called neural plate 2. The margins of the neural plate fuse to form the neural tube. 3. There is a mesoderm between the neural tube and amniotic cavity. 4. The neural tube exhibits a uniform development sequence along its rostrocaudal axis. A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Developmental abnormalities: 1. Can be due to adverse environmental factors 2. Can occur over time 3. Can be caused by alteration in a single gene 4. Appear only when an abnormal gene is received from both parents A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Due to its developmental origin, the tongue is innervated by the: 1. Fifth cranial nerve 2. Ninth cranial nerve 3. Twelfth cranial nerve 4. Branches of the second and seventh cranial nerve A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Meckel's cartilage: 1. Forms the lower jaw in primitive vertebrates 2. Makes no contribution to the mandible in humans 3. Is a solid hyaline cartilaginous rod surrounded by a fibrocellular capsule 4. Is responsible for the formation of the ramus of the mandible A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
The condylar cartilage: 1. Appears during the twelfth week of development 2. Rapidly forms a mass of cartilage that converts to bone by endochondral ossification 3. At about 20 weeks, only a thin layer of cartilage remains in the condylar head 4. Orthodontists take advantage of the growth possibility associated with condylar cartilage to advance the mandible during adulthood A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
The homeobox genes associated with development of cephalic structures include: 1. Msx genes 2. Barx genes 3. Dlx genes 4. FGF genes A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Which of the following characteristics are noted with growth factors during fetal development? 1. Paracrine regulation 2. Autocrine regulation 3. Induction 4. Retinoic acids A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
Which of these bones are formed by endochondral formation? 1. Occipital 2. Sphenoid 3. Petrous portion of the temporal bone 4. Parietal A. 1, 2, and 3 are true B. 1 and 3 are true C. 2 and 4 are true D. All of the above are true E. One of the above is true
A. 1, 2, and 3 are true
