org quiz 2

Which leadership theory proposes that followers pay especially close attention to a leader's behavior during a time of crisis, particularly if followers perceive that their own best interests are directly at stake?

Attribution theory

Before starting the training program you assess your crew leaders to identify their current leadership style. Most of them are found to focus strongly on production but very little on the employees. According to the leadership grid, what leadership style is this?

Authority-compliance management

Which leadership approach looks at leadership as an observable process or activity?

Behavioral

Some leaders, including Adolf Hitler, are able to inspire such blind faith in their followers that they engage in inappropriate, unethical, or even illegal behaviors.

Charismatic leadership

You are having trouble finding a store manager for location #17. The last store manager was extremely well liked by employees, who felt energized and challenged by the manager's high goals for them and felt well supported by her. What type of leadership style did the old store manager likely use?

Charismatic leadership

Phil is unhappy that he works longer hours than Asa but earns the same salary, and feels that this is unfair. What is Phil perceiving?

Inequity

Support a customer service culture

Jeweler Tiffany & Co. is following a differentiation strategy and wants to charge a high price for high quality jewelry.

Your boss pays close attention to the work of subordinates, explains work procedures, and is mainly interested in performance. According to the Michigan leadership studies, what type of leader behavior is this?

Job-centered

...is necessary to create and direct change and to help the organization get through tough times.

Leadership

A group of highly trained and motivated doctors successfully convenes to treat a trauma victim although no one steps into the role of leader.

Leadership substitutes

What are individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance called?

Leadership substitutes

Automate as many jobs as possible

Old Navy relies on a cost leadership strategy and needs to keep all of its expenses as low as possible.

contingency approach

models propose that the effectiveness of a leader with certain traits is contingent on the situation/context in which he performs

If a new union contract determines the amount of employees' raises rather than the supervisor, the supervisor's previous motivation approach of using raises to motivate employees has been...

neutralized

Leader substitutes model

describes when leadership is unnecessary

As a process, leadership involves the use of...

noncoercive influence

Fiedler's Contingency Theory

in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation

texas behavioral model

people concern and task concern on a continuum

Ohio State Behavioral model

people or process consideration vs initiating structure

Outright bigotry on the part of an employer or its management for or against a targeted group.

prejudice

Learning

is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience

Classical conditioning

is a simple form of learning in which a conditioned response is linked with an unconditioned stimulus. In organizations, however, only simple behaviors and responses can be learned in this manner.

heterogeneous group

is more likely to be productive when the task is complex and requires a collective effort.

Goal commitment

is the extent to which a person is personally interested in reaching the goal

House's Path-Goal Theory

leader behaviors are effective when employees view them as a source of satisfaction or as paving the way to future satisfaction

instrumality expectency theory

reward from performance and effort

When a colleague shows you how to use the copy machine,

learning has taken place

Consciously or unconsciously, we tend to associate with others who we perceive to be like ourselves.

like me bias

There are so many people in your work team that you decide to skip a weekly meeting to catch up on your email. Surely the others can handle anything that came up this week.

social loafing

a belief about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in that particular group will behave the same way. For example, "all men are strong," "all women are nurturing," and "people who look a certain way are dangerous" are all examples of stereotypes.

stereotype

Goal acceptance

the extent to which a person accepts a goal as his or her own.

Expectancy Theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

group

two or more persons who interact with one another such that each person influences and is influenced by each other person.

If Dave gets a higher raise than Sally does, when Sally compares herself to Dave Sally is likely to feel...

underpaid

The most effective schedule for sustaining a behavior is...

variable reinforcement

Goal acceptance

...is the extent to which a person accepts a goal as his or her own.

Social learning

...occurs when people observe the behaviors of others, recognize their consequences, and alter their own behavior as a result.

Management by objectives

...approach is essentially a collaborative goal-setting process through which organizational goals systematically cascade down through the organization.

Punishment

...is the application of negative outcomes to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Behavior modification

...is the application of reinforcement theory to influence the behaviors of people in organizational settings.

Terri is always motivating, energizing, and inspiring her team members. What is she?

A Leader

The company put Nicholas in charge of the planning and organizing functions for the team. What is he?

A Manager

Focus on problem solving and teamwork

A firm decides to specialize in designing new and innovative apps for the iPhone and to outsource their production.

Your organization has offices in 6 different countries. You want to create a team that allows employees in all of these countries to collaborate and share ideas and best practices. What type of group or team should you create?

A global team

Presidential candidates try to ensure that they are always shown in the best possible light—being confident, sympathetic, well-groomed, etc. Which leadership theory explains this?

Attribution theory

You have a unit of highly capable, motivated employees. You think that they no longer need formal leaders, and can take on more responsibility in setting their own goals and deciding how to best pursue them. What type of group or team should you create?

A self-directed team

You get along so well with some of your colleagues at work that you organize a volleyball league and regularly go out together after work to socialize. What type of group or team did you create?

An informal group

Your female employees have mentioned wanting the organization to allow them to meet with other women in the company for mentoring and professional development purposes. What type of group or team should you create?

An interest group

Airline JetBlue tries to compete by offering low fares to popular destinations.

Cost Leadership

Bob wants to get a lot more information before deciding which new machine to buy for the business. His partner Ken is frustrated because he is willing to make a decision now.

Deep-level diversity

The new product development team at Nestle is made up of people at three different hierarchical levels, and the team leader has the authority to veto any idea introduced by the team that she or he feels does not have potential.

Disparity diversity

When Mia realized that Jason was getting paid more than her despite her greater qualifications for the job, she started claiming inappropriate travel reimbursements from the company to increase her monetary rewards.

Equity Theory Correct

reflects the belief that one's own language, native country, and cultural rules and norms are superior to all others.

Ethnocentrism

The company is offering a trip to Bora Bora to the highest performing customer service representative. Although Ben would love to win the trip he isn't motivated to put in his best effort because he doesn't think that he can outperform his colleagues.

Expectancy Theory

You decide to change your company's pay period to every two weeks instead of every month because you think that this will better motivate your employees.

Fixed-interval Schedule

You decide to motivate your assemblers to work quickly and accurately by giving them a small bonus for every 10 defect-free pieces they make each day.

Fixed-ratio Schedule

Your workgroup has some of the highest turnover in the company. It is difficult to get new members to stay more than a few months.

Group cohesiveness

Your team has been working together so long that you rarely need to take time away from production to organize and plan the group's workflow. Members just know what to expect from each other and get things done effectively.

Group norms

Chipotle Mexican Grill opened about 200 new restaurants in a year to maintain its strong financial performance.

Growth

To minimize the need for retraining employees, you use.... because it Is the most effective reinforcement schedule for sustaining a behavior.

because it Is the most effective reinforcement schedule for sustaining a behavior.

You want to find a way to reduce the waste your company generates so you create this type of team.

Problem-solving Team

This type of team is particularly difficult to implement because it requires specific self-management and team skills that many employees lack.

Self-directed Team

As Laura looks around the room, she realizes that although all of her teammates are white females, they have many differences of opinion about the goals of the group and the way those goals should be achieved.

Separation diversity

You decide that the crew leaders should be trained in the most ideal style of leadership. According to the Leadership Grid, what is this leadership style?

Team management

Your leader demonstrates both high concern for performance and high concern for employee welfare. Which leadership studies would this be consistent with?

The Ohio State studies

Dunkin' Donuts decided to focus on selling donuts rather than a wide variety of baked goods.

Specialization

Increase operational flexibility and employees' customer knowledge

Starbucks is primarily following a specialization strategy and focuses on a narrow set of beverage and food products.

diversity reflects the fact that some employees are from Switzerland or China and male or female.

Surface-level

After watching Alexis successfully handle a customer complaint and receive praise from the boss, Gary starts handling customer complaints in the same way.

This suggests that Social learning has taken place.

On what did the first studies of leadership focus?

Traits

If you need to lead your organizational division's restructuring, what type of leadership style would be best?

Transformational leadership

When you need to hire a new leader to create a new vision and manage large-scale organizational change, what type of leadership ability should you look for in your new hire?

Transformational leadership

T/F: All teams are groups.

True

You want to better motivate your workers. You start by identifying things that are causing dissatisfaction among your employees and fixing them.

Two-factor Theory

You give your salespeople a monetary bonus after their first successful car sale, then their third sale, then their sixth, and then after every 5 sales.

Variable-ratio Schedule

The top management team at Pepsi is made up of several Vice Presidents with a variety of functional backgrounds and experience in different geographic areas.

Variety diversity

If you need to assemble a team comprised of employees located all over the world, you need to create this type of team.

Virtual Team

trait model

assumed good leaders were born, not true

Group heterogeneity

You need to upgrade your company's information technology system. The new system will impact employees across the organization and from all business functions. What type of group performance factor will be most important to the performance of the decision-making team?

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

teams

an interdependent collection of at least two individuals who share a common goal and share accountability for the team's as well as their own outcomes.

Michigan Behavioral model

employee centered vs. job centered

Valence

employees value to the reward