organic chemistry

A Group that contains one less hydrogen atom than an alkane with the same number of carbon atom is classified as one of the alkyl groups, with group name derived from the name of its corresponding alkane. Alkyl groups CH4 is C2H6 is C3H8 is but CH3 is C2H5 is C3H7 is

methane ethane propane methyl ethyl propyl

DRAW in the products for the addition reaction shown below: CH2CH2 + Cl2 →

1, 2 - dichloroethane

Station 5 1. Draw the structural formula for 1,2,3-trichlorobutane? 2. Draw the structural formula for 3-bromobutanoic acid? 3. What is the IUPAC name of the following compounds? A. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH B. CH 3 CH 2 Cl C. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH D. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH=CHCH 3

1. 2. 3. A. 1-pentanol C. Butanoic acid B. chloroethane D. 2-hexene

1. A double carbon-carbon bond is found in a molecule of (1) pentane (2) pentyne (3) pentene (4) pentanol 2. Which general formula represents the homologous series of hydrocarbons that includes the compound l-heptyne? (1) CnH 2n-6 (2) CnH2n (3) CnH2n-2 (4) CnH2n+2 3. The organic compound represented by the condensed structural formula CH3CH2CH2CHO is classified as an (1) alcohol (2) ester (3) aldehyde (4) ether 4. Which compound is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? (1) hexanal (2) hexanoic acid (3) hexene (4) hexane 5. Given the balanced equation representing a reaction: CH3CH2CH3 + Br2 → CH3CH2CH2Br + HBr This organic reaction is best classified as (1) an addition reaction (3) a polymerization reaction (2) an esterification reaction (4) a substitution reaction 6. When C3H8 burns completely in an excess of oxygen, the products formed are CO and H2O (2) CO2 and H2O (3) CO and H2 (4) CO2 and H2 7. Which type of reaction is represented by the following equation? C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Saponification (2) polymerization (3) esterification (4) fermentation 8. Which class of compounds has the general formula R-O-R'? Esters (2) alcohols (3) ethers (4) aldehydes 9. The formula C5H11OH represents an Ester (2) alcohol (3) ether (4) acid

1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 4 6. 2 7. 4 8. 3 9. 2

What is the characteristic of most organic compounds? 1) They have very strong intermolecular forces. 2) They are primarily ionic in character. 3) They generally have low melting and boiling points 4) They are all highly soluble in water. 3. Which reactions produce ethanol? (1) Combustion (3) Fermentation (2) Esterification (4) Polymerization 6. Which statement correctly describes the reaction, saponification? 1. The addition of a halogen to an alkane 2. The addition of monomer units 3. The addition of a base to fat 4. The breakdown of a sugar by enzymes in yeast

1. 3 3. 3 6. 3

1. Saturated Organic Compounds: 2. Unsaturated Organic Compounds: 3. Hydrocarbons: 4. Homologous series: 5.Structural formula:

1. Compounds containing only single bonds between carbon atoms - Alkanes 2. Compounds containing one double or triple bond - Alkenes/Alkynes 3. Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. 4. are hydrocarbons, which each member differs by one carbon and specific number of hydrogen. 5. shows not only the kinds and numbers of atoms but also the bonding patterns. It represent two-dimensional of three-dimensional molecules. Each carbon atom can be pictured as the center of a tetrahedron, and a short line can represent each of its covalent bond.

Functional groups replace hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon and give the compound distinctive physical and chemical properties. They can be found on Table ________.

R

What is an isomer?

When a molecular formula can be represented by more than one structural arrangement, the compounds are called isomers. compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Remember compounds are isomers of each other as long as they contain the same number of ____________! Example of isomers alcohols aldehyde organic acids

ethers ketone esters

Draw an isomer of 2-methyl pentane and name it. C6H14

hexane C6H14

Hydrocarbons tend to be ______________________ molecules, and therefore do not ________________ ___ _________. Hydrocarbons are ________________ compounds that do not __________ ____ ________, and are therefore they are ________________________ besides __________ ______ and _______.

nonpolar dissolve in water molecular ionize in water nonelectrolytes organic acids bases

Hydrocarbons are found on table..

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen (C)(H) table Q

1. All organic Compounds must contain the element? (A) Hydrogen (B) Nitrogen (C) carbon (D) oxygen 2. Which property is generally characteristic of an organic compound? (A) low melting points (C) soluble in polar solvent (B) high melting points (D) insoluble in nonpolar solvents 3. What is the total number of pairs of electrons shared between the two adjacent carbon atoms in an ethyne molecule? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 4. Which compound is a member of the same homologous series as C3H6? (A) C2H4(B) C2H6(C) C3H4(D) C3H8

1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a

1) How many valence electrons does carbon atom have? _______________ 2) How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?______________ 3) What kind of bond is between carbon atoms in organic (sharing) compounds (ionic or covalent)? 4) Organic compounds are generally non polar, what kind of solvent are they soluble in?__________________ 5) They are generally non-electrolyte, except _________________________

4 4 covalent nonpolar solvent (like dissolves like) acids/bases

saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds and there is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom Alkane - CnH2n-2

unsaturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double or triple and contain less than the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon Alkene/Alkynes CnH2n CnH2n-2

Empirical formulas express the simplest ratio of elements in a compound. EX: Butane - Molecular formula = C4H10 & has an empirical formula of __________________

C2H5

DRAW in the products for the addition reaction shown below and define addition reaction DEFINITION Polymerization ______________________________________________________ DEFINITION Esterification ________________________________________________________ DEFINITION Saponification _______________________________________________________ DEFINITION Fermentation _________________________________________________________ DEFINITION Combustion __________________________________________________________

Combustion reaction involves burning an organic compound by oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Esterification reaction involves an organic acid and an alcohol to produce an ester plus water. Substitution reaction involves the replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms in a saturated hydrocarbon with another atom or group of atoms. Addition reaction involves adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bond. Only one product is formed. Saponification reaction involves an ester (fat) reacting with a strong base (NaOH) to produce alcohol and soap. Fermentation reaction involves the decomposition of glucose with the presence of yeast (catalyst) to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol. Condensation polymerization reaction results from the bonding of monomers by removing water molecule and joining the monomers to form a larger molecule. Addition polymerization reaction involves the joining of small molecules (monomers) to form one large molecule (Polymer).

SKILL- Organic compounds can be named according to the IUPAC system. Use Table P and Q to name the hydrocarbons listed below. a. CH3CH2CH2CH3_____________________Homologous Series: ____________ b. CH2CHCH3________________________ Homologous Series: ________ c. CHCH__________________________________Homologous Series: ___________

a. butane alkane b. propene alkene c. ethyne alkyne

Types of organic reactions include: You need to memorize the details of these reactions in order to be able to identify them. The Regents exam likes to go after the combustion and esterification reaction especially.

addition substitution polymerization esterification fermentation saponification combustion.

Name Functional Group Ethanol Butanone Ethanoic acid Methyl ethanoate Methanal Ethanamine Ethanamide

alcohol ketone organic acid ester aldehyde amine amide

ester has group of carbon in any carbon but ketone has group of carbon in any carbon but organic acid has to be in carbon aldehyde has to be in

carbon 1 carbon 1 1 carbon 1

Organic compounds consist of ___________ ______ which bond to each other in _______________________________________ to form a variety of structures.

carbon atoms chains, rings and networks