ORGANISM ADAPTATIONS: MOISTURE

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

adventitious root

- root which arises in positions where roots normally would not grow - replace the function of the original roots where oxygen is available - Plant response to too much water

give the starting reaction of photorespiration

- rubisco acts on oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. - oxygen fixing reaction

succulency

- store water in cells structure - vacuoles

define photolysis and explain when and where it occurs in the process of photosynthesis

- the splitting or decomposition of a chemical compound by means of light energy or photons - split water molecule

describe the urine of a well hydrated ostrich vs a dehydrated ostrich

- thick paste - goblet cell produce mucus - non permanent/ non fatal

explain the relationship between turgor pressure and water potential

- total water potential (Ψtotal) is lower outside the cells than inside, water moves out of the cells and the plant wilts. When - total water potential is higher outside the plant cells than inside, water moves into the cells, resulting in turgor pressure (Ψp), keeping the plant erec

explain how dormancy helps plants maintain the proper water balance

- underground storage (rhizome/bulb/tubular) - rain lily - not actively growing - perennials/non herbaceous

metabolic water

- water created inside a living organism through their metabolism, by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food - water produced as an end product of the oxidation of energy-containing molecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins

explain how tenebrionid beetles obtain water on sand dunes by standing on their head

- water drops from sand - moisture collects on abdomen - tilt abdomen upward to collect H2O

how much water is typically lost by a dehydrated ostrich daily?

0.5 kg

give the optimum temperature for growth for C3 plants

18C-24C

how much water is typically lost by a well hydrated ostrich daily?

2.5 kg

what is the typical rate of photorespiration in C3 plants?

25-50%

what percentage of terrestrial plants are C4 plants?

3%

give the optimum temperature for growth for C4 plants

30-50C

over a seven-day period of water deprivation the ostrich urine osmolarity changes by what percentage?

380%

over a seven-day period of water deprivation the ostrich blood plasma osmolarity changes by what percentage?

61%

write the equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar

what percentage of water is saved by an ostrich that concentrates its urine?

80%

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

list the energy sources of the Calvin cycle

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH)

which adaptation of plants to too much water is analogous to a snorkel?

Aerenchyma - interconnected gas filled chambers throughout the plant

how do higher temperatures affect photorespiration?

As leaf temperatures increase, photorespiration rates rise faster than do photosynthetic rates

photosynthesis

Biochemical process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Two part process: - Light reactions - light dependent - Dark reactions - light independent

what do GAP, PGAL, and G3P stand for?

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate the product of the Calvin cycle 3-carbon sugar that is the starting point for the synthesis of other carbohydrates

what enzyme is used for photosynthesis and photorespiration

RuBisCO

name the enzyme(s) involved in carbon fixation in C3 plants

Rubisco Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase responsible for carbon fixation by the Calvin cycle.

define carbon fixation

The capture of CO2 into an organic molecule (Rubisco = enzyme that is critical for carbon fixation in plants) makes inorganic carbon into organic carbon (sugar)

write the water balance equation for plants and define each variable

Water regulation in plants Wip = Wr + Wa - Wt - Ws Wip = internal water of a plant Wr = water taken from soil by roots Wa = water absorbed from the air Wt = water lost by transpiration Ws = water lost by secretions and reproductive structures, including nectar, fruit, seeds

list the variables in the animal water balance equation that are means of water acquisition

Wd = water taken by drinking Wf = water taken in with food Wa = water absorbed from the air

list the variables in the animal water balance equation that are means of water loss

We = water lost by evaporation Ws = water lost by secretions and excretions

list examples of C3 plantslist examples of C3 plants

Wheat, oats, rye, orchardgrass, legumes

list the variables in the plant water balance equation that are means of water acquisition

Wr = water taken from soil by roots Wa = water absorbed from the air

list the variables in the plant water balance equation that are means of water loss

Wt = water lost by transpiration Ws = water lost by secretions and reproductive structures, including nectar, fruit, seeds

explain the activity of ATP synthase

a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate

what do ATP and NADPH stand for?

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

list the following in order from more negative to less negative water potential: air, leaf, root, soil, stem

air, leaf, stem, roots, soil

explain how deep roots can aid in water acquisition, give an example

ash juniper tap into water table and saturated soils

explain how dense pubescence helps plants maintain the proper water balance

block sun from transpiration

where does RuBisCo operate in C4 plants?

bundle sheath cell

the production of sugar occurs in ___ cells in C4 plants

bundle-sheath cells

where is sugar produced in C4 plants?

bundle-sheath cells

list the three phases of the Calvin cycle

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

explain why clayey soils and sandy soils have different water potentials

clay - water uptake difficult sand - water uptake easy

list examples of C4 plants

corn, sugar, millet, sorghum, & shrubs

how does PEP carboxylase operate/what does it do?

creates malic acid

explain how the root:shoot ratio changes with average annual precipitation

decreased rain/ increase root:shoot ratio increased rain/ decrease root:shoot ratio

explain the impact of decreasing soil water potential on plant water potential over a several days period

decreasing soil water potential decrease rate of water uptake/movement

give an example of an animal that seals its burrow

desert tortoise

explain how being drought/winter deciduous helps plants maintain the proper water balance

drop leaves to reduce rate of transpiration

explain the difference in the root system between plants of the same species that live in moist vs dry habitats

dry - long roots wet - shallow roots

light dependent reactions (light reactions)

energy source - EM (visible 380-760) - chlorophyll A/B same in all plants thylakoid membrane split H2O/photolysis - O2 released as by product products - ATP - NADPH - short term

light independent reactions (dark reactions)

energy source - chemical - ATP/NADPH stroma carbon fixation - CO2 into sugar 3 pathways - C3 - C4 - CAM

give the percentage of water kangaroo rats lose from evaporation and waste

evaporation - 70% waste - 30%

what does C4 stand for?

first product of carbon fixation is a 4-carbon compound

osmolarity

freshwater vs. saltwater - relationship of an aquatic organism to its environment

give the percentage of water kangaroo rats gain from free water in food and from metabolic water

gain from free water in food 10% from metabolic water 90%

photorespiration rates are ___ in C3 plants

high

the water use efficiency is ___ in C3 plants

high

the water use efficiency is ___ in C4 plants

high

water flows from ___ to ___ concentration

high to low

water moves from where it is in ____ concentration to where it is in ____ concentration

high to low

hypoosmotic

higher internal concentration of water and lower internal concentration of salt compared to the environment

what time of day is typically the hottest? coldest?

hot 3pm cold 6am

compare the sources of water gain and loss for humans and kangaroo rats

humans - gained from drinking/eating - loss from urine kangaroo rats - gained from meta water - loss from evaporation

compare the sugar production/yield of C3 to C4 plants

increase in C4

how do higher temperatures affect sugar production in C3 plants?

increase temp / decrease sugar production

what time of day is the transpiration typically the greatest?

increase temp increase transportation

give the relationship between vpd and evaporative water loss

increase vpd/ increase water loss evaporation

isosmotic

internal concentration of water and salts are equal to the concentration in the environment

a high vapor pressure deficit occurs with a ___ difference between the actual vapor pressure and the saturation vapor pressure

large

high water potential is ___ negative

less

the Calvin cycle operates in which light independent pathway(s) ___________

light-independent

explain how shallow roots can aid in water acquisition, give an example

long roots along top surface of soil cactus

photorespiration rates are ___ in C4 plants

low

low vpd results in ___ evaporative water loss high vpd results in ___ evaporative water loss

low vpd/ decrease loss water high vpd/ increase loss water

hyperosmotic

lower internal concentration of water and higher internal concentration of salt compared to the environment

what compound acts as a spatial intermediate between the mesophyll cells and the bundle sheath cells in the C4 pathway?

malic acid

explain the activity of cytochrome b6-f complex during the electron transport chain

mediate the transfer of electrons and of energy between the two photosynthetic reaction center complexes, Photosystem II and Photosystem I

name the cell(s) involved in photosynthesis in C4 plants

mesophyll bundle sheath cell (BSC)

where does PEP carboxylase operate in C4 plants?

mesophyll cell

the initial fixation of carbon dioxide occurs in ___ cells in C4 plants

mesophyll cells

low water potential is ___ negative

more

which plants operate the light dependent reactions?

most plants

water moves _____ its concentration gradient

move down concentration gradients

in terrestrial habitats there is a tendency for water to flow ____ organisms to the atmosphere

move down concentration gradients and the magnitude of those gradients from an organism to its environment is determined by whether an organism tends to lose or gain water from its environment and how quickly - Tendency for water to flow from organisms to the atmosphere

explain how migration helps animals maintain the proper water balance

move with seasonal weather changes to provide efficient water

explain how paraheliotropism helps plants maintain the proper water balance

parallel to sun to reduce transpiration

list two species that migrate in response to lack of water

phainopepla wildebeest

give three examples of extreme water acquisition discussed in class

phainopepla wildebeest couch's spadefoot toad - Trench digging - Fog basking - Metabolic water - water produced with the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fats

what does PEP stand for?

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase

rank C3 and C4 plants by their photorespiration rates, their water use efficiency, and their yield/sugar production

photorespiration rates - C3 water use efficiency - C4 yield/sugar production - C4

compare and contrast photosynthesis and photorespiration

photosynthesis, carbon dioxide fixation takes place by the RuBisCO, photorespiration RuBisCO reacts with oxygen and it competes with the Calvin cycle

turgor pressure (ψp)

pressure exerted by water in a plant cell

explain how a thick cuticle helps plants maintain the proper water balance

prevent from transpiration

list the products and by-products of the light dependent reactions

products ATP/NADPH by products oxygen

the highest water potential is ___

pure water water potential = 0

explain the circumstances that would cause leaf water potential to increase midday

radiation/ temp changes - maintenance of high LWP is found to be associated with dehydration avoidance mechanisms

what is the energy source for photorespiration?

rubisco acts on oxygen instead of carbon dioxide - Rubisco reacts with oxygen, requiring 3.5 ATP and two NADPH

a low vapor pressure deficit occurs with a ___ difference between the actual vapor pressure and the saturation vapor pressure

small

list the following in order from highest to lowest water potential: air, leaf, root, soil, stem

soil, roots, stem, leaf, air (guard cells/mesophyll)

pneumatophore

specialized growth on the root system that helps with gas exchange; "knees"

matric forces (ψm)

tendency of water to adhere to a surface

vapor pressure deficit

the difference between the actual water vapour pressure and the saturation water vapour pressure at a particular temperature

cuticle

thick increase water lost beetle thin dry climates cuticle - plants - invertebrate/insects - reptiles

water-stressed plants would have a ___ water potential compared to well-watered plants

water potential decreases during water stress

estivation

when animals are dormant because weather conditions are very hot and dry. Their breathing rate, heart rate and metabolic rate decrease to conserve energy under these harsh conditions

list nine reason given why water is important to living organisms

- 75-95% water in cell cytoplasm - Solvent for chemical reactions - Metabolite in many cellular reactions: reactant → product ← - Thermoregulation - Nutrient transport - Waste elimination - Required for gas exchange in animals - Means of support in plants and some invertebrates - Living environment

list stresses that plants may experience due to too much water

- Limited gas exchange in submerged tissues - Accumulation of toxic substances in soil due to anaerobic conditions

water balance

- Maintaining the proper balance of water between an organism and its environment - Part of an organism's homeostasis

xerophyte

- Majority are succulent - plant species adapted for survival in arid environments

list three factors that impact plant water potential

- Solutes (ψs ) - Matric forces (ψm) - Pressure (ψp )

give an example of water as a reactant in cellular metabolism, give an example of water as a product of cellular metabolism

- Water is a by-product of cellular respiration when oxygen is coupled with hydrogen ions at the end of the electron transport chain - Cellular respiration is the process whereby animal cells take in food such as glucose and break it down through many mechanisms in order to produce energy the cell can do to fuel its growth and surviva

describe the migration of the wildebeest - direction, driving factor

- annual migration northwest, at the end of the rainy season (usually in May or June) - seasonal rains and the search for green grass

describe the estivation of the couch's spadefoot toad - timing, means of survival, means of arousal

- can last 2 yrs - sound/vibrations from rain underground - 5% meta rate - underground has increased relative humidity/ helps water balance

photorespiration

- competitive reaction with photosynthesis; oxygen (O2) attached to RuBP instead of CO2 - High photorespiration rate

explain how sealing the burrow helps animals maintain the proper water balance

- decrease temperature in hot periods - stable absolute humidity - increase relative humidity

describe the migration of the phainopepla - direction, timing

- from southern California to the desert Southwest to breed in the spring before flying to California coastal woodlands to do so again in summer - fall migration time of year - roots can penetrate and siphon food and water from the mesquite

explain how estivation helps animals maintain the proper water balance

- inactivity and metabolic reduction in response to a lack of water or high temperature - metabolism, respiration, and heart rate fall to low levels

aerenchyma

- interconnected gas filled chambers throughout the plant - Plant response to too much water

desiccation

- lose 89-90% moisture - no meta/no respiration - retain structure - fern spikemoss

explain how desiccation tolerance helps plants maintain the proper water balance

- loss 80% moisture - no metabolism - no photosynthesis - no respiration - fern/spikemoss

water-use efficiency

- ratio of the rate of CO2 fixation to water loss by transpiration - Lower water-use efficiency

describe the impact of a dramatic change in the ostrich blood plasma osmolarity

- red blood cells damage - increase velocity thick blood - fatal

explain how the cuticle thickness of an animal helps it maintain the proper water balance, give an example

Cicindela oregona/ tiger beetle increase cuticle thicks increase water retention

what does CAM stand for?

Crassulacean acid metabolism

name the cell(s) involved in photosynthesis in C3 plants

Mesophyll cells

how do aquatic organisms actively uptake water? salt?

Osmosis is movement of water down its concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane

name the enzyme(s) involved in carbon fixation in C4 plants

PEP carboxylase

winter annual

Plants that germinate in the fall and complete their life cycle within one year Bluebonnet fall - germinate winter - overwinter basal spring - active growth, produce/ disperse seeds

which adaptation of plants to too much water is also referred to as knees?

Pneumatophores - specialized growth on the root system that helps with gas exchange; "knees"

if C3 and C4 plants produced the same amount of sugar which would lose more water?

C3

which light independent photosynthetic pathway is the most common?

C3

list the three pathways of the light independent reactions (dark)

C3 C4 CAM

describe the latitudinal gradient in the percentage of C3 to C4 plants describe the altitudinal gradient in the percentage of C3 to C4 plants

C3 requires cool and wet environments. C4 requires tropical and dry environments. 95% of the green plants are C3 plants.

if C3 and C4 plants lost the same amount of water which would produce more sugar?

C4

which habitats provide a competitive advantage for C4 plants over C3 plants?

C4 advantages - in warmer drier climates

how many times is carbon fixed in C3 plants? C4 plants?

C4 carbon fixed twice

how many extra ATP (over the C3 pathway) are used to operate the C4 pathway?

C4 pathway, it takes 5 ATPs 3 ATPs in the C3 pathway

where does the Calvin cycle operate in C4 plants?

C4 plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle-sheath cells (in C3 plants this occurs in the mesophyll cells).

water potential

Capacity of flowing water to do work (ψ) Factors affecting water potential - Solutes (ψs) - Matric forces (ψm) - tendency of water to adhere to a surface - Turgor Pressure (ψp) - pressure exerted by water in a plant cell Water potential gradient pure water, soil water, plant - root, leaves, dry air

what determines whether photosynthesis or photorespiration occurs?

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature

list the two parts of the photosynthesis process

Light reactions - light dependent Dark reactions - light independent

give two units of water potential

MPa Bar - capacity of flowing water to do work

explain how the roots of an individual plant can respond to drought conditions

Water loss can be limited by stomatal closure and over the longer term by restricting shoot growth, leading to an increased root-to-shoot ratio

give the factors that determine whether an organism gains or loses water to its environment and how quickly

Water regulation in animals Wia = Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws Wia = internal water of an animal Wd = water taken by drinking Wf = water taken in with food Wa = water absorbed from the air We = water lost by evaporation Ws = water lost by secretions and excretions


Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

II (If, Elif, while, for, break, continue, pass)

View Set

Nursing: Unlimited Possibilities and Unlimited Potential

View Set

1. Decontamination is needed in order to:

View Set

Dynamics of Personality Chapter 11 Engler

View Set

Markdown & Sale Price (Ch. 6 Review Part 2), Discount, Sale Price

View Set