Organizational Behavior ch 12
13. Which of the following describes the tendency for people to be too optimistic about their abilities? a. overconfidence bias b. availability bias c. escalation of commitment d. heuristical fallacy e. bounded discretion
a
25. Todd has a tendency to rely too much on the initial information at his disposal about any given issue; he fails to integrate and give weight to new information being given to him. This is known as a. anchoring bias. b. confirmation bias. c. performance bias. d. overconfidence bias. e. availability bias.
a
40. Compared to group decision-making, individual decision-making outperforms on the criteria of a. speed b. diversity of perspectives c. acceptance of solution d. higher quality decision e. more complete information
a
47. The most recent approach to group decision making blends the nominal group technique with computer technology. It is known as a. the electronic meeting. b. electronic mail. c. computerized decision making. d. electronic participation. e. electronic database handling.
a
49. Which of the following is likely to generate the lowest number of ideas? a. interacting groups b. brainstorming c. computer-assisted group d. nominal group technique e. electronic meetings
a
5. The first phase of the rational decision-making model is a. problem definition. b. solution. c. conflict. d. perceptual distortion. e. managers only.
a
50. Which type of decision-making group is most committed to the group solution? a. interacting b. brainstorming c. nominal d. electronic e. computer-assisted
a
51. Which technique has the greatest potential for interpersonal conflict? a. interacting b. nominal group c. brainstorming d. meeting e. computer-assisted
a
58. The ability to produce novel and useful ideas called a. creativity. b. talent. c. decision making. d. lateral thinking. e. problem structuring.
a
63. Which of the following are criteria for making ethical choices? a. utilitarianism, justice, rights, care b. utilitarianism, care, justice, satisficing c. heuristics, utilitarianism, justice, rights d. satisficing, justice, rights, heuristics e. care, utilitarianism, heuristics, rights
a
74. People who lack a ________ sense are much less likely to make unethical decisions if the organizational environment ignores ethical behaviours. a. strong moral b. strong intuitive c. weak behaviour d. strong judgmental e. moderate extroverted
a
82. The proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation is called the a. three component model of creativity. b. utilitarian approach. c. leader-participation model. d. heuristic model. e. he groupshift approach.
a
9. Of the following, which best characterizes the satisficing decision-making process? a. seeking an acceptable solution b. following bounded rationality c. using the decision confirmation process d. searching for consistency e. one which seeks optimization
a
12. The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available but may not be accurate is called a. representative bias. b. availability bias. c. escalation of commitment. d. heuristical fallacy. e. bounded discretion.
b
21. After reflecting on his staff's decision-making abilities, James reaches the conclusion there are limitations on a person's ability to interpret, process and act on information. His opinion reflects a. groupthink. b. bounded rationality. c. satisficing. d. anchoring. e. confirming.
b
27. Ted decided to discontinue a product line a year ago; since then, it is clear this was the wrong decision. Nevertheless, Ted insists that he will be proven correct in time and he has no plans to change his mind. This is an example of a. delusional behaviour. b. escalation of commitment. c. randomness error. d. winner's curse. e. hindsight bias.
b
3. Rationality assumes a. high intelligence. b. consistency c. maturity. d. unlimited choices. e. unlimited power and influence.
b
31. As a practice, we should assume our most of our decisions are _________, and evaluate them with a critical process. a. values b. judgments c. behaviours d. perceptions e. thoughts
b
44. Groupshift most often means decisions a. are made by groups rather than individuals. b. contain greater risk. c. are made more quickly. d. prove less effective. e. are more conservative.
b
59. Jerry has fostered a spirit of competition among his staff members that produces winners and losers. This approach is very likely to stifle a. groupthink. b. creativity. c. consensus decision making. d. perceptual bias. e. randomness error.
b
6. Allocating weights to the decision criteria is unnecessary if a. all criteria are relevant. b. all criteria are equally relevant. c. there are only two. d. there are three or more criteria. e. a team is not making the decision.
b
61. Utilitarianism is when decisions are made to provide the a. least good for the least number. b. greatest good for the greatest number. c. greatest good for the decision makers. d. greatest good for the least privileged. e. greatest good for the best performers.
b
76. Which of the following questions helps determine whether a decision is ethical? a. Does this decision cost more than the benefits received? b. Is the decision fair and equitable? c. How long will the solution take to complete? d. When can the results be expected? e. What minimum outcome is expected?
b
77. Norma always tries to make decisions that will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This approach is known as a. ethical decision making. b. utilitarianism. c. groupthink. d. morality. e. whistle blowing.
b
8. When a manager immediately hires the person he/she feels is "good enough," they are employing what decision-making process? a. intuitive decision making b. satisficing c. heuristics d. bounded-rationals e. reflexivity decision-making
b
81. When ethical behaviour and consequences vary depending on national culture, this presents a. solutions for changing individual behaviour. b. problems for those doing business in other countries. c. opportunities for domestic decision making. d. challenges to overcome conflict. e. some concern over group behaviours conflicting.
b
10. Which of the following conditions would probably not lead to intuitive decision making? a. when time is limited b. when facts don't clearly point the way to go c. when a high level of certainty exists d. when facts are limited e. when there is pressure to come up with the right decision
c
14. When managers predict that sales for next year will be the same as last year, despite a weakening economy, they are a. using framing. b. using regression to the mean. c. using confirmation bias. d. ignoring the base rate. e. escalating commitment.
c
17. As Baby Boomers begin to leave the workforce, there is an increasing awareness that they represent a wealth of knowledge that will be lost if there are no attempts to capture it. This has elevated the importance of a. heredity. b. decision making. c. knowledge management. d. randomness error. e. escalation of commitment.
c
2. Tom consistently makes chooses the value-maximized alternative within his specified constraints. This is known as ________ decision making. a. pensive b. cautious c. rational d. impulsive e. erratic
c
22. Liam makes a lot of decisions simply by "gut feel," and more often than not he makes the right one. This is known as ________ decision making. a. pensive b. rational c. intuitive d. impulsive e. cautious
c
26. Gill has been criticized for making decisions superficially without digging for the information that he really needs. This is known as a. anchoring bias. b. confirmation bias. c. availability bias. d. overconfidence bias. e. performance bias.
c
28. Fred is a great decision maker, but he is superstitious, so he steadfastly maintains that he will not make any big decisions on Friday the 13th. This is known as a. perceptual bias. b. availability bias. c. randomness error. d. winner's curse. e. escalation of commitment.
c
29. If someone settles on an alternative that is "good enough" because it meets the minimum requirements of the situation, this is known as a. rational decision making. b. framing. c. satisficing. d. heuristics. e. intuition.
c
38. Freda's best skill as a group leader is to be able to get the group to generate a large number of alternatives while encouraging everyone to withhold criticism of any of the proposed alternatives. This technique is known as a. groupthink. b. groupshift. c. brainstorming. d. nominal grouping. e. consensus decision making
c
42. What Don doesn't like about working in groups is that it takes much more time than it would take him to do things on his own. Thus, in terms of usage of time, his view is that groups are a. less effective than individuals. b. more effective than individuals. c. less efficient than individuals. d. more efficient than individuals. e. as efficient as individuals.
c
43. Sammy has noticed a tendency of his staff to become overconfident when working in a group, leading them to take more risks than they normally would on their own. This is a symptom of a. bounded rationality. b. groupshift. c. groupthink. d. perceptual bias. e. randomness error.
c
46. Brainstorming is a. used to build group cohesiveness. b. a technique that tends to restrict independent thinking. c. a process for generating ideas. d. used mainly when group members cannot agree on a solution. e. used when no other method is available.
c
48. Which of the following is a disadvantage of electronic meetings? a. honesty b. speed c. member satisfaction d. anonymity e. task orientation
c
62. In which of the following examples is utilitarianism absent? a. laying off a small number of employees so that the larger number of workers can continue to work full-time jobs b. moving production operations to other countries, so that the company remains competitive c. using impartial means to equitably distribute benefits and costs d. discontinuing products with questionable effects on health e. raising prices to increase profitability
c
75. What can happen to righteous individuals when the organizational environment permits or encourages unethical practices? a. change their values b. see a new perspective c. become corrupted d. allow others to influence them e. have less productivity
c
78. The study of moral values or principles that guide our behaviour and inform us whether actions are right or wrong is known as a. morality. b. values. c. ethics. d. rational decision making.
c
79. The question, "Is the decision fair and equitable?" helps determine which of the following? a. whether to go ahead with the cost investment b. whether an idea has merit or not c. whether the decision is ethical d. whether a product should be introduced or not e. how to go about investing in your people
c
83. Dick is very environmentally conscious, so he was pleased to discover his employer held a similar view and acted accordingly. His company is therefore exhibiting a. utilitarianism. b. morality. c. corporate social responsibility. d. groupthink. e. groupshift.
c
1. A choice made between alternatives is defined as a. a decision. b. a criterion. c. an attribution. d. a problem. e. a judgment.
d
11. One shortcut in judgment that may weaken the decision-making process is in a specific situation is a. optimalities. b. escalations. c. hindsight bias. d. randomness error.
d
15. Trying to cover up a wrongdoing and risking public trial and expensive court costs, instead of admitting a mistake, is an example of a. representative heuristic. b. availability heuristic. c. escalation of commitment. d. risk aversion. e. risk hindsight.
d
23. Hari has a long history of success, but more recently his judgment has come into question in some decisions that he has made. Some believe that he is too optimistic about his own performance, and that affects his judgment. Hari may be committing a. performance bias. b. perceptual bias. c. semantic bias. d. overconfidence bias.
d
30. The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them rather than complete data is known as a. framing. b. bounded rationality. c. intuition. d. availability bias. e. regression.
d
36. Ben has noticed that after his team discusses any issue, the conservative people become even more cautious and the aggressive people get even bolder. This phenomenon is known as a. groupthink. b. perceptual bias. c. randomness error. d. groupshift. e. consistency bias.
d
41. Corry has always believed that in order to generate new and creative ideas, a group setting is the best. Thus, in terms of creativity, he considers groups to be a. more efficient than individuals. b. less effective than individuals. c. less efficient than individuals d. more effective than individuals. e. as effective as individuals.
d
45. When group members become more exaggerated in their opinions and positions as group discussions go on, the group has experienced a. group process. b. groupthink. c. group demography. d. groupshift. e. group rationalization.
d
64. Individuals who have progressed to higher levels of moral development will place increased value on the rights of others. These individuals are a. strongly influenced by their peers to conform. b. likely to follow an organization's rules and procedures. c. likely to value the majority opinion. d. likely to challenge organizational practices that they feel or believe are wrong. e. predisposed to use their influence to disregard the organization's value system.
d
68. Many companies are developing corporate ethics through a variety of methods and procedures. Which of the following would not foster corporate ethics? a. Provide specific examples of situations where there is no right or wrong answer. b. Rely on people to be guided by their conscience. c. Structure a favourable culture where people will recognize the role of ethics. d. Have management issue specific regulations to be followed by employees. e. Substitute understood and acceptable values for rules and regulations.
d
7. Looking for a solution that is satisfactory and sufficient is called a. suboptimizing. b. seeking an implicit favourite. c. simplifying. d. satisficing. e. optimizing.
d
80. It is important to note that what is considered unethical in one country may not be viewed similarly in another country. This is because a. cultural differences are extreme in Asia. b. North Americans have homogeneous values. c. Western culture encourages individuality while Eastern culture supports group behaviour. d. there are no global ethical standards. e. perspective is subjective.
d
16. What is the process of organizing and distributing an organization's collective wisdom so the right information gets to the right people at the right time called? a. knowledge management b. institutional memory c. knowledge building d. institutional management e. knowledge model
e
24. Terry has been accused of being quite selective when researching an issue by only taking into consideration information that confirms his initial point of view and ignoring information to the contrary. This is known as a. availability bias. b. performance bias. c. anchoring bias. d. overconfidence bias. e. confirmation bias.
e
35. Omar has noticed that a chronic problem facing the team that he is on at work is the is pressure to conform; when the team is discussing a situation, it seems there is pressure to move quickly to agreeing on a decision, which means that the group does not usually adequately consider other alternatives that are less popular and less well known. This phenomenon is known as a. groupshift. b. perceptual bias. c. randomness error. d. availability bias. e. groupthink.
e
37. Carol has designated Kevin to be the group's "Devil's Advocate." His job is to challenge the majority opinion on each issue and to offer divergent perspectives. Which group decision-making problem is Carol attempting to avoid? a. perceptual bias. b. consistency bias. c. randomness error. d. groupshift. e. groupthink.
e