Organizational Behavior test 2

The most effective teams typically have _________.

5 to 9 memebers

Which of the following is a potential cause of social loafing?

A belief that others in the group are not carrying their fair share

Which of the following defines groupthink?

A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Which of the following defines status?

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

Which of the following describes social identity theory?

A tendency to take personal pride in or offense to the accomplishments of a group

Which of the following identifies a form of group decision making that encourages any and all alternatives while withholding​ criticism? A. Brainstorming B. ​Five-stage group development model C. Nominal group technique D. Status characteristics theory E. ​Punctuated-equilibrium model

A- Brainstorming

Which of the following is an advantage of nominal group​ technique? A. It permits a group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thinking. B. It encourages any and all alternatives while withholding criticism. C. Interpersonal communication is increased during the decision making process. D. It overcomes the pressures for conformity that dampen creativity. E. It creates production blocking.

A-It permits a group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thinking.

Which of the following describes a mental model?

An organized representation in one's mind of the key elements within a team's environment that team members share

Which of the following is a way to prevent social​ loafing? A. Set individual goals for each member of the group. B. Engage in peer evaluation so each person evaluates each other​ person's contribution. C. Decrease intergroup competition. D. Base individual rewards on the​ team's contributions. E. Select members who prefer to work alone rather than in groups.

B- Engage in peer evaluation so each person evaluates each other​ person's contribution.

Steps to eliminate or minimize groupthink would include all but which of the​ following? A. Appoint one group member to take on the role of​ devil's advocate. B. Increase the size of the group. C. Monitor group size. D. Encourage group leaders to play an impartial role. E. Encourage group members to use exercises that stimulate active discussion of diverse alternatives without threatening the group.

B- Increase the size of the group

Which of the following impacts a​ group's performance based on the diverse input and idea generation offered by group​ members? A. Location B. Size C. Roles D. Status E. Norms

B- size

Which of the following is a way to prevent social​ loafing? A. Select members who prefer to work alone rather than in groups. B. Set individual goals for each member of the group. C. Engage in peer evaluations so each person evaluates each other​ person's contribution. D. Base individual rewards on each​ member's contributions. E. Decrease intergroup competition.

C- Engage in peer evaluations so each person evaluates each other​ person's contribution.

Which of the following is NOT a way to increase​ cohesiveness? A. Encourage agreement with group goals B. Physically isolate the group C. Make the group larger D. Give rewards to the group rather than to individual members E. Stimulate competition with other groups

C- Make the group larger

Which of the following would NOT be an effective way of encouraging group​ cohesiveness? A. Increase the time members spend together. B. Increase the​ group's status and perceived difficulty of attaining membership. C. Stimulate collaboration with other groups. D. Encourage agreement with group goals. E. Make the group smaller.

C-Stimulate collaboration with other groups.

Which of the following describes​ diversity? A. The adjustment of​ one's behavior to align with the norms of the group. B. A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations. C. The extent to which members of a group are similar​ to, or different​ from, one another. D. The degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group. E. A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

C.- The extent to which members of a group are similar​ to, or different​ from, one another.

Which scenario is an example of ingroup favoritism?

Carson perceives that he and his fellow sales associates are better and more important than other employees because they bring in the money.

​_________________ is the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in a group.

Cohesiveness

Which variables impact the effectiveness of team processes?

Commitment to a common purpose and establishment of team goals

Which of the following identifies the perceived divisions that can split groups into two or more subgroups based on personal​ differences? A. Status B. Negative norms C. Role conflict D. Faultlines E. Groupshift

D- Faultlines

Which of the following statements about​ high-status individuals is​ FALSE? A. Bringing​ high-status members into a group may improve performance. B. ​High-status individuals may deviate from norms when they have low identification with the group. C. ​High-status people resist conformity pressures more than their​ lower-status peers. D. ​High-ranking individuals need and care about the​ group's social rewards. E. ​High-status individuals disregard pressure from​ lower-ranking members of other groups.

D. - High-ranking individuals need and care about the​ group's social rewards.

Which of the following statements about diversity is​ FALSE? Diversity appears to increase group conflict in the early stages of a group. B. Group conflict in diverse groups lowers group morale. C. Group conflict in diverse groups raises dropout rates. D. When most people had the same level of​ tenure, performance was high. E. Groups in which​ members' values or opinions differ experience less conflict.

E- Groups in which​ members' values or opinions differ experience less conflict.

Which of the following best describes the greatest challenge or downside that can occur in stage 1 of the​ punctuated-equilibrium model? In stage​ 1, group members wait to be told by management how to begin the project. B. In stage​ 1, group members experience slower progress and inertia. C. In stage​ 1, group members see bursts of activity and dropping of old patterns. D. In stage​ 1, members are focused on the amount of time they have spent on the project. E. In stage​ 1, group members assess the project immediately and set a direction that is unlikely to be reexamined until later in the model.

E- In stage​ 1, group members assess the project immediately and set a direction that is unlikely to be reexamined until later in the model.

Which of the following describes the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than​ alone? A. Groupshift B. Role conflict C. Conformity D. Deviant workplace behavior E. Social loafing

E- Social loafing

Which​ by-product of group decision making occurs when pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual or unpopular​ views? A. Group polarization B. Groupshift C. Interacting groups D. Brainstorming E. Groupthink

E- groupthink

Which of the following actions will improve group cohesiveness?

Encourage agreement with group goals.

What are self-managed teams?

Groups of 10-15 people who take on responsibilities of their former supervisors

Which of the following describes the storming stage of group​ development?

Members go through conflict resolution.

What is the term for restricting discussion or interpersonal communication when making decisions?

Nominal group technique

Which of the following describes role perception?

Our view of how we're supposed to act in a given situation

What stages of group progress occur during the second phase of the​ punctuated-equilibrium model?

Performing and conforming

Which describes nominal group technique?

Restricting discussion or interpersonal communication when making decisions

​______ is a theory stating that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.

Status characteristics theory

What is diversity?

The degree to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another

Which of the following describes groupshift?

The way group members tend to exaggerate their initial positions when discussing alternatives and arriving at a solution

​_________ is a set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.

The​ punctuated-equilibrium model

What is deviant workplace behavior?

Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms

Low identification with groups can lead to all of the following EXCEPT​ _______. A. experiencing positive outcomes and behaviors B. not apply to organizations with a different collective identity C. decreased satisfaction D. not identifying with groups within our team or work group E. engaging in fewer organizational citizenship behaviors​ (OCBs)

a- experiencing positive outcomes and behaviors

Examples of the context component of team effectiveness include:

adequate resources and a climate of trust

Team efficacy is __________.

an effective team's members' confidence in themselves, the belief that they can succeed

_________ occurs when team members are emotionally attached to one another.

cohesion

​____________ is the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group.

cohesiveness

Which of the following describes the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group?

cohessiveness

Variables like diversity and personalities relate to the staffing of teams and affect the team's _________.

composition

Changing one's behavior to align with group norms is known as _________.

conformity

Which of the following describes the adjustment of​ one's behavior to align with the norms of the​ group?

conformity

Which of the following factors associated with group norms involves an individual feeling the pressure to go along with​ others' attitudes and​ behaviors?

conformity

​_________ is the adjustment of​ one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.

conformity

Adequate resources and a climate of trust are variables that impact the _________ component of team effectiveness.

context

In evaluating group​ effectiveness, brainstorming ranks high in​ __________.

development of group cohesiveness

Sam noticed that her cubicle mate was increasingly exhibiting angry and aggressive behavior. Every time something went wrong at work he would get​ upset, throw his hands up in the​ air, and start swearing under his breath. Several times he banged his desk so loudly that those around stood up to see what all the commotion was about. One day he even walked right up to Sam and while an inch away from her​ face, started screaming at her. This is an example of​ __________________.

deviant workplace behavior

Spreading malicious and unsubstantiated​ rumors, yelling and screaming at​ coworkers, and sexually harassing others are examples of which of the​ following?

deviant workplace behavior

In the​ punctuated-equilibrium model, groups experience marked accelerated activity​ ___________.

during the groups last meeting

​_________ are the perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as​ sex, race,​ age, work​ experience, and education.

faultlines

A(n) _________ group is one defined by the​ organization's structure, while​ a(n) __________ group is one neither formally structured nor organizationally determined.

formal;informal

Determining accountability for outcomes is a disadvantage of: _________.

group decision making

​_________ describes the way group members tend to exaggerate their initial positions when discussing a given set of alternatives to arrive at a solution.

group shift

Pressure to modify the true feelings of a member of a group because the dominant majority of the group holds a different position is an example of​ _______________.

group think

Cross-functional teams are __________.

groups of employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task

Transition is experience in the​ punctuated-equilibrium model​ _______________.

halfway point in the project

Groups are a good choice in the decision making process when​ __________________.

increased diversity of views is a factor

Robin and Shauna were both employees at the same company and regularly had lunch together. During one of their​ lunches, both commented on the lackluster holiday parties that the company had become known for. They decided that if the holiday parties were going to improve they needed to do something about it and grabbed a few of their other friends at work to gather some ideas for this​ year's celebration. This would be an example of​ a(n) __________________.

informal group

Which of the following describes when we see members of our ingroup as better than other​ people, and people not in our group as all the​ same?

ingroup favoritism

​________ is a perspective in which we see members of our ingroup as better than other​ people, and people not in our group as all the same.

ingroup favoritism

In​ _________ members meet​ face-to-face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate.

interacting groups

During mergers and​ acquisitions, employees can be torn between their identities as members of their original organization and of the new parent company. This is an example of​ _______.

interrole conflict

In the BBC recreation of the famous Stanford prison​ experiment, the results were different based on which element involved in the​ study?

less intense stimulated prison setting

Stigma by association causes _________.

lowered in status

The Hawthorne studies showed that all of the following determined worker output EXCEPT​ __________.

money

A __________ is a collection of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal.

multiteam system

In an alternative model of group​ development, members agree on roles and make decisions during the​ _________ stage.

norming

Behavior which is considered acceptable and shared by members of a group and which helps guide the group in what they should or should not do in a given situation is known as​ __________.

norms

Which of the following refers to the acceptable standards of behavior for those individuals functioning as group​ members?

norms

_________ are acceptable standards of behavior shared by a group's members.

norms

To encourage group cohesiveness, you should _________.

physically isolate the group

Which of the following is an unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice​ versa?

psychological contract

Which of the following is an unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and​ vice-versa?

psychological contract

The ________ is a set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.

punctuated-equilibrium model

A(n) _________ group is characterized as a group in which individuals define themselves as members and with whose norms individuals will conform

reference

​__________ are important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.

reference groups

In​ general, high status people​ _____________________________.

resist the pressure to conform better than lower status people

What happens when compliance with one role requirement makes it difficult to comply with​ another?

role conflict

​_____________ occurs when compliance with one role requirement makes it difficult to comply with another.

role conflict

What is the term for the way other people believe an individual should act in a given situation?

role expectations

What term defines how others believe a person should act in a given​ situation?

role expectations

Apprenticeship programs instill​ __________ in an individual as the beginning apprentice watches an expert so they can learn to perform the job correctly.

role perception

Which term defines an​ individual's view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given​ situation?

role perception

The punctuated-equilibrium model is a ________.

set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity

Faultlines based on differences in _________ can be beneficial in results-driven cultures.

skill, knowledge, and expertiseterm-0

The perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups is known as which of the​ following

social identity theory

​___________ is a perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of group.

social identity theory

The phenomenon that occurs when an individual perceives they will be viewed negatively based on their association with a devalued group is known as​ ___________.

social identity threat

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others is known as​ ___________.

status

What term describes a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by​ others?

status

What causes an individual's status in a group to drop?

stigma by association

An example of a formal group would be​ a(n) ___________________.

strategic planning group

Which scenario describes team cohesion?

team members are emotionally attached to one another.

Variables like diversity and team size relate to _________ and affect the team's composition.

team staffing

To increase team effectiveness, _________.

use the smallest number of people who can perform the task

In which stage of the​ punctuated-equilibrium model do we typically see a​ group's energies focused on goal​ achievement?

​Group's last meeting accelerating activity.

Which of the following describes the phases that temporary groups go through that involve transitions between inertia and​ activity?

​Punctuated-equilibrium model