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B) Inversion

Both acidic and basic ring opening of epoxides lead to an __________ of configuration. A) Retention B) Inversion

B) 8

Cyclic alkynes can exist only in ring sizes of ____ carbons or more. A) 4 B) 8 C) 7 D) 6

Cis, trans has too much sterics for reaction to occur, needs energy to rotate.

Does the dienophile need to be S-Cis or S-Trans?

1) 4n+2 violation 2) it's not flat (draw boat to illustrate)

Explain why 8 membered alkene ring is not aromatic?

Highly steric because of SP2 shape. Draw trans and cis versions as well as Trans <--------- Cis, Trans --> Cis showing that the Trans version is substantially more favorable that Cis.

Following bromination would not produce (E) -1,4-dibromo-2-butene but not (Z) -1,4-dibromo-2-butene. In order for (Z) -1,4-dibromo-2-butene to form, what intermediate has to be forming? Explain mechanistically.

False, it uses an induced dipole mechanism to react.

Halogenation uses a carbocation intermediate. True or False

if there is exactly one single bond separating them.

How can you tell if a pi bond is conjugated or unconjugated?

Because a carbocation formation would not result in Anti Addition

How do you know that X2 addition doesn't form a carbocation intermediate?

False, it's an SN2 concerted reaction (No carbocation formed) whole reaction takes place in one step.

Hydroboration is an SN1 type reaction. True/False

racemic mixture (50/50), Half Retention, Half Inversion

If you start with a chiral molecule what will products look like if you have a SN1 Reaction?

inversion of configuration

If you start with a chiral molecule what will products look like if you have a SN2 Reaction?

A) Endo

In Diels Alder reactions, under kinetic conditions, the _______ product is favored? A) Endo B) Exo

size of leaving group (I>Br>Cl>F)

In SN1 reaction what factor increases the percentage of the inversion product?

D) CCl4

In X2 addition reactions, what's an example of a solvent that would not overpower the second halogen to be the nucleophile? A) H20 B) Methanol C) Ethanol D) CCl4

A) Diene

In a Diels Alder Reaction, which one acts as the nucleophile? A) Diene B) Dienophile

A) Endo because the secondary interactions between the dienophile and conjugated diene makes the Endo product more stable and favorable.

In a Diels Alder reaction, which product is more favored? Why? A) Endo B) Exo

H2SO4 deprotonates into H+ and HSO4, where the H is then picked up by H2O in solution to create H3O- (Hydronium Ion).

In an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction, how does H2SO4 enhance the reaction?

B) Base

In epoxide ring opening, what condition would result in an SN2 type reaction? A) Acidic B) Base

A) SN1-like

In epoxy-ring opening does acidic behave like SN1 or SN2? A) SN1-like B) SN2-like

A) Endo, because there are Secondary Interactions

In the Diels Alder reaction, what transition state does this correspond to? How do you know? A) Endo B) Exo

B) Exo because there are no Secondary Interactions

In the Diels Alder reaction, what transition state does this correspond to? How do you know? A) Endo B) Exo

C) Hydrogen, 1 will attach on least sterically hindered.

In the compound LiAlH4, what will act as the nucleophile in the reaction? A) Lithium B) Aluminum C) Hydrogen

A) Phenyl

In the compound PhMgBr, what will act as the nucleophile in the reaction? A) Phenyl B) Magnesium C) Bromine

Ring Strain

In this X2 addition reaction, the halogen added at the alkene and not the alkyne, what is the source for this regioselectivity?

A) Acidic

In this opening of an epoxide, under which condition is it occurring? A) Acidic B) Base

Anit-aromatic because it's conjugated, there's no sp3, it's cyclic and planar. This means it could still be aromatic, however it only has 4 pie electrons, which doesn't work for the (4n+2) rule; but it does work for the anti-cyclic rule of (4n) where n would = 1

Is this molecule aromatic, non-aromatic, or anti-aromatic? Why?

Aromatic, it's a complete ring (ruling out non-cyclic), it has only sp3, it's planar, and it follows the 4n+2 rule (ruling out anti-cyclic)

Is this molecule aromatic, non-aromatic, or anti-aromatic? Why?

Non-aromatic, this molecule follows every rule except for the first because it's not a complete ring.

Is this molecule aromatic, non-aromatic, or anti-aromatic? Why?

A) Conjugated

Is this molecule conjugated or unconjugated? A) Conjugated B) Unconjugated

A) Conjugated

Is this pi bond conjugated or unconjugated? A) Conjugated B) Unconjugated

B) Unconjugated

Is this pi bond conjugated or unconjugated? A) Conjugated B) Unconjugated

Hydration

Oxymercuration is a type of _____________ Reaction.

A) 3 pi bonds and the formation of 3 new bonds (2 sigma, one pi)

The Diels Alder reaction always involves the breakage of? A) 3 pi bonds and the formation of 3 new bonds (2 sigma, one pi) B) 2 pi bonds and the formation of 3 new bonds (2 sigma, one pi) C) 3 pi bonds and the formation of 4 new bonds (2 sigma, two pi) D) 1 pi bonds and the formation of 2 new bonds (1 sigma, one pi)

C - Catalyzing the rxn (creation of Hydronium Ion) P - Protonation of alkene (adding H to least substituted C) A - Addition of H20 to molecule at carbocation D - Deprotonation of H20 to OH + (regen of catalyst)

The acronym CPAD describes the four steps in a hydration reaction, what do the letters stand for?

A) True, it has two cumulated double bonds.

This is an allene. A) True B) False

B) False, this is a cumulenes, allenes only contain TWO double bonds

This is an allene. A) True B) False

B) False, this is a ketene. It's not a allene because one of the double bonds is attached to an oxygen

This is an allene. A) True B) False

1) Resonance 2) Being surrounded by electron donating groups (ie. Methyl)

Two ways a molecule can stabilize a carbocation.

Sterics

What controls the outcome of hydroboration?

Electrics

What controls the outcome of oxymercuration?

Sterics

What determines regioselectivity outcome in hydroboration and X2 Addition reactions?

Electrics

What determines regioselectivity outcome in oxymercuration reactions?

A) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular

What does SN1 stand for? A) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular B) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Monomolecular C) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular

C) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular

What does SN2 stand for? A) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular B) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Monomolecular C) Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular

Acid Catalyst (H2SO4/H3O+)

What does a Hydration Reaction require?

Hydrogen

What does demercuration replace mercury with?

C) Hydride

What does the compound LiAlH4 known for generating? A) Water B) Halohydride C) Hydride D) Epoxide

Sterics

What factor plays a major role in determining the product regio-selectivity when BH3was employed?

Sterics

What factor plays a major role in determining the product regio-selectivity when Br2 was employed?

A hydrogen attached to a tertiary carbon (aka a hydride), undergoes rearrangement and switches places with the carbocation on the adjacent secondary carbocation. A hydride shift is not typically going to take place if they are not adjacent.

What happens during a hydride shift?

It changes to a carboxylic acid due to the removal of an oxygen that is now attached to the epoxide.

What happens to the peroxy acid functional group of an mCPBA molecule after an epoxide reaction?

To remove mercury from compound and replace it with hydrogen once oxymercuration reaction has taken place.

What is NaBH4 used for in oxymercuration reactions?

Induced Dipole

What is driving force behind the X2 Addition Reaction?

1) Better regioselectivity 2) Increases steric factor

What is the benefit of using Pinacolborane over BH3 for hydroboration reactions?

A) Endo

What is the configuration of this product? A) Endo B) Exo

B) Exo

What is the configuration of this product? A) Endo B) Exo

B) SP2

What is the hybridization of a carbon with a bond angle of 120 degrees A) SP B) SP2 C) SP3 D) SP4

B) SP2 exact

What is the hybridization of the transition state in SN1 reaction? A) SP2 like B) SP2 exact

A) SP2 like

What is the hybridization of the transition state in SN2 reaction? A) SP2 like B) SP2 exact

SP, 180 Degrees, Linear

What is the hybridization, bond angle, and shape of this element?

sp2, 120, trigonal planar

What is the hybridization, bond angle, and shape of this element?

sp3, 109.5, tetrahedral

What is the hybridization, bond angle, and shape of this element?

sp2 or trigonal bipyramidal

What is the intermediate shape for SN2 Reactions?

A six membered ring with an alkene.

What is the product of a Diels Alder reaction?

Formation of Carbocation

What is the rate limiting step of an SN1 reaction.

Markovnikov addition

What is the regiochemistry of an oxymercuration reaction?

mCPBA

What molecule is this?

B) 2pz

What orbital is responsible for forming a pie bond? A) 2p B) 2pz C) 2sp D) 2s

Strong nucleophilic solvents i.e. CH3OH, CH3O-, H2O

What solvents can affect the addition of the second halogen in the reaction?

Anti

What type of addition does halogenation use? Syn or Anti?

Syn Addition

What type of addition is used in Hydroboration Reactions?

C) Allenes

What type of intermediate is involved in this reaction? A) Carbocation B) Carboanion C) Allenes

A) SN1, it forms a carbocation intermediate

What type of reaction is Oxymercuration? A) SN1 B) SN2

Hydroboration

What type of reaction is this?

D) Epoxidation, uses peroxy acids

What type of reaction would this create? A) Hydrohalogenation B) Hydration C) Hydroboration D) Epoxidation

B) Anti-Markovnikov because hydrogen is more electronegative than boron, which puts hydrogen on the most substituted carbon.

What type of regioselectivity does hydroboration follow? Why? A) Markovnikov B) Anti-Markovnikov

Syn Addition

What type of stereochemistry does hydroboration follow? A) Syn Addition B) Anit Addition

There will be a bad electrostatic interaction between the because the proximal electronegative Cl or Br leads to electrostatic repulsion in the carbocation intermediate causing the rate of reaction to slow down significantly (Slide 32).

What would happen in this circumstance where the x is attached to the carbon that will help stabilize the carbon that will receive the carbocation?

The number of pie electrons, aromatic will follow 4n+2 so the number of pie e- will be 6,10,14... and anti-aromatic will follow 4n so 4,8,12... will be the number of pie e-

What's the only difference between anti-aromatic and aromatic?

B) Product Stability

When a reaction is under thermodynamic control the regioselectivity is determined by? A) Markovnikov B) Product Stability C) Height of peak at the transition state D) Acid Catalyst

B) SN1

When do electrics matter? A) SN2 B) SN1

A) SN2

When do sterics matter? A) SN2 B) SN1

Typically when a carbocation is formed on a secondary carbon and there is an adjacent carbon that is tertiary.

When does a hydride shift occur?

C) Height of peak at the transition state

When the reaction is under kinetic control the outcome is decided by? A) Markovnikov's rule B) Product Stability C) Height of peak at the transition state D) Acid Catalyst

A) Terminal

Which alkyne is the most acidic? A) Terminal B) Most conjugated C) Most substituted D) Central

A) SN1-like, forms a carbocation (in Moteki's class)

Which best describes oxymercuration? A) SN1-like B) SN2-like

Intermediate, because it's lower on the graph

Which is more stable transition state or intermediate? Why?

A) Toluene