Orientation to Funeral Services test 1

Egyptian Embalming Process

- assistant indicated path of incision --next assistant made incision with a stoned knife ---next assistant removed viscera ----next assistant washed remains and the viscera -----next assistant placed viscera in the 4 canopic jars

Embalming Process involved

--brain and viscera removed (Chiseled through the nose to brain) --separately prepared and embalmed with a special preservative powder --they were placed in a series of 4 canopic jars (burial vases)

Egyptian Prep

--head and body cavities were washed and cleaned and filled with spices and resin which included (Sodium Bicarbonate) spices used as a deodorant --body was immersed in a soda solution for 40 days then wrapped in fine linen -soda solution dried out the body ---after they bake in the sun for 2 days -------------------then wrap in linen

2nd method of embalming Egyptian

--less costly (less labor) --the injection of cedar oil into body cavity w/o taking the viscera out (same tool as brain extraction) --body was then emerged in a soda solution for 40 days and then wrapped in fine linen

Funeral Customs of Ancient Greeks 5th Century B.C. ; Death Beliefs

-body existence under the earth - concept of a shadowy after-life, people disembodied souls, which would wonder in a confused state, looking for his or her earthly body - this belief lead to the concept of cremation - death was real, it was bad, evil, and not good

Egyptian Coffins

-idea was to keep the bodies from touching the earth -earlier periods -mats and skins - tall grass woven into baskets - wooden and earthware baskets ---- as the concern w/ perfection for preservation developed, so did the art of producing more elaborate coffins

ancient Greek Burial Practices

-reverence of the dead was very important - everyone was guaranteed a decent funeral -preparation of the body for burial was generally made by the family

Ancient Greek Burial Practices

-washing of the body with warm clean water was performed by women chosen by the next of kin - no embalming was performed, instead the body was heavily anointed w/ oils, perfumes, and spices --within a day after death, the body was taken care and laid out in state

6 Complex elements that are joined to make a person could be reassembled in the body of the dead

1. Ba (soul) 4. the shadow 2. Yakhu (shining one, emotions) 5. the heart 3. the name 6. the Ka (most important)

12th Through 28th dynasties: Change in size as a result of the cult of Osiris

1. Change in the shape of coffins to an anthropoid design (man resembling) 2. face of the dead was reproduced on coffin (first by wood carving, then painting of the portrait of individual 3. use of precious metals and jewels

5 individuals that were involved with embalming process

1. Kherb-Heb (oversaw entire process) 2. Designer or painter 3. dissector or anatomist (made incision) 4. pollinctor or apothecary ( applied powders and spices) 5. Physician or surgeon (Chief embalmer)

4 Canopic Jars

1. Mestha- manheaded, protected stomach and lg. intestines 2. Hapi- dogheaded, guarded the sm. intestines 3. Tuamutef- Jackal headed, watched over lungs and heart 4. Qebhsehnuf- hawkheaded, protected liver and gallbladder

Funeral Customs of Ancient Greeks

1. Osiris belief in afterlife , was the major idea behind mummification 2. the belief that the body had to be life-like to be permitted into the underworld/ afterlife 3. it helped us understand the importance of preservation 4. it was directly related to the religious portion of the ceremony (body)

Tombs classified into 4 groups (Greek)

1. Stelae- or shafts- individual above ground dispostition 2. kiones- or columns 3. trapezae- square cut tombs (like today) 4. naida-or temple like structure

Funeral Procession Ancient Greeks

1. corpse on bier carried by friends, relative or paul bearers 2. female mourners, professional mourners 3. hired singers 4. any male may join the procession but females could join only if she was 60 years or older and if a blood relative past 16 years old

Ancient Greek Burial Practices: 3 articles of clothing used

1. covering of the funeral bed 2. burial garment 3. outer wrapping -----usually all 3 were made of white cloth

funeral customs of ancient Egypt

1. they have contributed indirectly to modern funeral practices 2. they were the 1st to record what they did w/the dead and why 3. they strongly believe in a life beyond death 4. the foundation for these beliefs are found in sun worship and cult of Osiris 5. these 2 forms were looked upon as god of the underworld, and the judge of the dead 6. those who were justified before Osiris passed into perpetual happiness; those were condemned into perpetual misery

From B.C. 2500 to the days of the empire, Coffin play an important role-----Earlier Period

1.rectangular in shape 2. Massive 3. sarcophagus 4. hieroglyphic inscriptions- these inscriptions were written to help the dead in the afterlife (written on outside)

Burial Customs by Romans

A.) Both cremation and earth burial were practiced B.) For sanitation purposes burial with in the walls of the city of Rome was prohibited G.) there was little alienation of the dead, ppl died in presence of immediate family

Romans and their funeral customs: Roman view of death and importance of burial

A.) Romans believed the soul was the vital principle of man that the descendants must give the soul a lot of attention while it waited for the afterlife B.) If the soul was left unattended after death the soul might turn into an evil spirit and haunt those who failed to give it attention and make it happy C.) In 300 BC contant with Greeks gave Romans new beliefs D.) They thought there was a pleasant afterlife with gods instead of gloom

Sun Worshipers

Egyptians believed the sun was the center and focus of the universe

How Osiris was preserved

Isis restored and mummified the body of Osiris

Egyptian (embalming ritual)

Kher-heb (priest) superintended embalming and funeral arrangements, worked closely with his assistants -----------body was removed to embalmingchamber -----------surgeon and his assistants proceed with preparation

Osiris's son was killed by who

Uncle Set (Osiris's bro)

Greeks

believed in cremation in which it would set the soul free

sun worshipers

from which all things emerged and to which they return to the sun

Osiris

god of the underworld

Ka

god of the underworld; attention given to your life in that year

Osiris marriage

married to his sister Isis;p incest was common during this time for they believed they could keep running the power of country within the family

Egyptian

need to protect the body, the coffin, and funeral treasures gave impetus to building of the tombs

Egyptian funeral ceremony

offering to the dead with cakes, oils, beer, wine Opp. to show respect

Death belief of Egyptians

pivoted around the idea that the complex elements joined to make a person could be reassembled in the body of the dead

Sun Worshipers embalmin

practice of embalming attained major importance from the belief that the deceased would resume his/her normal everyday activities in the afterlife

Pyramids

recognized as Mausoleum (tomb), body and everything you owned with you; servants preserved and into the tomb as well

4 Canopic Jars

represented the 4 children of Horus, which was the hawk headed god of day

Osiris (Background)

ruled early Egypt; slain by his brother, Set (b/c of jealousy)

Egyptians looked upon the devotion that the son and wife had for Osiris so they did what?

they termed Osiris as God of the Underworld

Egyptian Funeral Procession

under direction of Kherb-heb --transportation was provided by oxen, or men. they passed thru the street, with servants and professional mourners stimulating anguished grief

12th through 28th dynasties

undertaking specialist and embalming ritual, the division of labor developed the use of specialization of tasks

Funeral Procession Ancient Greeks

usually one hour before down, the procession would start

Ancient Greek Visitation Practices

visitation was at the home 24/7

Embalming Practices (Egyptian)

was done by class distinction; the rich and those of high ranking officials had the most elaborate and expensive process performed