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Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

In the boundedly rational model, decisions are characterized by:

• Simple search rules • Simple stopping rules • Simple decision rules

Who is a human resources manager?

• Specialists in HRM: often times advanced training • Trained in compensation and benefits, employment law, recruiting, employee development, personnel systems, etc.

True?

A study published in October 1993 claimed that 25 percent of all local government budgets were needed to meet federal regulatory standards.

Who does the president hand the budget proposal to?

Congress

theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.

Consequential ethics *

Civil Right Act of 1964

Established the equal employment opportunity commission and outlawed discrimination in hiring, firing, and compensation

T/F - Street-level bureaucrats RARELY have power over the lives of ordinary citizens according to Lipsky

False

False

T/F: The level of government most involved with the provision ( to provide) of essential public services is the state level.

True

The supremacy doctrine states that when laws passed by a lower level of government conflict with those at a higher level of government, then the lower law is null and void.

T/F - Public administation is an extremely broad discipline

True

T/F - Under the spoils system, inefficiency was widespread, profiteering was common, and scandals were recurrent

True

A line-item budget shows...

Where public money will be spent item by item

transformation leadership

charismatic, role models, inspire with high expectations, creative, innovative, encourage subordinates to be the same way

who is the biggest government spender

federal government

locals

identify with stress and loyalty

Most important part of an organization?

its people

theory that politics and administration are different

wilson's 1887 politics administration dichotomy

Practice

specific to what they do and what they do only

Practice

specific to what they do and what they do only (this is different from a profession)

Douglas McGregor's (1960) two approaches to management style:

Theory X and Theory Y

Deontological

focus on motivations/means in decision making

Trait Theory

Embraces the idea that leaders are born

Teleological

focus on results/ends in decision making

What is an example of a public good?

National Defense

Classic school

focused on efficiency and productivity

Followship

people's willingness to follow

federal spending in %

65%

What is the job of the executive branch?

Carrying out laws

harmony

Dichotomy needs to be subservient to maintain

The rational model is grounded in...

Economic principles

Governing Without Government

New Governance*

Who signs the final budget plan?

The president

Government

Unique power to tax at all levels

objective org. culture

artifacts created by org. ex. open office configuration

Theory X

assumes individuals dislike work, and need intense supervision

Theory Y

assumes individuals enjoy work, capable of self direction

William Willoughby's budgeting reform

-How budgets would advance and provide control -How budgets enhance legislative and executive cooperation -How budgets ensure efficiency

Coopers 5 alternatives (dealing with normative foundations) were...

1. Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thought 2. Citizenship theory 3. Social equity 4. Virtue or character-based ethics 5. The public interest

Philip Selznick 1949

1. Says informal organizations exist within formal organizational structures • i.e. cliques exist 2. Called for co-optation: welcoming new or outside elements into an organization's decision-making processes in order to help the organization identify and protect itself from outside threats

How does Holtzer say we recruit the best and brightest?

1. advocacy/education on public service 2. competitive salaries 3. employee discretion: flexibility, feel trusted, commitment 4. other agency resources: learning and training, insurance, paid leave

MacIntyre's 4 characteristics of a practice

1. practice 2. virtue 3. internal goods 4. external goods

employees salaries and benefits makeup what percent or government budgets

50-85%

False

Administration of grant-in-aid programs remain predominantly in the hands of the federal government.

What is decentralization?

An organizational pattern focused on distributing power broadly within an organization

Organizational Economic Theory

Attempts to ensure that worker interests are consistent with organizational interests, personified by the organizational leader's interests.

T/F - Wilson claims that administrative questions are political questions

False

Style Theory

Framed in terms of task- and relationship-oriented behavior

Scientific management was first advanced by...

Frederick Taylor (1911); influenced by industry & assembly line processes.

Bounded rational model

Herbert Simon argued that the rational model is unrealistic because decision makers have cognitive limitations and incomplete information

It conflicts with it because of impartiality is a moral judgement. It still has a consequence but the compassion is taken away because of the judgement present.

How does the duty of impartiality conflict with compassion?

True

In the picket-fence analogy, money and authority run vertically along programs from upper to lower levels of government agencies, while the legislative and executive branches of government, the horizontal slats, can do little to support or affect the vertical slats, or programs.

False

Intergovernmental relations (IGRs) have existed in the United States only since the early 1930s.

KSA

Knowledge Skills and Ability (human capital and targets for training)

The traditional public administration ethics canon

Merit-based system, standardization, ethics rules, codes of professionalism, etc.

Example of output:

Miles of streets swept monthly - objective could be 1,000 miles per month

Theory X management

More authoritarian and micromanaging

When is the due date of the federal budget?

October 1st

true

One characteristic of a bureaucracy is its top-down structure of authority.

Systems theory

Organizations consist of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback mechanisms

True

Participatory democracy features citizens involved in governmental decision-making.

Result of theory Y...

People are capable of self-direction and innovation; managers should afford workers greater latitude

False

T/F: The size of the federal government significantly decreased during the administration of George W. Bush (2001-2009).

True

The New Deal expanded the role of government.

D

The concept of self-actualization is associated with a. Kurt Lewin. b. Elton Mayo. c. Chester Barnard, d. Abraham Maslow

False

The politics surrounding structural rearrangements within public agencies tend to be very low profile and neutral.

False

When there are catastrophic events, the bureaucracy tends to shrink in its budget and capacity.

• Garbage Can Model

o Decision making is affected by three streams: 1. Problem - the issue 2. Political - public interest and value 3. Policy - what policy options are available/proposed -Example 9/11

• Hertzberg (1959) study:

o People satisfied when they are doing their job well and dissatisfied when treated unfairly

QUARANTINE OF GROUPS

o QUANTINE OF PEOPLE EXPOSED TO SAME SOURCE OF ILLNESS, also called isolation

Said MacIntyre was a fan of

o bureaucratic individualism, i.e. The freedom to make private decisions is bought at the cost of turning most public decisions to bureaucratic managers and experts.

Public Interest Theory

o public administrators ought to follow the will of the people, the decisions that benefit society over time

how does gov. serve others?

research (national institutes of health) and aid (USAID)

example of unique power

taxation

Satisficing and Incrementalism are criticized for maintaining the status quo; to avoid this problem, use...

"Sunset" provisions, allowing laws to expire following a specified period unless otherwise reenacted

What is Machiavelli known for in public admin?

"The ends justify the means" It doesnt matter how things get done as long as they are finished

is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize.

"Wicked Problems"*

Individualism

"a philosophy emphasizing in matters economic the values and interests of the individual"

Total Quality Management (TQM)

"an enterprise lifestyle that emphasizes customer satisfaction, excellent service and rapid adjustment to address ever-changing customer needs"

Balanced scorecards

(Goes beyond measures that are "chiefly financial" and includes what other aspects of performance)

Max Weber

(c) developed ideal type of organizational structure

Frederick Taylor

(c) father of scientific management movement, focused on standardized, empirical, specialized and efficient

Luther Gulick

(c) headed committee on admin management or the Brownlow Commission to bring principles of management to public sector organizations

Urwick

(c) similar to Gulick; 10 principles

Henri Fayol

(c) similar to Gulick; 14 principles of management

Herbert Simon

(nc) "principles are proverbs, not grounded in scientific research"; fact value dichotomy

McGregor

(nc) Theory X: treating people like children Theory Y: treating people like mature adults

Mary Park Follet

(nc) criticized scientific management for not accounting for human element

Robert Merton

(nc) criticizes Weber's bureaucracy model for secrecy (not transparent and no citizen participation), trained incapacity (too rigid, can't adapt), and groupthink

Selznick

(nc) focuses on formal/informal organizations and states that informal could resist the formal

Maslow

(nc) hierarchy of needs; self actualization is at top and food and water at bottom

Hawthorne

(nc) people began to understand workers have motivations beyond money

Individualism - growing?

-"A philosophy emphasizing in matters economic the values and interests of the individual" -"Selfishness in which one favors oneself and maybe a small set of family and friends" - Alexis de Tocqueville -Adam Smith's "invisible hand"; free markets maximize efficiency as well as freedom -Jeremy Bentham's "utilitarianism"; greatest good for the greatest amount; sometimes works/conflicts with economic individualism

Woodrow Wilson

-1856-1924 "founder of public administration" -Not only personnel problems, but also on organization and management in general -Organizational efficiency and economy -Politics-administration dichotomy

What is a consensus process?

-A consensus process is one in which all those who have a stake in the outcome aim to reach agreement on actions and outcomes that resolve or advance issues related to environmental, social, and economic sustainability -Consensus processes share one common feature; interaction among participants is face-to-face with the goal of arriving at mutually acceptable outcomes or decisions

what are the "three periods"

-Absolute rulers and administrative system adapted to absolute rule (no democracy( -Constitutions are framed to do away with absolute rulers and substitute in popular control (take away monarchy) -Sovereign people undertake to develop administration under the new constitution

Leonard White's textbook

-Administration is unitary process -The basis for study is management not law -Is an art, but transformance to a science -Administration is the heart of modern management

what does Wilson suggest about the science of administration - Why was it conceived in the lands where government is a monopoly instead of England of the US?

-Became experts in the field -Government became indispensable

Background about budgeting

-Budget and accounting act of 1921 gave the executive branch a role in the budget process -Office of management and budget (OMB) -Government accountability office (GAO)

Comparing the consensus process with other decision processes

-Citizen participation and public involvement processes vs. consensus process -Decision making by "authorities" vs. consensus process -Consultation vs. consensus

Contemporary organizational theories- organizationals economic theory

-Concerned with the conflicting interested between workers and managers; captured in the principal-agent model (or agency theory) -Workers will not always strive to achieve organizational goals; agents (workers) often have more knowledge than principals (managers), which workers can use to their advantage -Two solutions: (1) monitor workers and (2) align incentives of managers and employees

Social Equity

-Derived from John Rawls' A theory of Justice (1971) as well as the new public administration (NPA) movement in the late 1960s and 1970s -Suggests that justice is the central organizing principle of government -Advocated that government should actively address social equity issues such as discrimination and unequal access to policymaking

Contemporary organizational theories- organizational culture

-Edgar Schein (1993) believes that organizational culture refers to shared nations that bind together members of an organization -An organization physical layout can show an organization's culture -Organizational culture can affect collaboration

Max Weber's bureaucratic model

-Formal rules and regulations -Specialized roles -A hierarchal structure -Clear chain of command What are the consequences? -Centralized and hierarchal power -Power held in the hands of so few -Bureaucrats tend to follow authority blindly

The Classical School

-Frederick Taylor: scientific management -Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (1910-1924) -Time and motion studies to eliminate waste in productivity -Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (1937) -PODSCORB (planning, organizing, directing, staffing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting) -Henri Fayol's "14 principles of management" (1916): -Division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual to common interest, remuneration of personnel, centralization, scalar chain, hierarchal structure, order, equity, stability of personnel, initiative, and espirit de corps

What are ethics?

-French and Granrose (1995) -"Normative guidelines resolving conflicts of interest to enhance societal well-being" -Thompson (1985) when affecting the well-being of other individuals and society -The rights and duties that individuals should respect -The conditions that collective practices and policies should satisfy

Scientific Management

-From rule-of-thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work accomplishment -Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role -Cooperation between managers and workers -Logical divisions of work and responsibilities -Frederick Taylor "father of scientific management"

Groupthink

-Groupthink maintains power and cohesiveness; loyalty is paramount and dissent undermines loyalty in such circumstances -Leads to poor decision making and lack of innovation Avoiding groupthink -Leader should avoid stating preferences, leader should designate a devil's advocate, outside experts can also serve as devil's advocate, leader should allow group members to vote anonymously, leader should create and foster a culture where debate, criticism, and creativity are encouraged

"Searching for virtue in the public life"

-H. George Frederickson -Virtue is better understood in the public life -Virtue is to be found in "vulgar ethics" rather than abstraction -Virtue is to be found in the development of organizational rules, procedures, leadership, and culture, or "vulgar ethics"

Employee Development

-HR managers are typically tasked with ensuring employee development -On the job methods of employee development -Delegating authority and responsibility to subordinates -Coaching and offering constructive criticism and praise -Special assignments to stimulate workers and lead to innovation in the workplace -Job rotation to encourage skill development -Understudy or apprenticeship for leadership succession

Goodnow's dichotomy -- function of politics

-Harmony between expression and execution -Otherwise, political paralysis -Harmony required the independence of two functions -Executing authority should be subordinated to the expressing authority, which is more representative of the people -Legal separation of the bodies in the government -The party system

Administrative Discretion- Why? The Policy Cycle

-Harold Lasswell -Agenda setting: the recognition of a certain subject as a problem demanding further government attention -Policy Formulation: Exploring options or alternatives available for addressing the problem -Decision making: Deciding on a course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or after it -Implementation: Putting the decision into practice -Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of a policy in terms of its intentions and results

Administration

-Has to do with the execution of these policies -Referred to executive and administrative authorities

Elton Mayo

-Hawthorne experiment -Human relation school

The Neoclassical School (1920s-1950s)

-Herbert Simon (1946- the proverbs of administration) -Dwight Waldo (1948- value-free research undermines ethics and morality) -Robert Merton (1957- weberian bureaucracy conflicts with democracy and compromises administrative capacity; leads to "trained incapacity") -Philip Selznick (1949- Informal organizations within the "formal" organization can buttress the formal org's goals and functions) -Chester Barnard (1938- executives should offer monetary and non-monetary incentives)

Different voices about dichotomy

-Ignored the realities of bureaucratic politics -From distributive to re-distributive -Attack on the over simplistic nature -Abbleby (1949): "government is politics" -Waldo (1984): PA research is grounded in political theory -Selznick (1949): TVA managers "co-opted" elected officials in implementation -Simon (1967): Wilson's notion is normative -The "politics school" argued that politics is a part of administration

Administrative Discretion- Why? Lipsky (1980): "street-level bureaucrats"

-Include police officers, teachers, social workers, etc. -- basically any public administrator who regularly comes in direct contact with clients (citizens) -They make policy, provide public benefits, and keep order -Their discretionary power is needed for effective and efficient government

Court Decisions limiting discretion

-Industrial union department AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum (1980): administrators need to establish "set standards" -Due process: -Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) -Matthews v. Eldridge (1976) -Londoner v. Denver (1908) -Bi-metallic investment company v. state board of equalization (1915) -Search and seizure protection -Torts

Conclusion

-Is there a bright line that emerges in this research, one that can suggest when external ethical stress has become too strong or overwhelming? -Fiscal stress should sensitize everyone Supervisors matter

Frank Goodnow's dichotomy-- three authorities

-Judicial authorities -Executive authorities -Administrative authorities

Administrative downsides

-Lowi (1979) argues against giving bureaucrats too much discretion as they become more difficult to control -How do we hold street-level bureaucrats accountable for their decisions? -How do we reduce goal ambiguity and ensure bureaucrats meet organizational aims?

Progressive Movement

-Main goals -Search for greater democratic participation by the individual -Application of science and specialized knowledge and skills -Main Strategies -Control corruption -"Hull house" by Jane Addams

Creating public value

-Mark H. Moore -A normative theory of public management; what should public managers do? -Moore argued that just as the goal of private managers was to create private (economic) value, the goal of government agencies was to "create public (social) value" -We should view the public manager as a "strategist" instead of a "technician"

Market-based governance

-Market failure theory -Ex: sales of public assets to private parties; privatization and contracting out; policies based on vouchers and tax credits; creation of hybrid organizations such as government corporations; government management of contractors, etc.

Bureaucracy

-Max Weber (1864-1920) -"idea type" 1. The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and administrative regulations 2. The principle of office hierarchy 3. Administration based on written document 4. Division of labor 5. Full working capacity of the official in the official activity 6. The duty of following general rule in the office management

How can organizations be designed to support ethical conduct?

-Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority, as well as Zimbardo's stanford prison experiment- rules, hierarchy, cultural norms affect organizational behavior; William Whyte's (1956) "organizational men" were extremely loyal and subservient to authority -NASA disasters, challenger (1986) and columbia (2003), illustrate how resource constraints, politics, scheduling and financial pressure, and lack of vision led to poor decisions -Perhaps institutions can be "designed" in order to promote ethical decision making

When should a consensus process not be used?

-One reason for avoiding a consensus process is when one party simply wants to delay matters -The process should also be avoided when a party's sole motivation is to create an appearance of openness -Consensus may also be the wrong route for a party who feels there is a crucial principle at stake over which defeat would be preferable to any appearance of compromise -A consensus process should also be avoided if any parties believe their interests would be fully satisfied even without negotiations -Practical limitations can also make it unwise or at least untimely to establish a consensus process

Types of budgets

-Operating budgets vs. Capital budgets -Line-item budget -Performance budget (indicators: outcomes and outputs) -Zero-based budgeting (ZBB)

Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thought

-Our values are found in the U.S. constitution and the court's interpretation of it -Main values include freedom, equality, and property -Implies that taking a job in government is an ethical decision; we expect government workers to uphold these values

How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context?

-Perhaps international treaties, pacts, agreements, conventions, etc. suggest that there is a global public ethic -Such values could be self-determination, freedom, honesty, trust, stability, transparency, market economies, open democracy, etc

Frank Goodnow's dichotomy-- two functions of Government

-Politics -Administration -Legislature discharges administration through special acts; Executive discharges politics through veto power

General budgeting steps and federal budgeting process

-Preparation, approval, implementation, auditing (all of these are to ensure that public money is spent appropriately) -Federal budgeting process as an example

Publicness and public values

-Publicness: the degree of political authority constraints and endowments affecting the institution -Bozeman: "A society's public values are those providing the normative consensus about: 1. The rights, benefits, and prerogatives to which citizens should (and should not) be entitled 2. The obligations of citizens to society, the state, and one another 3. The principles on which governments should be based

Citizenship Theory

-The citizen's role in society provides the normative foundation -Public administration's role is derived from that of the citizen; public administrators work on behalf of the citizens -The importance of being responsive to citizens, encouraging their participation, being accountable to them, viewing them as the locus of ultimate administrative loyalty, respecting the dignity of the individual, fostering reasoned deliberation and encouraging civic virtue and concern for the common good

Beyond the Doctrine?

-The doctrine has been designed primarily to limit the prospect of self-interest or misguided bureaucrats aggrandizing themselves or leading the society toward some idiosyncratic or ill-considered conception of the public interest -Different expectations -Imaginations of managers to combine what they can sense of public demands with access to resources and control over operational capacity to produce value -But, the society has not organized its relations with the public managers to demand, expect, reward, or value such efforts

Changing Markets: new challenges

-The government now competes essentially in a single market against a better prepared and more flexible private sector for skills that both must acquire -New technology, new ways of organizing work, new means of delivering public services, and an increasing reliance on a temporary workforce have redefined the nature of public work -Aging workforce and a looming retirement problem -The challenge of maintaining the right skill mix is made more complex for both public and private sectors -Human capital is an investment, not just a cost -Leaders are the glue -Partners will be important

The Human Relations School

-The human relations school started in the 1920s with the hawthorne experiments and lasted until about the end of the 1950s -This movement placed emphasis on affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations -Generally suggested that social and psychological factors matter in organizations; and managers must be "human" -Maslow (1943) Hierarchy of needs (basic, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization)

Searching for virtue

-The traditional public administration ethics canon: merit-based system, standardization, ethics rules, codes of professionalism, etc. -Did the canon work? -Yes, government was more ethical and professional by the 1970s than in the spoils era -But what was the price? -Slowed down, inflexible, government with excessive red tape; did little to reduce the worst parts of unethical behavior in government; just addressed the smaller matters

When should we treat people equally, and when should we treat them unequally?

-This changed with the social and environmental movements of the 1960s-1970s -Sometimes we need to treat people differently in order to achieve fairness; requires analyzing "same-versus-different" questions

Civil Service Reform

-Took place after the civil war, but roots in the founding age -Problems from spoils system -Dorman Eaton's reform efforts -Tenure -Merrit system -Future challenge of civil service

Some theories of budgeting

-V.O. key- a normative theory of budgeting -David Miller's three philosophical viewpoints: rights, deserts, and needs -Lewis adds rationally to cultivate normative theory of budgeting -Brubaker's "tragedy of the budgetary commons" -Wildavsky's budget incrementalism -Wicker's grander budget theory -Swedlow's cultural theory

Virtue and v. the public interest

-Virtue: this movement eschewed the rational analysis approach to ethical decision making and argued for greater emphasis on individual character and morals -The public interest involves questions concerning: are public administrators acting on the behalf of broad shared interests, or special, limited ones?

Nasa's Challenger Disaster (1986)

-What happens when external goods, take precedence over internal goods at NASA? -What virtues are needed to make sure the internal goods?

Employee Motivation

-Workers are motivated by intrinsic (self-purpose) and extrinsic (monetary, praise, recognition) rewards -Employees have different needs which can be achieved simultaneously (alderfer) or hierarchically (maslow) -There are "satisfiers" and "dissatisfiers" that influence job satisfaction in organizations -Public workers are thought to be motivated by public service motivation (PSM)

Bernards incentives

-material inducements -personal nonmaterial opportunities -desirable physical conditions of work -ideal benefactions -habit and attitude conformity -opportunity for participation -associational attractiveness -condition of communion

True

. Sunshine laws allow the public to have access to government activities.

Taylor's four principles of scientific management:

1. Adoptions of laws or formulas to determine the most efficient ways of completing tasks (e.g., through time-and-motion studies) 2. Workforce specialization—identify the strengths and weaknesses of workers; workers should work in areas in which they have the highest capability 3. Fusing together work procedures and specialized training 4. Equal division of responsibility between management and workers

Topics of organizational theories:

1. Classical management movement 2. Neo-Classical school 3. Human relations school 4. Modern organizational theory

o Henri Fayol

1. Developed 14 principles and 5 elements of management which were key to efficiency and predictability of an organization (Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination, Control)

Mary Follet (1926)

1. Effective leadership necessary, leaders must be able to unify, motivate, and resolve conflicts between employees

o Examined paradox of being a good administrator and unethical at the same time

1. Example = Perpetrators of Holocaust followed orders and didn't break any laws, but they were definitely unethical• -They argue that this is a huge problem and that public administrators have little control over it because they must support the organization they are a part of, even if the organization is doing something unethical

o Herbert Simon (1946)

1. Fayol, Urick, and Gulick's work are all just proverbs, none of the terms are truly scientific. The principles should be tested somewhat-scientifically if they are to maintain their value

Fredrich-Finer Debate

1. Friedrich = ethics guides public administrators by a certain code of ethics • Most PA literature sides with him • Weirdly predicted that US would be totalitarian by 2000 (he died in 1984) 2. Finer = external pressures/"obedience to an explicit direction" guides public administrators

o Gulick & Urwick

1. Gulick = born to missionaries in Japan, both were very well educated 2. Inspired by Fayol's principles, developed POSDCORB to describe work of a chief executive: • Planning • Organizing • Staffing • Directing • Coordinating • Reporting • Budgeting 3. Criticism from Holzer & Schwester: • Things are not that simple, you can argue counterpoints for each point of POSDCORB

Philosophical Foundations

1. Human centered 2. Social and government institutions are a means to satisfying individual needs 3.The individual is of supreme value, not society, and all individuals are of equal moral value

Hobbes

1. Leviathan 2. Wanted one powerful ruler because people are self-serving 3. Tabula rasa = "blank states", this is how our minds are born and as we grow and develop we fill our "slates"

o Organizational Economic Theory:

1. Making sure that workers' interests are the same as the organization's interests • Problem: All motivations stem from self-interest

Structural Theory

1. Mechanistic Structure = rigid, centralized, hierarchical 2. Organic Structure = less rigid, working cooperatively with subordinates and managers, low formalization

Chester Barnard

1. Monetary and non-monetary incentives help to get workers to cooperate and improves performance, he gives 8 types of incentives as examples split into two categories • General Incentives (emotional and opportunities) • Specific Incentives (money, awards, improved conditions)

o Three Obligations he found that Public Administrators Have:

1. Obligation to Pursue the Public Interest 2. Obligation to Authorize Process and Procedures 3. Obligation to Colleagues

Systems Theory

1. Parts of an organization are all interconnected 2. An organization is made of Inputs, Processes, Feedback Mechanisms, and Outputs: • Inputs: Organizational resources • Processes: What an organization does with resources • Feedback mechanism: means organization collects and analyzes data regarding impact of its outputs • Outputs: goods or services organization produces 3. Theory is cyclical, ever-changing to respond to internal and external changes

o Three forms of success for public managers

1. Personal - enhancing personal reputations and careers 2. Organizational - building strong organizations 3. Efficacy - do their policy objectives or do they not get implemented, and are those objectives helping the public?

o Found MacIntyre's (1984) to work:

1. Practice: the broader act (farming in general instead of planting specific seeds) - more appealing and constructive as a concept 2. Virtue - act as inclinations or dispositions to act a certain way (agrees with Frankena (1973) saying that ethical virtues are necessary) 3. Internal Goods - things you get from doing the practice - learn art and line density and form from being an artist 4. External Goods - money, prestige, power, etc. 5. Need all four of these to be ethical in order to establish an ethical code for ASPA

The 10 Principles

1. Purpose-driven -People need a reason to participate in the process 2. Inclusive, not exclusive -All parties with a significant interest in the issues should be involved in the consensus process 3. Voluntary participation -The parties who are affected or interested participate voluntarily 4. Self-design -The parties design the consensus process 5. Flexibility -Flexibility should be designed into the process 6. Equal opportunity -All parties have equal access to relevant info. and the opportunity to participate effectively throughout the process 7. Respect for diverse interests -Acceptance of the diverse values, interests, and knowledge of the parties involved in the consensus process is essential 8. Accountability -The participants are accountable both to their constituencies and to the process that they have agreed to establish 9. Time limits -Realistic deadlines are necessary throughout the process 10. Implementation -Commitments to implementation and effective monitoring are essential parts of any agreement

Douglas MacGregor

1. Theory X (authoritarian, Weberian) and Theory Y (participative style of management, organic structure) are different theories of management

o The Gilbreths (specifically Lillian Gilbreth)

1. They applied Taylorism to their consulting firm which helped managers improved their organization's efficacy 2. Believed what worked for a factory (Taylorism) could do the same for a homestead 3. Had 12 kids - Cheaper by the Dozen inspiration

Locke

1. Two Treatises of Government 2. Calls for representative government, believes people are good

Cooper's "big questions" of administrative ethics?

1. What are the normative foundations? Whose ethics should we adopt? 2. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context? 3. How can organizations be designed to support ethical conduct? 4. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly, and when should we treat them unequally?

What are the 4 processes in public organization (according to Frederickson

1. distributive process 2. integrative process boundary exchange process socioeconomic process

5 strategic goals of USAID

1. peace and security 2. governing justly and democratically 3. investing in people 4. economic growth 5. humanitarian assistance

The six steps in making decisions

1. pinpointing the problem 2. identifying causes 3. setting objectives 4. formulating alternative courses of actions 5. evaluating alternatives against organizational objectives 6. choosing the best course of actions

What is collective bargaining?

A formalized process of negotiation between management and labor, which address terms and conditions of employment including pay, working conditions, and benefits

Collective bargaining is...

A formalized process of negotiation between management and labor, which address terms and conditions of employment including pay, working conditions, and benefits.

A

A modern theory of organization that emphasizes interpersonal trust, participation, subtlety, and intimacy among supervisors and subordinates is a. Theory Z. b. Theory X. c. management according to task. d. open-systems theory.

Kaci Hickox

A nurse who returned from West Africa was quarantined by gov christie after a doctor had tested positive for ebola and said she clearly had symptoms she was quarantined for 21 days after having tested negative twice

External Goods

Achieved through ways other than engaging in practice For example, money, prestige, status, position, power, etc.; not shared by the community

The human relations school movement placed emphasis on...

Affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations

What is centralization?

An organizational pattern focused on concentrating power at the top of an organization

Judicial Authorities

Apply the law in concrete cases where controversies arise owing to the failure of private individuals or public authorities to observe the rights of others

Chris Argyris (1957)

Argued that the formal organization - with its chain of command, span of control, and specialization - can create frustration and feelings of failure

Assessing employee performance

Assessment is a way of: -Identifying employee strengths and weaknesses on a continual basis -Providing performance feedback -Counseling employees -Identifying ways to improve performance

Skills Theory

Assumes that an individual's skills and abilities determine the extent to which he or she is fit for leadership

Structural theory

Assumes there is a "best structure"

Political Model

Assumption -The political model assumes that intra-organizational coalitions compete for influence Key points -The more powerful coalitions win out, as do their decision-making preferences

Public Choice Theory

Assumption and Main Argument -Assumes that self-interest determines how decisions are made; bureaucrats will make decisions that minimize risks and maximize rewards Key points -This is related to William Niskanen's theory of budget maximization; bureaucrats will tend to increase budgets for power and prestige -Overall, these models tend to suggest for the need to privatize and contract out

Participatory Model

Assumption and Main Argument -Diverse groups of individuals act in a consultative capacity Key points -Used when regulatory agencies rewrite rules -Model is predicated on useful information provided by interest groups to decision makers -Organizations have a tendency to be captured and be more inclined to underemphasize organizational values and goals and overemphasize those of client groups

Elite Theory

Assumption and Main Argument -Elite theory assumes that decision making is done by a few powerful individuals as opposed to the pluralism model Some argument -Joseph Schumpeter (1942): "democracy means only that the people have the opportunity of accepting or refusing the men who are to rule them" -C. Wright Mills (1956): The power elite decision making is done in the executive sense, not congressional determinations; decisions by the electorate are completely out of the question; bureaucrats are party politicians are subservient to the elite

Garbage Can Model

Assumption and Main Argument -John Kingdom (2003) claims that they decision making process is neither systematic not neatly defined within the context of politics; decision making in the public sector is chaotic Key points -Decision-making processes involves three separate, independent streams: problem, political, and policy -When the policy window opens, the separate streams emerge and a policy agenda has been proposed

Rational model

Assumption and main argument -Grounded in economic principles: scarcity of resources, perfect information, full knowledge of alternatives, and opportunity cost Some key points -Opportunity costs arise in all situations in which there are alternatives -Diminishing marginal returns: as you acquire additional units of anything, the added unity has decreasing value -Cost-benefit analysis (CBA): do the benefits outweigh the costs? expressed in ratio terms (benefits divided by costs); performed on an ex-ante or ex-post basis

Boundedly rational model

Assumption and main argument -Herbert Simon argued that the rational model is unrealistic because decision makers have cognitive limitations and incomplete information Key points -Thus, decision makers are "bounded", leading to "satisfying" short decision making time and a symmetrical information lead to satisfying behavior

Satisfying and Incrementalism

Assumption and main argument -Lindblom (1959) argued that individuals do not follow the rational model when making decisions concerning policy Key points -Incrementalism holds that only a few policy alternatives can be considered at a time, and that policies do not differ radically from existing ones; change is thus incremental -Criticized for maintaining the status quo; to avoid this problem, we use "sunset" provisions, allowing laws to expire following a specified period unless otherwise reenacted

Administrative Authorities

Attend to the scientific, technical, and so to speak, commercial activities of the government

Government Accountability Office (GAO) is responsible for...

Auditing the federal budget; directed by the comptroller general who is appointed by the president to serve one 15-year term

True

Bureaucratic representativeness deals less with votes in the political process and more with inclusiveness of interests in the decision-making process.

Mandated national action via state and local actors/Funded - Economic Opportunity Act of 1964/ Unfunded - Civil Rights/Partially Funded - Environmental Protection/Conditional Funding - Drinking Age/No Child Left Behind Department of Homeland Security

Centralized federalism/pound cake*

Dorman Eaton

Chair of first Civil Service commission; drafted the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

The Human relations school (cont.)

Chris Argyris (1957) argued that the formal organization-with its chain of command, span of control, and specialization-can create frustration and feelings of failure -New workers will learn to not become "rate busters" and thus perform mediocre -Solution: workers should participate in determining the scope of their work and responsibilities

Look to "grass-roots publicness"

Citizen participation, social equity, social capital, cooperation, collaboration, etc.

society considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity.

Civil Society

"Picket fence" (creative/new federalism)

Close fiscal relationships among levels of gov't

involves the government, community and private sectors communicating with each other and working together to achieve more than any one sector could achieve on its own.

Collaboration*

Has an elected commission @ the center that both regulates & administers. Enact laws as a body but as individuals are assigned to head admin. department.

Commission form of government*

The Iron Triangle

Congress: -Gives funding and political support to the Bureaucracy -Gives friendly legislation and oversight to the interest group -Gets electoral support from the interest group -Gets policy choices and execution from the Bureaucracy Interest Group: -Gives electoral suport to congress -Gives congressional support via lobby to the Bureaucracy -Gets friendly legislation and oversight from congress -Gets low regulation and special favors from the Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: -Gives low regulation and special favors to the interest group -Gives policy choices and execution to congress -Gets funding and political support from congress -Gets congressional support via lobby from interest groups

by contracting a job or service to a private company to save money.

Contracting Out*

1930-1960/Mixing of authority & programs among national, state, and local governments

Cooperative federalism/marble cake*

a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit. Examples are bribery and embezzlement.

Corruption (with examples)*

An appointed executive. Most popular in med. Sized communities. The elected council or board enacts the laws & budgets & hires professional manager to appoint the subordinate admin, carry out policies & answer to council for results.

Council-manager form of government*

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978

Created the Office of Personnel Management, Merit Systems Protection Board, and Fair Labor Relations Authority; offered protection for whistleblowers

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978

Created the office of personnel management, merit systems protection board, and fair labor relations authority; offered protection for whistleblowers

Creating a quality work environment

Creating a team mentality -Individuals do not work as individuals competing against each other -Work teams embrace a supportive philosophy for their members and can accomplish more than a group of individuals working independently Fostering labor-management cooperation -Tension will continue, but.... -Formation of partnerships, the sharing of previous success stories, and the support of upper management

Human Resource Elements (Additional concerns)

Creating and maintaining a diverse workforce; Affording workers a measure of power in the workplace; Enabling workers to fulfill and balance both work and family responsibilities; Enabling workers to hold their managers accountable for merit principles; Taking into account different ways of motivating workers; Identifying ways of fostering a culture of cooperation and teamwork in the workplace

Transformational Theory

Deals with subordinate motivation, but goes a step further and focuses on subordinates' values, ethics, long-term goals, and needs

Herbert Simon argued that the rational model is unrealistic because...

Decision makers have cognitive limitations and incomplete information

Elite theory assumes that...

Decision making is done by a few powerful individuals, as opposed to the pluralism model

According to Kingdon's Streams Model...

Decision-making processes involves three separate, independent streams: problem, political, and policy

Legal requirement for action that the national government imposes on states and local governments or that states impose on their local units. Mandates role in public policy are that they are national policy that congress has imposed on all levels of government.

Define mandates and explain their role in public policy?*

On-the-job (OTJ) methods of employee developement

Delegating authority and responsibility to subordinates; Coaching and offering constructive criticism and praise; Special assignments to stimulate workers and lead to innovation in the workplace; Job rotation to encourage skill development; Understudy or apprenticeship for leadership succession

Others in the Neoclassical school stress the importance of...

Democratic values, informal organizations, and non-monetary incentives in management.

Zero-based budgeting (ZBB)

Departments must defend their funding each year Departments must demonstrate how different levels of funding would impact the delivery of services

Dillon's Rule is derived from the two court decisions issued by Judge John F. Dillon of Iowa in 1868. It affirms the previously held, narrow interpretation of a local government's authority, in which a substate government may engage in an activity only if it is specifically sanctioned by the state government

Dillon's Rule*

Formal rules and bureaucratic discretion--How?

Discretion -Can pretend they never receive the order -Simply delay -Hold up a policy chance on technical ground Whistleblowing -Enhancing our self-respect -Gaining and maintaing the esteem -Force responsible actions Resignation

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

Discrimination*

Participatory model

Diverse groups of individuals act in a consultative capacity (e.g., public meetings or hearings, advisory boards, and citizen advocacy groups)

division of powers. 1 : separation of powers. 2 : the principle that sovereignty should be divided between the federal government and the states especially as expressed by the Constitution of the U.S.

Division of powers

The human relations school (cont.)

Douglas McGregor's (1960) 2 approaches to management style: Theory X and Theory Y -Theory X assumes that workers dislike work and avoid it whenever possible -Makes supervision necessary; workers are motivated only by economic sanctions, threats, and punishments -Theory Y assumes individuals enjoy working and embrace responsibility -People are capable of self-direction and innovation; managers should afford workers greater latitude

Elite theory

Elite theory assumes that decision making is done by a few powerful individuals as opposed to the pluralism model

Civil Right Act of 1964

Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and outlawed discrimination in hiring, firing, and compensation

The system evolved in gradual response to several factors. The first dynamic was the growing social and technological interdependence of the nation. A second force was the emergance of well-financed interst and clientele groups that successfully pressed the national government for aid. Third, the national government acquired greater financial resources to meet expanding needs. A system of cooperative federalism evolved, in which the national government assisted in fulfilling many of their responsibilities. The depression greatly spurred intergovernmental cooperation during the 1930's. State, local, and private funds for aiding the unemployed quickly ran out, and the congress elected in 1932 devised programs to fill the gaps.

Explain how the American federal system evolved from dual federlasim into cooperative federalism? *

The states have developed many ties with one another, formal and informal. With the approval of congress, two or more states may form a compact, which resembles a treaty between sovereign nations. Since the relations between governments encompass nearly every conceivable private interest, we may expect them to be driven by various political forces. Administrators must be constantly alert to shifting political currents and the policy changes produce. Localism is the norm that a service or regulation should be based in as small a jurisdiction as possible, under the control of the people whom it most affects. Pragmatism comes into play, dictating that a needed service or regulation be provided in the most effective manner, regardless of who controls it, Intergovernmental arrangements blend localism and pragmatism in many varations. The tension between the priniciples requires frequent negotiations and adjustment. This is most obvious in the pursuit of homeland security. Kettl emphasizes that federal/state/local collaboration must be sensitive to the specific

Explain the political forces that shape intergovernmental policy making and administration and the competing principles of localism and pragmatism? *

T/F - Wilson and Goodnow have NOT explained the politics-administration dichotomy discipline.

False

: federal mandates are orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments and/or the private sector. Unfunded: unfunded mandate is a statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements. Public individuals or organizations can also be required to fulfill public mandates. Funded: Funded Mandates is when the federal government give the states money to help them do whatever they want them to do, that's a funded mandate. An unfunded mandate is a statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, yet provides no money for fulfilling the requirements.

Federal Mandates*

Strategic Triangle

First, what was the important "public value" the organization sought to produce? Second, what "sources of legitimacy and support" would be relied upon to authorize the organization to take action and provide the resources necessary to sustain the effort to create that value? Third, what "operational capabilities" (including new investments and innovations) would the organization have to rely on (or have to develop) to deliver the desired results?

Exacerbating Factors

Fiscal stress -Spurs efforts by external actors to gain benefits -Create uncertainty for financial managers Budgetary process involvement -Those involved in the budget process are primary targets Political influence -Balancing competing values or interests may create more ethical

What are the normative foundations?

Five alternatives: -Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding though -Citizenship theory -Social equity -Virtue or character-based ethics -The public interest

generally provides that any person has the right to request access to federal agency records or information except to the extent the records are protected from disclosure by any of nine exemptions contained in the law or by one of three special law enforcement record exclusions.

Freedom of Information Act

Frederick Taylor; main points

From rule-of-thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work accomplishment; Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role Cooperation between managers and workers Logical divisions of work and responsibilities

is a cooperative process w/ many partners w/in & outside formal governments who interact to determine policies & their admin. The capacity of political community to describe what policies it shall pursue using powers & resources of the state.

Governance*

its the league entity charged by the Constitution. to make and enforce laws. and extensive the highest authority among human institutions.

Government*

"Marble cake" (cooperative federalism)

Governmental responsibilities are, at times, swirled or mixed together, no distinct layers of responsibility

Transfer of funds from one level of government to another with stated conditions for their use. Categorical: Formula and Project(Head start), Block: (CDBG"community development block grant")

Grants in Aid*

Groupthink

Groupthink maintains power and cohesiveness; loyalty is paramount and dissent undermines loyalty in such circumstances

POSDCORB

Gulick; planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting

Politics

Has to do with policies or expressions of the state will

Executive Authorities

Have the general supervision of the execution of the state will

Moore's main argument about creating public value

He argued that just as the goal of private managers was to create private (economic) value, the goal of government agencies was to create public (social) value; We should view the public manager as a "strategist" instead of a "technician"

Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)

Hearing necessary for the termination of welfare benefits

Londoner v. Denver (1908)

Hearing necessary when property interests of an individual or a small group are subject to a tax

Economy and Society (1922) explain.

Hierarchies with chains of command come into play, because bureaucracies seem to become very efficient. (Weber)

The classical school was characterized by...

Hierarchy, specialization of labor, monetary incentives, and autocratic leadership

Max Weber championed a bureaucratic model that uses _____, _____, and _____ to produce greater organizational output

Hierarchy, technical expertise, and centralized authority

Human Resource Elements (Traditional)

Hiring the right workers to achieve an organization's goals and fulfill its mandate; Training and developing workers; Rewarding workers using monetary and non-monetary rewards

Grants of authority from state to local governments to govern themselves within bounds of state and US constitution/ Full or limited home rule

Home Rule*

They are connected by believing that you have to help someone or something in a way. That you have a goal of completing it.

How are accountability and ethics connected?

The reason they are related is that they provide a social link with the people. And as a public administrator it lets you know what the people are talking about. They can use this information to better the community.

How are social capital and civil society related? How are they both important to public administration?*

Hierarchal Loyalty and Ethics

How does loyalty to their hierarchy interfere with ethical administrative behavior? How do we develop normative administrative ethics? Characteristics of practice: -Internal goods -External goods -Virtues

Performance budget

How much money is allocated to department x is determined by how well department x performs

According to Weber, the bureaucracy is an "_____ ____" of organization

Ideal Type

The two models are Contractualism and trust-based. And basically these two models work with a third parties by having a contract and fulfilling those need with each other.

Identify and explain the two models of administering relationships with third-party providers.*

A political reform that was made was the elimination of corruption.

Identify the political reforms of the Progressive Era. How did the Progressive Era change public administration? *

Citizenship theory

If you vote, dont break laws, etc. youre a good citizen and are moral

False

In the private sector, goods and services are provided based on a collective interest.

true?

Intergovernmental relations are characterized by mostly informal, continuous contacts between officials at different levels of government who share or exchange information and views or agree on the terms of sharing of jurisdiction.

in American context on the roots of public service we look back to :

James Madison and the Federalist Papers

Garbage can model

John Kingdon (2003) claims that the decision making process is neither systematic not neatly defined within the context of politics; decision making in the public sector is chaotic

Characteristics of bureaucracy

Jurisdictional boundaries Hierarchy Reliance on written documents Expertly trained managers Uniform application of rules

Employee development in 21st century- requirements?

KSA's - knowledge skills and abilities Also requirements for continuing education and growth

1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause 5. protects a person from being compelled to be a witness against themselves in a criminal case 14. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside

Know the rights and liberties granted by the 1st, 4th, 5th, 14th amendments.*

What were the consequences of contracting in Frederickson's eyes?

Lack of accountability and oversight. Ex. The CIA outsourcing intelligence activities to Italy and Israel.

Path-Goal Theory

Leaders must address the motivational needs of their employees

Satisficing and Incrementalism

Lindblom (1959) argued that individuals do not follow the rational model when making decisions concerning policy

A line-item budget is popular among...

Local governments

Capital budgets

Long-term plans that concern the financing of capital projects such as constructing buildings, bridges, and even parks—financed through borrowing, usually with bonds

Finding virtue in the new governance era?

Look to "grass-roots publicness" -Citizen participation, social equity, social capital, cooperation, collaboration, etc. "Effective 'publics' have trust, make and enforce rules, build structures, practice reciprocity, and have cultures of ethical leadership" "Send the philosophers home" and embrace "vulgar ethics" - i.e. common or ordinary ethics -Put rules, regulations and red tape in place to keep bureaucrats from behaving badly

Mine fire in Centralia (1947)

Look up in powerpoint (week 3)

Why do managers not delegate?

Managers may choose to not delegate tasks because: -Fear of mistakes, delegate him/herself out of a job, lose prestige, will not be able to check up on assignments, give up favorite parts of the job, subordinates will have too much work, does not know how or what to delegate, supervisor's boss will be annoyed, subordinates do not really want more work

Taylor believed that the major content of the scientific management was...

Maximization of efficiency through studies of 1. employees' times and motions 2. standardization of tools 3. task management 4. differential-piece-rate system

Resembles the national/state model in dividing powers between a single chamber legislative body that makes the laws & mayor who provides executive leadership. Mostly used in large cities.

Mayor-council form of government*

A _____ system hires and promotes workers based on their competency rather than their political connections; "what you know" rather than "who you know"

Merit

-Rule of Law A Western tradition. Based on chapter 17 in the book of Deuteronomy in the bible. The Hebrews chose a king who would be submit to the law. Like Article IV in the Constitution when it states " This Constitution..shall be the supreme of the land..." Basically, no govt. official is outside the law. -Federalism Gives certain powers to national & state govt. Intended to be limited to US however, has now become a framework where all levels of govt interact intensively -Separation of Powers Divides powers of govt into 3 branches. Executive, Legislative & Judicial. Each w/ distinct powers & permission to check and balance one another. -Guaranteed Rights & Liberties Protection against govt action. Govt cannot take away one's life, liberty, or property except by due process of law. Now including education, employment & housing. -Govt. Accountability Lawmakers must justify their actions or inaction. Officials are elected for a specific term. Citizens can petition authorities.

Name and describe the foundations of public administration?*

Theory X results in...

Necessary supervision; workers are motivated only by economic sanctions, threats, and punishments

: (1975-Current)/Flexibility for the state and local actors/Competitive federalism (crumble cake federalism)/ Devolution, Welfare Reform (1996), Current proposals?

New federalism/crumble cake*

Matthews v. Eldridge (1976)

No hearing necessary for termination of disability benefits

Bi-Metallic investment company v. State board of equalization (1915)

No hearing necessary when the policy decision affects all property owners

A public good is...

Non-rivalrous and excludable

Invisible part of PA

Nonprofits

The only reason one would consider these options is to save money in the long run. They look for a company that focuses on a specific task that could get the job done.

On what grounds does one evaluate privatization and contracting out?*

Public choice theory

Originates from microeconomics theory, Assumes that self-interest determines how decisions are made; bureaucrats will make decisions that minimize risks and maximize rewards

consist of choosing goals and devising steps to reach them over a given span of time.

Planning*

POSDCORB stands for...

Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting

Market Failure Theory

Prescribes the use of markets, not governments, unless the efficiency of markets has been undermined by a monopoly, poor information to consumers, the inability of producers to protect against free riders, etc.

A brief history of public budgeting

Prior to 1921, Congress dominated the federal budgeting process Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 gave the executive branch a role in the budget process Taft Commission (1912) made recommendations to improve efficiency, including creating the Bureau of Budget (BOB) and Government Accountability Office (GAO) BOB was replaced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1970 during the Nixon presidency

is the enterprise by which the government and their associated private partners serve the public purposes through the delivery of goods and services

Public administration*

Public values vs. Public goods

Public goods do not relate at all to the question of public values; Pricing efficiency; "Is it possible to exclude those who do not pay for the good?" vs "Have these public values endorsed by the social collective been provided or guaranteed?"

What is public goods?

Public goods have two distinct aspects: non excludability and non rivalry in consumption -Non excludability means that the cost of keeping non payers from enjoying the benefits of the good or service is prohibitive -Non rivalry in consumption implies that one person consuming the good doesn't prevent another person from consuming the good

What is public goods?

Public goods have two distinct aspects: non-excludability and non-rivalry in consumption. "Nonexcludability" means that the cost of keeping nonpayers from enjoying the bneefits of the good or service is prohibitive; "Nonrivalry" in consumption implies that one person consuming the good doesn't prevent another person from consuming the good

Public values vs. Public opinion

Public opinion is highly volatile, public values are more stable

PSM

Public service motivation; individual's predisposition to respond to motives grounded primarily or uniquely in public institutions and organizations

Comparison

Public value and public interests - Public interest is an ideal, where as public values have specific, identifiable content (ideal vs. starting point) -Public Public values and public opinion -Public opinion is highly volatile, public values are more stable Public values and public goods -Public goods do not relate at all to the question of public values -Pricing efficiency

is a cooperative arrangement between one or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature.

Public-Private Partnership

Style that potrays the process of making choices as one that specifies goals, considers all relevant evidence and alternatives, and selects the option that offers the best combonation of benefits and costs.

Rational Decision Making*

What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics? (coopers second question)

Regime Values Citizenship theory social equity

Cooper's "big questions"

Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thought Citizenship theory Social equity Virtue or character-based ethics The Public interest

: the process by which Government requires, prohibits, or structures certain actions by individuals.

Regulation*

Washingtons ideas were centered in the _________ enlightenment. The U.S. govt is centered in ___________ Philosophy

Scottish, Scottish.

SES stands for...

Senior Executive Service

"Layer cake" (dual federalism)

Separate and distinct areas of authority between national, state, and local government

Line-item budget

Shows where public money will be spent item by item

Neoclassical school

Simon - fact-value dichotomy - management science inquiry should be concerned only with facts

True

Since the early 1800s, the courts in the United States have acted as "umpires" by defining the acceptable boundaries of intergovernmental relations.

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

Social Capital*

The human relations theory focused on...

Social and Psychological factors

The human relations school generally suggested that...

Social and psychological factors matter in organizations, and that managers must be "human"

False

Social-demographic changes in economic activity, population, technology, and the workforce have had little affect on public administration.

True

Some of the limitations of bureaucratic responsiveness include agencies being unable to respond equally to the public.

Regime Values

Some sort of guideline over an entire population. For the US this is our constitution

Situational Leadership

Suggests that the leader must alter his or her leadership approaches based on the

Mitigating Factors

Supervisor's Encouragement of ethical behavior -Supervisors are expected to set the ethical tone for their employees, communicating and enforcing expectations Coworker's ethical behavior -Coworkers demonstrate high standards of personal integrity, coping should be enhanced Feedback Adequacy -Job performance from multiple sources, including the supervisor Feedback Timeliness -Feedback timeliness is related to its utility in helping financial managers perform their jobs Professionalism -Help to increase an individual's knowledge and experience and provide continuing education and support mechanisms Mentoring -Mentors provide assistance in numerous ways, such as giving advice on ethical issues Experience -Individuals with more job experience may resist external pressure better because of lessons learned from experience Education -Education's impact may come from complementing and generalizing job experience, thus heightening the lessons learned through work experience -Ethics training Savings Orientation -Such a long-term orientation is expected to serve as a foundation in guiding respondents in decision making and enhance an individual's ability to deal with external ethical pressure on a day-to-day basis Job Routineness -Rigidity and control are embodied in routine and may limit the exercise of discretion, thus reducing ethical pressure -May not characterize high-level government positions with significant decision-making responsibilities Job Formality -That an individual relies on formal rules in making decision Security -Insulate the organization and the employee from liability and the ravages of an overly litigious society Invisibility -Result in the invisibility of individual employees to external observers, who cannot pinpoint particular employees' roles

False

T/F: "Clientelism," as a distinct political pattern, did not emerge in bureaucratic politics until after World War II.

False

T/F: Bureaucratic structures at the local level are generally more prevalent and sophisticated than those at the national level.

True

T/F: Bureaucrats are often thought to be "scapegoats" for societal problems.

True

T/F: Charles Goodsell maintains that America's public bureaucracies perform quite well in comparison with bureaucracies elsewhere, whether measured by objective standards or in terms of overall citizen satisfaction.

False

T/F: Federal efforts to "reinvent government" ignored the role of public employees as frontline service providers.

true

T/F: Public employees can be categorized as either "generalists" or "specialists" and also as either "political" or "merit" employees.

False

T/F: Public management has virtually nothing in common with private management.

False

T/F: The iron triangle is the concept of the relationship between 1) the President and centralized bureaucracies, 2) Congress with its committees and subcommittees and 3) the private sector, consisting of interest groups, corporations, and individual private citizens.

True

T/F: The larger a unit of local government, the more likely it is that its bureaucracy will resemble state and national administrative agencies.

False

T/F: The study of public administration is limited to government employees.

True

T/F: Variations in the public's faith in the president are associated with more general feelings of confidence in government.

Dorman Eaton's reform efforts

Tenure; Tenure for officials, so that their work is not disrupted by losing the position Merit system; The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. It is the opposite of the spoils system.

Social equity

came in the 70's and it views the principle of justice as crucial in ethics

Outcome

capture results (or quality) of the services provided; are essential in determining whether or not stated goals and objectives have been met

Merton's Challenge

challenged Weberian model of bureaucracy - The model is predicated on secrecy and transparency and citizen participation

characteristics of organizational culture

collective in nature, repository of what its members agree about, uniqueness

Herzberg (nc) dissatisfiers

company policy and admin, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, status, job security

Hezbergs Dissatisfiers

company policy and administration supervision working condition interpersonal relations salary status job security

principal agent theory

conflict of interest, information asymmetry are issues; monetary inventive and oversight are used to make agent accountable

teleological

consequences of actions are most critical factor -importance of maximizing what is "good" -greatest good for the greatest number of people

Cooper dealt with...

The "big questions" of administrative ethics: 1. What are the normative foundations? Whose ethics should we adopt? 2. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context? 3. How can organizations be designed to support ethical conduct? 4. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly, and when should we treat them unequally?

True

The White House Office and the Council of Economic Advisers are part of the Executive Office of the President.

is a decision-making model utilized for the analysis of ethical dilemmas when there is no clear sense of right or wrong.

The ethical triangle

Publicness

The extent to which an organization is controlled by political authority or voters (On a spectrum)

Mary Parker Follett

The giving of orders

Bureaucracy values...

The group, the hierarchy, and top-down decision making.

B

The idea that the public trusts that their interests will be faithfully served by the actions of their representatives is called a. the Delegate Role. b. the Trustee Role. c. none of the above.

Human resource management concerns...

The management of people in organizations; critical to all organizations, public and private

False

The more the law is interpreted by the bureaucracy as it carries out the law, the more likely government's decisions will be representative of the people.

True

The phenomenon of administrative discretion (when lower ranking executives are able to personally affect the implementation of law) arises from a lack of centralized authority.

Uniforms in the closet

The story: -R is a marine and a gay. He decides to leave the marine although he has a bright future in his career -"Don't ask. Don't tell." -A compromise eked out among the white house, congress and the pentagon after president clinton's announcement of his intention to lift the ban on homosexuals in the military -"Clinton thought he was doing us this big favor", R says, "and all he did was build a brick wall around the closet"

B

The theory of pluralism assumes that a. groups have equal power in the political process. b. the public interest results from bargaining and competition. c. individual interests are subordinate to group concerns. d. groups are a necessary evil in politics.

Frederick Taylor- what was his emphasis?

There is one best way to get things done, This was for the benefit of the people during the industrial revolution

Goodnow's dichotomy

Three authorities: Judicial, Executive, Administrative Two functions: Politics and Administration

Why is public interest declining?

Too ambiguous; quantitative and behavioral approaches and the need for precise answers; seems out of place with theories of interest groups that try to maximize competing interests; societies and government success in rendering life less fearful

Human Resource Elements

Traditional -Hiring the right workers to achieve an organization's goals and fulfill its mandate -Training and developing workers -Rewarding workers using monetary and non-monetary rewards Additional Concerns -Creating and maintaining a diverse workforce -Affording workers a measure of power in the workplace -Enabling workers to fulfill and balance both work and family responsibilities -Enabling workers to hold their managers accountable for merit principles -Taking into account different ways of motivating workers -Identifying ways of fostering a culture of cooperation and teamwork in the workplace Civil service depoliticized public service/employment with a "merit system"

T/F - Woodrow Wilson says that we must study what government can do properly and successfully, and how it can do these things effectively

True

Robert Merton (1957)

Weberian bureaucracy conflicts with democracy and compromises administrative capacity; leads to "trained incapacity"

The bounds of the field of Public Admin. -Protect the lives, property & rights of citizens -Maintain or ensure the supply of essential resources -Support ppl who are unable to care for themselves -Promote steady & balanced economic growth -Promote quality of life & personal opportunity to succeed -Protect the natural environment -Promote scientific & technological advancement

What are the bounds of the field of public administration?*

The three prospective are, principles, consequence, and virtues. That whatever happens there is going to be a consequence involved.

What are the different ethical perspectives in the ethical triangle? How does the triangle apply to public sector decision-making in which there is an ethical conflict? What is the role of the public interest in these decisions?*

the different levels of public participation are inform, consult, Involve, collaborate, empower.

What are the different levels of public participation

Possible collaborations that help local governments is transit systems between both sets. it will bring the need to go to the city for work then a home in non-urban environments

What are the possible configurations of metropolitan area collaboration?*

there are personal, systemic, substantive chooses.

What are the three choices available to public administrators when confronted with an ethical dilemma?

His central thesis is that over time the us social capital is declining as new generations don't get in touch with political issues.

What is the central thesis of Bowling Alone, by Robert Putnam?*

Government- ACT or providing Public goods & services Private Sectors Nonprofits Individuals (Volunteerism) Governance- National, State, Local Govts. Activity by which laws are decided & enforced & goods & services are provided

What is the difference between government and governance?*

What is administrative discretion?

When public administrators face unanticipated circumstances and make value-based judgements.

C

Which of the following groups believes in the dichotomy between politics and administration? a. The Framers of the Constitution b. Labor union officials c. Reformers in the late 1800s d. Supporters of affirmative action

Theory X assumes that...

Workers dislike work and avoid it whenever possible

Public servants are people who....

achieve internal satisfaction by making a contribution to society

Hezberg's Satisfiers

achievement recognition work itself responsibility advancement growth

Herzberg (nc) satisfiers

achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, growth

New Public Administration

addition of social equity and a new question (does the service enhance social equity?)

role of subordination

administration has to be subordinate in politics - the executing authority must be subordinate to the expressing or the expressing must be subject to the control of the executing authority, this is the only way to achieve harmony

Wilson's take on PAD

administration is the "action of gov."; the most visible side of gov; the executive and the operative

What does Goodnow think about administration and politics

administration should be separated from politics - we must achieve harmony

Frederickson view on dichotomy

administrators execute and make policy - they are not neutral and should be committed to both good management and social equity as values

Dr Mary Ellen Guy

develop each worker's desire and ability to be maximally productive in order to make productivity gains

what is public administration

efficient, economical, and coordinated management of services. its focus is on top-level management

Scottish Enlightenment impacted Washington to

enhance the well-being of future citizens by creating a liberal education to show what the government can do for the people

what changed at Minnowbrook?

equity becomes third pillar of PAD (Frederickson) and it marked beginning of New Public Administration

Regime values

ethics that ought to be stemmed in

Internal goods

everyone contributes to field in the same way, like supplied to the practice itself such as research within medicine

External goods

everyone contributes to the outside world (fixing people who are not in the medical field)

External goods

everyone contributes to the outside world, in medicine such as fixing people obviously not in the medical world

Virtue

everyone holds same values ethics

skills theory

individual's skills and abilities determine how they fit in leadership roles

Principle-agent theory

inherent challenges of motivating workers and controlling cooperative action

system theory

inputs, outputs, and feedback mechanism

Goodnow on politics-admin dichotomy

instead of 3 branches of gov., gov. function is broken into the expression of the state's will (politics) and the execution of the state's will (administration)

Brownlow Commission

intended to apply classical management principles to public sector organizations

How is government organized to deliver services

interstate highway system federal housing administration consumer protection national weather services

the Non-profit sector

invisible part of the public service delivery system - considered to be the "threads" that hold society together

Why is it called public admin and not gov. admin?

involvement of nonprofit sector

1.5% of total spending

is given toward employee training

is the study of ethics a science?

it is a normative science

what is the most important element of an organization

its people

political paralysis

lack of harmony between the law and its execution results in this

situational leadership

leader must adapt his or her approach to situations; need to match leadership behaviors with performance needs of individual groups

trait theory

leaders are born; they have innate characteristics that make them leaders

types of leadership power

legitimate, reward, coercive, informational, expert, referent

productive human resource management

lively open system where external and internal environments are interconnected

what do political parties do

maintain harmony

ethical dilemma

making the right decisions

Facilitation

managing discussions in a joint session

how to delegate effectively

mean what you say and make sure the employee is clear on the task given

structural theory of organization

mechanistic systems: stable environment organic: changing environment

reasons NOT to delegate

mistakes, prestige, essence of time, giving up favorite part of job, too much work given to the employee, supervisor doesn't know how to delegate, employee doesn't want any more work

Weberian Bureaucracy

model posses stringent hierarchical components, authority is centralized and uniform procedures are executed in an impersonal fashion

Pendleton Act 1883

move from spoils system (recruitment based on political affiliation) to merit system (recruitment based on performance and qualifications)

public administrations "target audience" must be

multifaceted

alternatives to bureaucracy

networks

Mary Parker Follett

notion of depersonalized orders originated from scientific management -> a way to reduce the management/worker conflict

• Participatory Model

o A diverse interest group acts as an advisory committee o Captivity = when an organization's executives lean too heavily on these interests groups and are vulnerable to manipulation

• Elite Model - opposite of participatory

o A small group makes all the decisions

• Woodrow Wilson & Frank Goodnow

o Advocated for a recognizable split between politicians (those who create policy) and administrators (those who enforce policy) o Both wanted policy to be the expression of the will of the people, viewed government as public servants/representatives o Call for separation is naïve and impossible, but it did call for a professional workforce in the government

• Administrative Model

o Alternatives are viewed one at a time then first plausible alternative is picked o Called "satisficing" = picking the minimum that is good enough i.e. satisfactory and sufficient

Adams and Balfour

o American liberal democracy is procedural and not adaptive to day-to-day conditions of real people's lives

COMMUNITY WIDE QUARANTINE

o CLOSING OF COMMUNITY BORDERS OR THE ERECTION OF REAL OR VIRTUAL BARRIER AROUND A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

William willoughby

o Called for national budget system (for the federal government) and overall budget reform under Taft administration o Three threads: 1. Budgets give popular control 2. Budgets enhance cooperation between legislators (lawmakers) and executives (administrators of the law) 3. Budgets enhance administrative and management efficiency o Size of government growing very quickly o Stated need for administration and organizational control (budget)

Fredrickson (2010)

o Complains of PA being slow to change to new ethical dilemmas o Envisioned a spectrum from public to private for organizations 1. All organizations are somewhere on the spectrum, decided by their interactions with governmental agencies 2. Argues that all organizations are to some degree public in nature and have some degree of responsibility to the public

Iron Triangle

o Congress (makes laws) o Interest groups (helps elect Congressmen) o Bureaucracy (government agencies that get funding from Congress and give special favors to interest groups they support)

Rational Model

o Cost-benefit analysis of which choice is most beneficial and costs least o Herbert Simon (1947/1997) - we have a limited range of intelligence and thus cannot consider all possible options that are out there, so we pick the best with the info that we have = BOUNDED RATIONALITY 1. Choose the best that we can find

Max Weber

o Developed concept of "Ideal Bureaucracy" but DID NOT support its implementation o Ideal Bureaucracy: 1. Rigid 2. Authoritative 3. Focused on obedience and central power 4. Hierarchical chain of command 5. Officials are appointed rather than elected 6. Issues: • Impersonal, impedes decision-making, oppresses personal freedoms • People are not machines and perform better when not treated as such 7. Still, it was considered to be most efficient at the time

Bozeman

o Economic Individualism 1. Believed this method and utilitarianism and laissez-faire ("hands off" approach to government) were best for the public and efficiency 2. Believed in facing social problems with policies based on traditional family values and individual responsibility o Idea of welfare state (high taxes in return for government funding many services such as healthcare, etc.) at odds with ideals of individualism

Centralia Mines

o Failure of organization to respond to regulations and warnings because they were trying to increase profits/take the easy way out led to a disastrous explosion

Fredrick Taylor

o Father of Scientific Management with book Principles of Scientific Management o "One best way" of accomplishing a task (task can be of production or of a social/organizational sense) o Considered people extensions of machines as part of the production process o Sough to increase production efficiency by finding the fastest and least fatiguing methods o Showed need to understand management

• Political Model

o Find the most powerful partnerships because those are the ones with the most influence, emphasis on finding out who will be in charge and supporting them

• Olivero (2014)

o Graffiti is a public good and vandalism because it is artistic and expresses the will and desires of the people and offers social commentary but is still vandalism unless allowed by the law o First = CORNBREAD and COOL EARL

• Ingram, Selden, and Moynihan (2000)

o Human capital must be treasured more highly and developed more carefully than current practice allows 1. According to a survey of 10 government agencies, only 1.5% of total spending is given to training employees. o High Performance needs to be a way of life o Strong leadership and partnerships with unions also necessary o Problem in government: people don't want to go into it, but the government must still hire the best of the best o Performance must be base of hiring/promoting, leaders must be glue of organizations, partnerships must be strategic and front-loaded

President JFK

o In his inaugural address, defined public value at the time as security in Cold War, winning Space Race, serving one's country, helping those (and those developing countries) in need

• Egan - Don't Ask, Don't Tell Study (1998)

o Lasted from 1994-2011, Clinton started, Obama ended o Shows the military's Organizational Culture

• Holzer & Schwester Human Relations Management (2011)

o Mintzberg (1996): An organization that doesn't have a commitment to their human resources has no soul. o Employee Salaries and Benefits Account for 50-85% of government budgets! o People = most important part of organization o Cooper (1998) change HRM from reactive to proactive in dealing with problems o Isaacs (1996) = employee training and development is super important o Holzer (1991) recommends emphasizing advocacy as a strategy for dealing with high diversity workforce o Mills (1994) - Continual training and learning necessary (KSAs = Knowledge, Skills, Abilities) 1. For political jobs, employees need to be trained in legislative process o On-the-Job Employee Development is important

Cook & Klay 2014

o Overview of Enlightenment (see above) 1. Washington centered in Scottish Enlightenment 2. Jefferson used these ideas in writing Constitution 3. Study of history is necessary for making better future o Discussed Washington 1. Wanted public participation in government, education for all, and on-the-job training

WORKING QUANTINE

o PERSONS AT OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF INFLUENCE INFECTION (Health care worker who may be restricted to home or designated facilities during off hours)

• Holzer & Schwester Chapter 5 - Decision Making

o Pinpointing the problem 1. Who, what, when, where, and, why? (5W's) o Identifying the causes 1. What's leading to it? What barriers exist? Social / Physical? o Setting objectives 1. Effective objectives: specific, measurable, and provide indications of 5 W's o Formulating action alternatives 1. Evaluating option and selecting the best!

Moore 1995

o Public Managers: 1. Chief executives • Presidents, governors, mayors 2. Civil servants • City workers 3. Interest group leaders • Overseers, lobbyists - must be held ACCOUNTABLE

Anderson

o Publicness = degree to which an organization is influenced by politics o Privateness (from Bozeman) = degree to which the economy/markets influence an organization rather than politics

Enlightenment

o Revolution of political ideologies (1650-1800) o Scottish Enlightenment started by Frances Hutcheson

• Public Choice Model

o Self-interest determines how decisions are made, based on helping own department

• Cooper (1987)

o Set out to find ethical code for American Society for Public Administration, because their current rules were not sufficient. Looked for: 1. An understanding of appropriate ethical principles, 2. An identification of virtues which are supportive of those principles, 3. Analytical techniques that may be employed in specific situations to interpret the principles

• Holzer & Schwester on Ethics

o Teleological = focus on results/ends in decision making o Deontological = focus on motivations/means in decision making o Ethics seen in PA in the oaths governments officials take to serve their people o Corruption example = Judge Judith Hawkins ran her own ministry in her courtroom using court time and resources

Fredrickson Cont.

o The current PA ethics canon (set of standards) doesn't fix big issues, but does fix smaller ones o Government is getting very big, is out-sourcing (decentralizing) to private organizations o 33-50% of state-budgeted activities are carrying out federal activities o 2010 - 17 MILLION people make up extended government workforce

Normative publicness

o The extent to which an organization holds public sector values i.e. does it meet the desires/will/value of the public sector (government aims)

• Groupthink Model - Irvis Janis (1972)

o Think as a group (think of Mean Girls), characterized by extreme conformity and no rational decision making by a directive leader in a homogeneous group isolated from outside ideas/influences

o Gulick & Urwick

o Urwick by himself 1. Developed Ten Principles for Organizational Management

• Cormick (1996) - Consensus

o Work together to design a process that maximizes compromising o To be effective, it can't be just finding the middle ground o Steps: 1. Assessment 2. Structuring the Process 3. Finding Common ground 4. Implementing and Monitoring Agreements o Don't use this model under time constraints or as a stalling mechanism o Make sure there is one "final" authority or an arbitrator between groups or "fact-finding" in which a fact-finder advises an authority

• Implicit Favorite Model (biased and subjective)

o You already know what you're going to pick and don't really listen to alternatives

Communitarism

o form community groups and be an individual but still a part of this group trying to support the aims of the group as a whole - a mix of individualism and community-mindedness 1. Active citizenship hugely important 2. Stivers said this approach influences decisions to be made in the public interest by public administrators - similar to J.S. Mill's idea of Utilitarianism - making decisions to benefit the most amount of people

Abraham Maslow 1943

o people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs 1. Starts with physical needs, then safety needs, then belongingness and love needs, then self-esteem needs, then self-actualization (becoming the best you can possibly be, doing what you were "meant" to do) o Follett and Maslow = People are complex and have complex needs/desires

Organizational Culture - Schein (1993)

o shared notions that unite individuals in an organization 1. Group Norms 2. Behavioral regularities ("How was your weekend?") 3. Guiding mission and values and rules that everyone follows 4. Shared skills and modes of thinking

Public values

o what the people want, what they care about, etc. 1. Failure of public value is when public values are not met by the public industries/market

33%-50%

of budgeted activities at the state level are for federal activities to be carried out at the state level (medicare, medicaid, job training),

old school view/traditional doctrine

one must follow the rules and no imagination or opinions were allowed or valid in a work place

organizational man or woman

one who has bartered his or her conscience for security - compromising and complying in the interest of protecting ones position and work

productive HR management is what kind of system?

open system, connecting internal and external environments (cooper)

agents

organizational employees or external players that provide services to the organization but are not part of the formal structure

50-85% of budget

pay for employee benefits

POSDCORB

planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting

groupthink model

primary goal in decision making is to maintain power and cohesiveness- directive leadership, homogeneity of ideals, and isolation from outside influence

Input

reflect the quantity of resources appropriated to an organization, service, or program (e.g., represent financial and personnel resources)

productive HR management must:

rely on technology, reflect demographics of society (value), work across department boundaries (cooperative working environment), upper management determines how resources are viewed (leadership), improvement requires a commitment from all employees, and organized culture dictates how employees are treated

Organizational culture

shared notions that unite an organization

organizational culture

shared pattern of beliefs, assumptions, and expectations held by organizational members

subjective organizational culture

shared patterns of beliefs, assumptions, and expectations held by organizations ex. organizational heroes, myths and stories, rituals

Holzer and Schwester - how important is human capital?

should be more carefully developed than current practice allows

how does gov. help nonprofits?

special tax status as 501 (c)(3) so they don't pay federal income tax and grant funding

Fayol's 14 principles of management- most important

specialization unity of command scalar chain authority unity of directions

Scottish Enlightenment impacted Washington

specifically history, to enhance the well-being of future citizens

who is the slippery slope created

starts with one action, you get away with it, so you continue to do the action because there are no implications on the action

deontological

stress motives and intensions -follow the law -support for duty and order -focus on the means

Bureaucracy

structure within which virtually all government operations operate and is characteristic of large private concerns

Implicit favorite model

subconsciously you identify the way you want the decision to go and you rationalize it so everyone else will like it too

Organic

suited for instable environments workers roles are less defined communication is informal organization structure is horizontal decisions are made on basis of knowledge

why did wilson write the study of administration

to separate politics from administration

GDP

total amount of money spent on producing goods and services

1.5% budget

towards training

Internal goods

what you can get out only by working in the practice; everyone contributes in the practice (research in the medical field)

hawthorne experiments

worker's needs extend beyond economic considerations. solution is not to increase wages

Output

workload indicators; reflect the amount of work done or the number of services provided by a government organization or program

Citizen ship theory

your social obligations as a citizen such as voting

Citizenship theory

your social obligations as a citizen such as voting

Characteristics of centralization:

• Accountability may be less complicated • Less flexibility and adaptability • Organizations may deviate less from top-management goals

In centralization...

• Accountability may be less complicated • Organizations may deviate less from top-management goals • Less flexibility and adaptability

1. 1. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context?

• American ideals are good for other countries to adopt as they are needed for people to trust their government

Civil Service Reform

• An ideal and a governmental effort • "Earning" positions and promotions, not just being rewarded due to party connections and friendships • 1883 Civil Service Reform Act • Important for state and local levels • 200 cities adopted civil service reform by the 1930's

Checks on administrative discretion include...

• Civil Service Reform Act (1978) • The Iron Triangle: 1950s - 1970s

Strategies for avoiding poor decisions/group think:

• Leader should avoid stating preferences • Leader should designate a "devil's advocate" • Outside experts can also serve as devil's advocates • Leader should allow group members to vote anonymously • Leader should create and foster a culture where debate, criticism, and creativity are encouraged

In decentralization...

• Often results in greater complexity • Greater opportunity for employee/client participation • Complicates accountability and monitoring

1. Mintzberg (1979):

• Operating Core - employees • Strategic Apex - executives • Middle Line - middle managers overseeing Operating Core • Technostructure - training, engineers • Support Staff - facility managers, etc

1. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly and when should we treat them unequally?

• People are diverse, must focus on treating everyone fairly o Cooper recommends open-ended discussion to keep ethical standards

Hierarchy of ethics includes four levels of ethics from lower to higher level such as...

• Personal morality • Professional ethics • Organizational ethics • Social ethics

1. Principal-Agent Theory:

• Principles = executives, shareholders, etc. • Agents = employees • Principals at disadvantage because they want to be efficient and need to make sure agents are working hard o Solution - monetary incentives to promote Organizational Economic Theory (keeping views in line with organization's) and oversight (watching Agents closely to make sure they're behaving)

Examples of street-level bureaucrats:

• Public School Teachers • Police Officers • Firefighters

1. 2. What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics?

• Regime values - ethics should be grounded in Constitution • Citizenship Theory - ethics come from obligation to be a good citizen • Social Equity - Justice is crucial • Virtue/Character-based - morality is the right way to go, public administrators must practice what they preach • Public Interest - it is ethical for public administrators to follow the will of the people Basically calls for citizen participation like Washington did

According to Weber, the bureaucracy is an "Ideal Type" of organization characterized by...

• Stringent hierarchal components—"machine-like" structure • Centralized authority • Control and empowerment of the top of the organization • Formal lines of communication • Administration based on written documents • Technical expertise

1. How can organizations be designed to be supportive of ethical conduct?

• The way in which an organization is designed and the way an organization operates must both be ethical o Whistleblowers shouldn't be published if they are acting to try to help the organization better itself by calling it out on mistakes/unethical behavior

Wilson said that PA should answer these two questions:

• What government can properly and successfully do • How it can do these proper things with the utmost possible

Three kinds of authorities

1. judicial 2. executive 3. administrative

Virtues

Generally considered inclinations or dispositions to act; character traits

How do you maintain harmony

political parties

administrative evil

when something is ethically correct but morally wrong (ex: the holocaust)

Bozeman's definition of public values

"A society's public values are those providing the normative consensus about: 1) the rights, benefits, and prerogatives to which citizens should (and should not) be entitled; 2) the obligations of citizens to society, the state, and one another; 3) The principles on which governments should be based

Woodrow Wilson

"Founder of Public Administration"

Max Weber

"Idea type" 1) The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and administrative regulations 2) The principle of office hierarchy 3) Administration based on Written document 4) Division of labor 5) Full working capacity of the official in the official activity 6) The duty of following general rule in the office management

Satisficing entails...

"Lowering the bar" in terms of goal attainment

What is public life?

"Publicness" vs. "Government" -Special districts, pricate utilities, charter schools, quasi-governmental agencies, government corporations, etc. "privatizing" traditional governmental operations Today, there is a different form of "big government" -Known as third-party government, the hollow state, the shadow bureaucracy, the blended public workforce, etc. Public life today is "publicness" or degrees of what is public

Herbert Simon (1946)

"The Proverbs of Administration"

Herbert Simon- Neoclassical theories

"principles are merely proverbs, as none of the terms are truly scientific."

Public value vs. Public interests

"public interest" is an ideal, where "public values" have specific, identifiable content; ideal vs starting point

administrative ethics

(A) rights and duties that individuals should respect when they act in ways that seriously affect the wellbeing of other individuals in society (B) and the conditions that collective practices and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the wellbeing of individuals and society

Niccolo Machiavelli

- wrote the book "the prince" that recommends how rulers can maintain and gain power - better to be feared than to be loved- the ends justify the means philosophy

Individualism - philosophical foundations

1) Human centered; 2) Social and government institutions are a means to satisfying individual needs; 3) The individual is of supreme value, not society, and all individuals are of equal moral value

Machiavelli

1. "Means to an end" philosophy 2. Rulers ought to inspire fear 3. Illustrated corruption and misdeeds in government

• Cooper (2004) o 4 Major Questions

1. 1. How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context?1. 2. What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics? 1. 3. How can organizations be designed to be supportive of ethical conduct?. 4. When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly and when should we treat them unequally?

o W. Edwards Deming - Quality Circle

1. A QC is a small group of employees that work on similar tasks and meet to solve work-related issues. 2. Overall purpose is to improve quality of an organization's services. 3. Employee as expert. 4. Sessions are not for venting, but rather to be proactive 5. Makes workers happy and improves efficiency

Robert Merton

1. Adaptability is limited when bureaucracies treat individuals as machines. Bureaucracies are closed systems without input from the external

Mintzebrg

5 fundamental parts of organization: operating core, strategic apex, middle line, technostructure, support staff

Dewey 1927

1. discussion is needed to determine this will, this is an ideal and not a scientific term

Taylor believed that the introduction of scientific management into all business would result in...

1. higher production, 2. no labor strikes 3. a better relationship between labor and management → increased efficiency

Classic questions for public administration

1. how can we offer more, or better services with available resources (efficiency) 2. how can we maintain our level of services while spending less money (economy)

How does Wilson suggest we study PAD?

1. look at history of other countries 2. ascertain subject matter (americanize) 3. determine best methods to develop

An appropriations bill is...

A bill that lays out how money will be spent of specific projects.

False

A challenge faced by only private administrators is that they must pursue broad goals set by others and their efforts will be evaluated by outside forces.

The Iron Triangle is...

A closed, mutually supportive policymaking relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups

Woodrow Wilson defined PA as...

A detailed and systematic execution of public law efficiency and economy.

Internal Goods

Achieved through practice and dedication to excellence; shared by the community Public administrators commonly strive to achieve public interest, accountability, social order and justice, citizenship development, equality, efficiency, liberty, etc.

C

All of the following are part of Weber's model of bureaucracy except a. formal rules and procedures. b. hierarchy. c. narrow span of control. d. maintenance of files and records.

True

Although public trust in government increased slightly during the 1990s, it is still below the levels of previous decades.

True

Before the turn of the twentieth century, politics and administration were seen as separate and efforts to maintain this politics-administration dichotomy continue to this day.

True

Breaking down large government departments is an element of participatory democracy in urban government.

Weber's Bureaucratic model

Bureaucracies are the way to acheive efficiency.- The whole idea of government is to become more efficient.

True

Bureaucracies can be influential because of their technical expertise and may even have a monopoly on information.

True

Bureaucracies can gain political support by taking certain actions such as being responsiveness to request for information by elected officials.

Operating budgets

Concern day-to-day operations; short-term, year-to-year budget—financed through tax dollars

States and federal government share some of the same powers. They may each levy taxes, borrow money, charter banks, define crime, and punish crime

Concurrent Powers

According to the boundedly rational model...

Decision makers are "bounded," leading to "satisficing" behavior

what does DC state for after Washington, DC

District Columbia

In the article "Principles of Scientific Management" Frederick Taylor emphasizes...

Efficiency

According to scientific management...

Efficiency in work is the primary goal of management and leads to high output in the organization

Problems from spoils system

Elected public officials based on ties and connections "The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters

Chester Barnard (1938)

Executives should offer monetary and non-monetary incentives

Federal government can declare war, conduct foreign affairs, establish a court system, raise and support armies, coin money

Federal Powers

least preferred coworker

Fiedler; survey to determine if leader is more relationship or task oriented

Mazlow's hierarchy of needs

Filet saw people as people (motivational work in understanding why people act the way they do)

General - Purpose Local Govts : Are counties, towns & municipalities. They have a wide range of powers. [E.G] Police & fire protection, streets & sewers, parks & recreation, housing, cultural facilities, mass transit, industrial & development & housing

General-purpose local governments (define and give example)*

Theory Y management

Get there how you want, just get the goal done

The classical school was primarily concerned with...

Improving efficiency and productivity

True

In a capitalist system, the means of production are owned by private citizens.

Employee Counseling

In private surroundings, never schedule a counseling when you are in a hurry, be direct, give an employee the opportunity to explain, keep an open mind, explore means that can overcome a performance shortcoming, Remain calm, refocus on what happened, why it happened, and what can be done, never take it as "discipline", do not speak in a punitive manner, thank the employee for seeing you

How to conduct good employee counseling?

In private surroundings; never schedule when in a hurry; be direct; give an empolyee the opportunity to explain; keep an open mind; explore means that can overcome a performance shortcoming; remain calm; never take it as "discipline"; do not speak in punitive manner; thank the employee for seeing you

Democracy values...

Individualism, equality, and pluralistic decision making.

Theory Y assumes that...

Individuals enjoy working and embrace responsibility

Philip Selznick (1949)

Informal organizations within the "formal" organization can buttress the formal org's goals and functions

Iron Triangle

Interest Groups, Congress, Bureaucracy

Advantage of line-item budgets in terms of accountability...

Is relatively easy to understand

Disadvantage of line-item budgets...

It is not tied to performance

to ascertain laws that pass and fund the appropriate applied sanction

Legislative oversight

NOT an example of a street-level bureaucrat:

Legislators

True

Legislatures set the agenda for public organizations.

Strategic Triangle

Legitimacy & Support, Operational Capabilities, Public Value

False

Most PUBLIC agencies employ thousands of people.

Incrementalism holds that...

Only a few policy alternatives can be considered at a time, and that policies do not differ radically from existing ones; change is thus incremental

Wilson was concerned with

Organizational efficiency and economy (looked at PA as a field of business)

Goodnow said that...

PA should be viewed differently from politics, and should be based on a science of management.

Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick

PODSCORB (Planning, Organization, Directing, Staffing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting

is a theory that constructs the boundaries of public administration and asserts the normative relationship between elected officials and administrators in a democratic society.

Politics-administration dichotomy (a.k.a., separation of politics and administration)*

States are denied the powers to coin money, enter into treties, establish weights and measurements, and run the postal service.

Powers denied to states

Preemption is the rule of law that if the federal government through Congress has enacted legislation on a subject matter it shall be controlling over state laws and/or preclude the state from enacting laws on the same subject if Congress has specifically

Preemption: Preemption

the transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control.

Privatization*

Goodnow's politics-administration dichotomy was an important instrument for...

Progressive reforms

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

Provided federal jobs based on merit through exams; made firing for political reasons unlawful; created the Civil Service Commision

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

Provided federal jobs based on merit through exams; made firing for political reasons unlawful; created the civil service commission

The rational model is grounded in economic principles that include...

Scarcity of resources, perfect information, full knowledge of alternatives, and opportunity cost

Some in the Neoclassical school argue that...

Scientific management needs to be grounded in scientific research

Contingency Theory

Similar to situational leadership, contingency theory suggests fitting leadership style to a particular situation

"Publicness" vs "Government"

Special districts, private utilities, charter schools, quasi-governmental agencies, government corporations, etc. "privatizing" traditional governmental operations

Special Purpose Local Govt - Performs only one or a few related functions. Are independent from other local govts. [E.g] School districts are the most common of this type of govt. REsponsible for early childhood, elementary, secondary, vocational & in some states community college. Are accountable only to the same department of edu & legislature.

Special-purpose local government (define and give example)*

Wilson wanted to separate PA from the contamination of the...

Spoils system

Civil Service Reform transitioned leadership from a ______ _____ to a _______.

Spoils system; meritocracy

The human relations school...

Started in the 1920s with the Hawthorne experiments and lasted until about the end of the 1950s

State government can create public schools, create local government, provide public education, license for marriage

State Powers

Example of outcome:

Street cleanliness - measured through visual inspection - goal could be to maintain a level of 90% of streets rates "clean"

Lipsky talked about...

Street-level bureaucrats

Contemporary organizational theories

Structural theory: assumes there is a "best structure" -Mechanistic structures work in stable environments, while organic structures are best for unstable, changing environments Systems Theory -Organizations consist of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback mechanisms W. Edwards Deming's "Quality Circles": Small quality control groups; first implemented in Japanese firms to emphasize continued improvement

Maslow (1943) Hierarchy of Needs

That there is a hierarchy of needs, that is, lower-level needs (e.g., physiological and safety) must be satisfied in order to achieve higher-level needs (e.g., esteem and self-actualization)

True

The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of regulatory boards.

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is...

The agency through which the president prepares a formal budget to be presented to Congress

False

The bureaucracy has flexibility in executing the law and policy.

False?

The bureaucracy is often applauded for many of the greatest achievements in society.

False

The bureaucracy is often perceived as managing resources efficiently.

True?

The bureaucracy is the administrative arm of the United States government.

Kingdon's Streams Model - John Kingdon (2003) claims that...

The decision making process is neither systematic nor neatly defined within the context of politics; decision making in the public sector is chaotic

true?

The federal government has the greatest tax resources but delivers the fewest direct services.

B

The following are all obstacles to effective coordination except a. conflicting priorities among program managers. b. strong, effective leadership of collaborating entities. c. differing perceptions of program goals. d. unequal fiscal capabilities.

Organizational theories emphasize...

The goals of management, the needs of workers, and the relationships of organizations to their environment.

False

The government gets its authority from the traditions of the country.

The Neoclassical School (1920s-1950s) rejected...

The notion that the principles of management were "scientific"

Who starts the budget process?

The president

In the Iron Triangle...

The reciprocal influence relationships between agencies (bureaucracy), interest groups, and congressional committees are key elements in bureaucratic power.

Authoritarian or Theory X Model

Theory X style of leadership: Leaders must be strong and decisive

Life Cycle Leadership

This theory deals with the levels of direction and emotional support a leader provides, while taking into consideration the subordinate's maturity level

social equity

Treating people unfairly in order to treat them fairly

Dwight Waldo (1948)

Value-free research undermines ethics and morality

What is Organizational culture

Values/rituals/symbols that a group shares in common

is an approach to Ethics that emphasizes an individual's character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves

Virtue ethics*

his is a certificate provided by the government agency's that enables people to buy specific goods or services in the private market.

Vouchers

Mechanistic

Weberian suited for stable environments workers roles are clearly defined communication is formal and top-down organizational structure is hierarchal decision making process is authoritative -Efficiently repeat procedures

Equity Compared to Equality

While equality can be converted into a mathematical measure in which equal parts are identical in size or number, equity is a more flexible measure allowing for equivalency while not demanding exact sameness.

disclosure by a person, usually an employee in a government agency or private enterprise, to the public or to those in authority, of mismanagement, corruption, illegality, or some other wrongdoing

Whistleblowing*

Woodrow Wilson was the 28 presidents of the united states. And he contributed social links and that the government should be for the people.

Who was Woodrow Wilson and what did he contribute to public administration? *

Yes, because it gives you a voice in matter that can affect the out come of government local and federal.

Why does citizen participation matter?*

Public Interest - declining?

Why? -Too ambiguous -Quantitative and behavioral approaches and the need for precise answers -Seems out of place with theories of interest groups that try to maximize competing interests -Societies and government succeed in rendering life less fearful -Barry Bozeman

Typhoid Mary

a cook who was quarantined for spreading Typhoid and was then released if she agreed to stop cooking but continued to cook and was then quarantined on an island for 23 years with her dog where she died alone

leader matching

a leader aligns style to particular situation, or if someone is good fit for certain leader styles

ethics (book def)

a set of normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest so a to enhance societal well being

Participatory model

annoyingly try to get everyone's consensus and might even vote

what are "time bandits"

any time you are at work and not doing your work that you are being paid to do

Webber said bureaucracies

are machine-like structures with efficiency at heart

bureaucracies

are machine-like structures with efficiency at heart

Productive HR management does what?

balances worker's needs and organization's goals

system theory

based on the premise that organization is comprised of several parts inputs processes outputs feedback

Machi Abelli

better to be feared than to be loved- the ends justify the means

ethics (adams and balfour def)

branch of philosophy concerned with systematic thought about character morals, and 'right action'

Cooptation

bringing new or outside elements into an organization's leadership or decision making structure - this is done to eliminate potential threats to the organization

ex of cooptation

building a road for a city park - get local participation in the decision making process to eliminate threats and oppositions

motivation

coexisting with workers in a way that causes them to be responsible, punctual and productive

Rational model

cost benefit analysis, you make the decision that gives you the most benefit with the least cost

Rational model

cost benefit analysis, you make the decision that ives you the most benefit with the least cost

Neo-classic school of PAD

criticizes classic school; takes human factors into account

Administrative model

decisions determined in order until you find one you like and stop

on the job methods for employee development

delegation, coaching, special assignments, job rotation, understudy

when we are more efficient we sacrifice :

democracy, because it is very slow

Gulick and Ehrlich discussed principles of management

division of work and communication

Gulick and Ehrlich's discussed principles of managementdivision of work and communication

division of work and communication

What does Wilson say about the "size" and importance of power in administration

doesn't think administration should be a part of political issues

The calling to public service is at the heart of PAD and is based upon __________

duty, or intense inner commitment (Gawthrop)

Social equity

each person is equal and has inalienable rights; everyone gets what they need vs. everyone getting the same (equality)

the CIA outsourced activities to other countries notably ____ , ____

egypt and italy

Private-ness

extent to which the organization is controlled by the market

Public-ness

extent to which the organization is influenced by political authority

Elite model

few people at the top make the decisions

Minnowbrook Conference

focused on relevance, value, equity, and change

Robert Merton - Neoclassical theories

functionalism- everyone has something to contribute to society

ex of slippery slope

go home with your employers pen, then you start taking home more supplies

Woodrow Wilson

governor of NJ U.s President from Virginia

Dichotomy needs to subservient to maintain

harmony

traditional elements of HR

hiring the right workers training and developing workers rewarding workers

Performance assessment

improves performance, identifies strengths and weaknesses, makes people aware if they are not fulfilling job requirements, and relies on sincerity between manager and employee

social equity

includes the activities designed to enhance the political power and economic wellbeing of these minorities

Max Weber's org. criteria

jurisdictional boundaries, hierarchy, reliance on written documents, expertly trained managers, uniform rules, and formalization

17 million people

made up the workface

ethical dilemma

o balancing the interests of a single individual against the interests of a larger community

Quarantine

o isolating an individual thought to have contracted a disease but not yet showing symptoms

Wilson's 1887 dichotomy

politics administration dichtomy

Politics deals with:

politics has to do with policies and expressions of the state will (guiding and influencing)

Wilson on the politics-admin dichotomy

politics is special province of the statesman and administration of the technical official

two largest employee categories of the Federal Government

post office military

Groupthink

power and cohesiveness within a group

popular culture depicts

public organizations as entities staffed with individuals who no longer care, only go through motions and count down years until retirement

"Quality Circle"

quality begins in the design stage and ends after the satisfactory services are provided to the customer

PSM is what three things?

rational, norm based, and effective

the nonprofit sector can ____ but cannot _____

receive grants and contracts, but cannot levy a tax

what does delegation do?

reduce time consuming tasks from leaders, promotes trust, allows observation and measurement of performance, promotion, innovative ideas, and clear and precise communication, efficiency

Efficiency

reflect the extent to which an organization or program is performing in relation to service delivery costs

Fredrick Taylor's one best way

scientific management - least amount of inputs with the most amount of efficiency

Fredrick Taylor's one best way

scientific managment

abraham maslow's a theory of human motivation

self actualization, esteem needs, belongingness and love, safety needs, psychological needs

contingency leadership

some leaders are better suited for certain situations

Governments are _____ bodies with ____ powers

sovereign bodies with unique powers

Argyris thoughts on formal organization

the chain of command, span of control, and task specialization can create individual feelings of failure and frustration

administration deals with:

the execution of the policies

labor management cooperation

the role of open communication (conflict v. partnership)

Moore critique of public administration

the way we used to manage the public sector was bad because it left no room for innovation and led to a lack of responsibility

Moores critique of public administration

the way we used to manage the public sector was bad because it left no room for innovation and led to a lack of responsibility

Herbert Simon critiqued Gulick and Ehrlich because

their methods weren't truly scientific

technical expert

their values conflict with bureaucratic claims - find it difficult to play the roles required to compete for organizational power and success

Conciliation

trying to resolve disputes without bringing parties together

Douglas McGregor (1960)

two approaches to management style: Theory X and Theory Y

Mary Mallen is

typhoid Mary- quarantined for 23 years because wouldn't stop cooking

fact value dichotomy

use only facts to replace proverbs of administration

what is the most effective means for changing organizational behavior

using good judgement and discretion

regime value, citizenship theory, social equity, public interest

what are the 4 normative foundations for public administration ethics

Cooper 4 questions

what are the normative foundations for public administration ethics

Virtue

what we take away from that practice

delegation- why and who does it benefit

why: frees the supervisor or time and benefits both the supervisor and the employee

according to Goodwill, politics is the _____ while public administration is the _____ of that

will/execution

Herbert Simon said it isn't rationality because

you don't know literally everything

True

A problem for citizen participation involves government including minority groups for symbolic purposes rather than for purposeful and meaningful solutions.

True

Accountability, representation, and citizenship can be characterized as political values.

True

Cabinet-level executive departments are headed by a secretary appointed by Congress.

B

Which of the following values did the framers of the Constitution seem to emphasize most? a. Achieving efficient government performance b.Preventing concentrations of political power c. Relying on chief executives to resolve conflicts d. Distrust of the political process

B

E7. Elections are one example of what type of check and balance? a. Administrative efficiency b. Community control c. Freedom of information d. Political accountability e. None of the above

D

Efforts to "reinvent government" have emphasized all of the following except a. cutting "red tape". b. putting customers first. c. empowering employees to achieve results. d. increased regulation.

False

Electronic government was originally designed to make citizens more dependent on bureaucratic agencies.

true?

Executives may find it hard to deal with the institutional strength of bureaucracies due to strong intergovernmental administrative relations between different levels of bureaucracies.

True

Federalism is the division of governmental power between a central or national government and regional (or state) governmental units.

Mazlow's hierarchy of needs

Follet said this would unify and motivate employees and this was important for effective leadership

False

Formula grants provide the most administrative discretion, and state and local governments must apply to receive this form of grant-in-aid.

B

In the area of individual privacy, state governments have shown the greatest interest in enacting a. Freedom of Information laws. b. fair credit-reporting acts. c. privacy acts. d. sunshine laws.

true

In a bureaucracy, different departments handle specific functions.

True

In the United States, the national and state governments have both independent and shared powers over their citizens, but the national and state governments do not owe their existences to each other.

False

Modem bureaucracy has undergone so many changes that all influences from the past have been lost.

False

Most Americans are NOT affected by the actions and decisions of public administrators on a regular basis.

A

Organizational centralization promotes all of the following phenomena except a. greater participation by external clienteles in decision making processes. b. managerial control over organization activities. c. internal program consistency. d. accountability for organization actions

False

Pluralism is centered on the belief that individuals should NOT WORK to benefit the broad interest of a group.

D

Political Scientist Francis Rourke suggests that the influence of experts rests on. a. increasing control by experts of bureaucratic discretion. b. a pattern of increasing reliance on bureaucratic experts for technical advice. c. a monopoly of information in the subject area. d. all of the above. e. A and C only.

True

Public Administration involves organizations associated with the execution of the law.

True

Public management is mainly concerned with functions that take place within organizations and how to control and steer organizations.

True

Public organizations are ultimately evaluated by external parties, while private managers may evaluate their organizations.

True

The U.S. government, which relies primarily on inelastic sources of revenue such as income taxes, is the least efficient at generating revenue, while at the same time it is the level of government most relied upon to deliver costly social services.

False

The entrepreneurial government emphasizes fairness, equality, and American ideals of liberty with little emphasis on performance measurement.

False

The Bush administration eliminated many grant-in-aid programs but increased grant-in-aid spending, whereas the Clinton administration promoted reductions in grant-in-aid spending.

A

The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 addressed a. comprehensive health care and student loan reform. b. stricter guidelines for doctors and teachers. c. requirements for schools to cover on-site injuries. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

False

Today, in the United States, political participation in voting is limited by wealth, social status, and race.

D

Two major approaches to representation are a. trustee role and legislator role. b. delegate role and administrator role. c. democratic and bureaucratic. d. delegate role and trustee role.

A

Which of the following is NOT true of informal channels of communication within organizations? a. They always follow proper organizational channels to their intended recipients. b. They may originate with individuals not acting officially. c. Senders of such communications often try to avoid going through formal hierarchical (or other) channels. d. They are not "building blocks" to articulate official purposes, strategies, and tactics.

C

Which of the following is distinctly a legislative tool for increasing bureaucratic accountability? a. Freedom of Information laws b. Sunshine laws c. Sunset laws d. All of the above.

False

Under a dual federalism model, the functions of national and state governments are intertwined.

False

Values are concerned with achieving an outcome and not concerned with the methods by which outcomes are reached.

B

Which of the following is not part of the open-systems approach to organization theory? a. Organizations respond to pressures from the environment. b. Outcomes of organizational actions are predictable. c. Organizations tend toward differentiation and elaboration. d. Organizations seek equilibrium.

B

Which of the following is part of both Weber's and Taylor's theories of organization? a. Emphasis on productivity, rationality, and profit b. Assumption of a vertical "chain of command" c. Finding the "one best way" to perform a task d. A concern with the professionalism of employees