PAMPCA 2020

Psychogenic pain is the easiest to treat because of the characteristic set of symptoms usually presented. True or False

False

Suffering should always be considered synonymous with pain as this is the common characteristic associated with the experience of pain. True or False

False

From a biophysiological perspective, cryotherapy modalities must be used judiciously because of these two reasons: -because of the depth of penetration can be harmful to subcutaneous tissues. -of the delay of production of metabolites. -the impact cold has on the inflammatory and healing processes.

-of the delay of production of metabolites. -the impact cold has on the inflammatory and healing processes.

At what temperature does a therapist have to be concerned with burning a patient?

115degrees F

Typically, what is the time that cryotherapy or cold is applied to tissue during a therapy session?

15 Minutes

The optimal depth of penetration with a superficial thermal agent is between:

1cm to 2cm

A muscle/tendon strain or ligament sprain that demonstrates detectable joint instability and muscle weakness is classified as a

2d degree sprain or strain

The dermis is tough and resilient; it comprises about ___% of the body's total weight.

5-7%

There are three dosages that are applied with superficial thermal agents. A mild dose is one that heats to ____degrees, a moderate dose heats to ____degrees, and a vigorous dose heats to ___degrees.

<104 degrees; 102 degrees to 106 degrees; 107 degrees to 113 degrees

Ultrasound energy is propagated through what form of sound wave?

A longitudinal wave

The drug that binds to a cell receptor and causes a response is called an:

Agonist

Which of the following signs can help to provide insight as to the degree that pain has impacted the patient? Other injuries or illnesses Sleep disturbance Weight gain Inactivity and poor muscle conditioning All of these answers

All of the answers

Which of the following best describes conduction? The conveyance of heat by the movement of heated particles. The therapeutic application of any modality which results in an increased skin and superficial subcutaneous tissue temperature. The absorption of energy with a subsequent change from a liquid to a gas. An energy exchange between two materials transferring heat from the patient?s extremity to the cooling agent.

An energy exchange between two materials transferring heat from the patient?s extremity to the cooling agent.

Acute pain becomes chronic when ample time has been allowed for inflammation to subside and wounds to heal. Which of the following emotional overlays are NOT characteristically found in individuals with chronic pain? Depression Anxiety Frustration Apathy

Apathy

Which of the following tissue has the highest impedance value and acoustic absorption coefficient? Bone Tendon Skin Blood Fat

Bone

________ occurs past the point of normal tissue healing, lasting greater than 3-6 months, non-specific, and can be due to nerve damage or nervous system reactions.

Chronic Pain

Of the following list, which is NOT considered to be a contraindication for applying a superficial heating agent. acute edema advanced cardiac diseases chronic inflammation deep vein thrombophlebitis confusion bleeding tendencies

Chronic inflammation

Epithelialization and wound contraction are synonymous terms. True or False

False

Therapeutically, superficial cooling of tissue produces all but which ONE of the following? Decreased edema Analgesia Decreased viscosity Lowered metabolic activity Reduced muscle spasm

Decreased viscosity

Which of the following best describes how ultrasound works? Deformation of the crystal causes oscillations or pressure waves into adjacent tissue. Electrical current applied to the sound head causes it to warm and transfer heat through conduction. Movement of the sound-head on the skin/tissue causes heating from friction. Voltage polarization causes the crystal to heat up.

Deformation of the crystal causes oscillations or pressure waves into adjacent tissue.

The induction theory explains how scar mimics the surrounding tissue it is healing. Which of the two following statements are true: Dense tissue creates dense, highly cross linked scar. Pliable tissue is prone to keloid scarring. Pliable tissue creates a loose, coiled, less cross linked scar. Dense tissue contributes to hypertrophic scarring.

Dense tissue creates dense, highly cross linked scar. Pliable tissue creates a loose, coiled, less cross linked scar.

Tissue temperature elevation to a therapeutic range is dependent primarily on all but which of the following the: volume of tissue depth of the tissue to be heated rate the temperature is applied to the tissue duration of tissue temperature elevation

Depth of the tissue to be heated

What does Ohm?s Law state?

Describes the relationship between current and resistance

Conduction is a form of heat transfer by:

Direct transfer

Which one of the following best explains the benefit of non-thermal ultrasound? Facilitation of wound healing Decreased angiogenesis Increased phagocytosis Increased metabolic rate

Facilitation of wound healing

Painful Stimuli

Free Nerve Endings

Which ultrasound parameter is more prone to unstable cavitation?

Frequency's using 1 MHz

When immersing an extremity in a cold medium, what can realistically be done to prevent potential dependent edema?

Have the patient engage in pumping activities of the extremity.

Which form of electrical stimulation is used to facilitate wound healing and uses an interrupted monophasic wave?

High voltage galvanic stimulation

From a functional perspective, the aging process can impact sensory interpretation in all but which of the following: Decrease in 2 Point Discrimination Decreased kinesthetic awareness Changes in response to tactile stimuli Increase in hearing loss Increased acuity in pain perception

Increased acuity in pain perception

The presence of macrophages is an important part of which phase of wound healing?

Inflammatory Phase

What does the Beam Non-uniformity ratio mean?

It describes the relationship between the spatial peak intensity (SPI) and the spatial average intensity (SAI).

What is a primary difficulty with using ice towels?

It may be messy as the media melts.

Hair follicle endings, Pacinian Corpuscles and Golgi Tendon Organs are examples of which type of sensory receptor?

Mechanoreceptor

Glabrous (hairless) skin and hairy skin share 3 common sensory receptors: Pacinian Corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and free nerve endings. Glabrous (hairless) skin has 2 special sensory receptors which are

Meissner Corpuscles and Krause End Bulbs

Discriminating Touch (light pressures)

Meissner's Corpuscles

Burning, lancinating or electric shock qualities.

Neuropathic pain

Hot or sharp sensation.

Nociceptive pain

Parenteral administration of a drug refers to the giving of a preparation to all but which method? Orally Intramuscularly Subcutaneously Intravenously

Orally

Which of the following is contraindicated for the use of cryotherapy? Acute muscle sprain Raynaud's disease Post exercise muscle soreness Spasticity

Raynaud's Disease

Which one of the following would be contraindicated for ultrasound use? With open lesions or wounds Over plastic, prosthetic joints Application over hardware Application using corticosteroids

Over plastic, prosthetic joints

Deep Pressures

Pacinian Corpuscles

Neuropathic pain consists of all but which ONE of the following? Injury or irritation to nerves (sensory or motor) Nerve pain Pain of brief duration Persistent pain unrelated to injury or condition

Pain of brief duration

Thermal modalities that involve convection includes all but which of the following: contrast baths paraffin bath Whirlpool fluidotherapy

Paraffin bath

Exaggerated/histrionic presentation of the pain problem

Psychogenic pain

Which electrical current is interrupted for short periods of time?

Pulsed current

During the inflammatory phase, your intervention plan should include

Rest Elevation Ice Compression

Who first started using electrical stimulation therapeutically?

Romans

Proprioception/tension

Ruffini Corpuscles

What type of sensory nerve fibers are affected when applying cold?

Small myelinated pain fibers

A palpation and musculoskeletal examination is an essential part of assessing pain. _______ may indicate inflammation or altered perfusion associated with sympathetic dysfunction.

Temperature changes

What does the duty cycle refer to?

The amount of time between the stimulation period and the rest period

Pharmacodynamics considers:

The effects of the drug on the body and the mode of drug action

Most drugs and metabolites are excreted by:

The kidneys

Peak amplitude refers to which concept?

The magnitude or intensity of the electrical current

What does frequency of ultrasound describe?

The number of complete wave cycles generated each second.

Pharmacokinetics considers:

The way in which the body affects a drug by the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

The main route of administration of a drug to produce a local effect is:

Topical

Which of the following statements is NOT true: Conduction achieves a therapeutic effect to a depth of about 1-2 centimeters. Transfer of energy is from the cooling agent to the patient's extremity. Evaporation involves an energy transfer when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. Conduction involves transfer of energy between 2 materials.

Transfer of energy is from the cooling agent to the patient's extremity.

As long as a scar exhibits a rosier appearance than normal, remodeling is underway. True or False

True

Being engaged in a purposeful activity may reduce a person?s perception of pain, for example cooking, hobbies, and the like. True or False

True

Elderly people often suffer unnecessarily, because health care providers assume their pain is part of the aging process. True or False

True

Mobilization aimed at breaking scar tissue will create a new wound with further scar formation. True or False

True

An increase of 10oF will increase the cell's metabolic rate

Twofold

What is the INITIAL vascular response that occurs with the application of cold? Release of bradykinin and prostaglandins Vasodilation of arterioles Vasoconstriction of arterioles Proliferation of epithelial and connective tissue

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

A drug allergy occurs:

When the body sees the drug as an antigen and an immune response is established against the drug.

What causes electric current to flow?

When there is an imbalance in electrons in two distinct locations

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the dermis? sebaceous glands adipose tissue hair follicles fingernails

adipose tissue

The basic properties of the electrical current flow are the _____ and the _____ of the current.

amplitude; duration

The 2 major layers of the skin are the _____ and _____.

epidermis and dermis

The stratum basale (also called the stratum germinativum) lies just above the dermis and

is the primary site for regeneration of the epithelium.

The tension theory refers to internal and external stresses that affect the wound area during the remodeling phase. Physical changes in scar length can be achieved through

low load, long duration application of stress