Para pro: Writing skills and knowledge

What Are The Purposes of writing?

1 To entertain 2 To persuade or convince 3 To educate or inform

What is Looping?

1 Write for five minutes without stopping 2 find the strongest or most reccuring theme that can be summarized in a single sentence. This is the starting point for the next sentence 3 Start with a summary then write for five minutes, this will give way to a third loop 4 Repeat until a new idea or approach emerges

What are Secondary sources?

Consists of oral and written accounts prepared by others. This includes reports, summaries, critical reviews, and other sources not developed by the researcher.

How to use Proofreading?

Correcting grammar, spelling, and punctuation

Generalizing

Is drawing conclusions from an array of facts using inductive reasoning. These conclusions are a probability, not a certainty.

How do you Examine Sentences?

Sentences can be varied by paying attention to sentence length. openings, and structure. Varying these elements keep your work from feeling boring, choppy, or repetitive. Careful analysis of a writing will expose stylistic problems, so they can be corrected before the final draft. Varying the sentence structure and length can make writing more appealing and inviting to the reader.

How to use Reviewers in the classroom?

The use of reviewers is either in increasing sometimes or perhaps at an academic writing center. Peer review sessions are sometimes scheduled for class. and for opportunity to hear what students feel about other students feel about a piece of writing.

Euphemisms

These use pleasant sounding words to replace hash or ugly language. Euphemisms are wordy and indirect, clouding meaning through "pretty words". These are usually used as conventions when speaking about certain subjects like. death, bodily functions, and sex.

What is a Formal Outline?

-Introduction, body, and conclusions -A more formal outline is needed leads to an easier transition to a draft, but it can also limit the new possibilities that may arise as the plan unfolds.

How to evaluate the Draft?

1) It should be determinded wether sufffceint research was done to properly develop the assignment,. Are there areas that call for additional information? 2) What are the major strengths of the draft? Are there any obvious weaknesses? How can this be fixed? 3) Who is the audience for this work and how well does the material appeal to them? 4) Does the material actually accompolis the goals of the assignment? If not, what needs to be done?

How to Use Paragraph Breaks?

1) To mark off the introduction and concluding paragraphs. 2) To signal a shift to a new idea or topic. 3) To indicate an important shift in time or place. 4)To emphasize a point by re-positioning a major sentence. 5) To highlight a comparison, contrast, or cause and effect relationship.

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Hasty Gerneralization

A conclusion based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence. This is common because the human tendency to perceive selectively. Observations are made through a filter of preconceptions, prejudices, and attitudes.

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Major premise = Generalization Minor premise = Specific Case Conclusion = Applying generalizations to the specific case. Deductive arguments fail if either the major or minor premise are not true, or if the conclusion does not logically follow from the premise.

Paragraphs

A group of sentences relating to a single idea or topic. Each paragraph should contain a topic sentence and a concluding sentence. A paragraph of two or three sentences is not enough, An occasional short paragraph is fine, particularly if used as a transitional device.

What Are Some Brainstorming Techniques?

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas -If is done without analytical thinking, just recording what arises in the mind about a topic

How Do You Do Free Writing?

A more structured form of brain storming -It explores a topic by writing about it for a certain period of time without stopping -It may make little or no sense, but insights and observations may emerge that the writer may not know existed in his mind.

either/or fallacy

A person provides only two possible options or sides, without considering all other possible choices.

Allusions

A reference within a text to some person, place, or event outside the text. Allusions may be used to summarize an important idea or point out a contrast between contemporary life and a heroic past. Example 1: The parallels in James Joyce's 'Ulysses', in which the heroic deeds in the "Odyssey" are compared to banal aspects of everyday life in Dublin. Example 2: May be used to summarize an important line, from "King Kong", "It was beauty that killed the beast."

Jargon

A specialized language used among members of a trade, profession, or group. Jargon should be avoided and used only when the audience will be familiar with the language. Jargon includes the exaggerated language usually designed to impress rather than inform. Sentences filled with jargon are both wordy and difficult to understand. Jargon is commonly used in such institutions such as the military, politics, sports, and art.

What is a Hypothesis?

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. A research question must be manageable, specific, and interesting. It must also be argumentative, capable of being proved or disproved by research. It is helpful to explore a topic with background reading, and notes. Do this before formulating a research question and hypothesis. The process includes brainstorming, free-writing, and scanning your memory and experience for information.

Assumptions

A thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.

What are Global Revisions?

Addresses the larger elements of writing; They usually affect paragraphs or sections, and may involve condensing or merging sections of text to improve meaning and flow

What is the Voice in writing?

Appeals to audience, appropriate, for subject, conforms to conventions of genre. lab reports, informal essays, research papers, business memos, and so on. If there are doubts in research, read from the experts in that field, this may help for a particular writing. Examine models of the works written by experts in the field. These models can serve as examples for form and style for a particular type of writing.

What are Persuading questions to a topic?

Can claims be refuted? What claims can be made? What assumptions support the claims?

Cliche's

Cliche's are sentences and phrases that have been overused to the point of triviality. They offer no originality and add very little to modern writing. Writers should avoid cliche's whenever possible.

How to Observe Data?

Collecting data in direct observation, noting phenomena in an objective manner and recording it. Before starting the process certain things must be accomplished. 1) Determine the purpose of the observation and review the research question hypothesis to see that they relate to each other. 2) Set a limited time for observations 3) Develop a system for recording information in a useful manner 4) Obtain proper materials for taking notes. 5) Consider the use of cameras. video recorders, or audio tape recorders.

What is Editing?

Common problems in editing are: shifting tenses, misplaces commas, and misspelled words. You should also follow a checklist of common problems that need to be addressed.

Straw Man Fallacy

Consists of an oversimplification or distortion of opposing views. Is one of the most obviously and easily uncovered since it relies on gross distortion. It sets up an argument so weak that it is easily refuted.

How do you perform Research?

Critical inquiry, investigations based on sources of knowledge 1 Everyone does research, no matter if it is a movie, car, book, etc 2 Good research draws a person into conversation about a topic. Results are more knowledge about a topic, understanding different sides of an issue, being able to discuss intelligently nuances of a topic. 3 Research is always driven by a purpose. Reasons may vary to solving a problem to advocating a position., but research is almost always goal oriented 4 Research is shaped by purpose, and in turn the fruits of research refine the research further 5 Research is usually not a linear process, it is modified and changed by the results it yields.

Doublespeak

Evasive or descriptive language, particularly favored by politicians. It is also common in journalism, advertising, and political polemics. It should be avoided by serious writers. examples: "Reducing costs" instead of "cutting your salary" "Violent extremism" instead of "abject terrorism" "Gently used" instead of "used and horribly beaten up" "Extrajudicial killing" instead of "assassination" "Detainee" instead of "prisoner of war" "Collateral damage" instead of "multiple fatalities" "Pre-emptive strike" instead of "unprovoked attack" "Negative cash flow" instead of "broke" "Enhanced interrogation" instead of "torture" "Shabby chic" instead of "old and worn" "A bit shaky" instead of "very poor quality" "Ethnic cleansing" instead of "genocide" "Ill advised" instead of "a terrible idea"

What is Social Perspective?

For young adolescents social relationships are of primary importance. It is common for younger students to imposer their own social attitudes on a text, which helps them explore how the understanding of text is colored by social attitudes and experience.

How To Meet Deadlines?

Help a writer budget their time to complete the assignment on schedule

History

History is more than remembering dates, events, and historical figures. Students learn to think historically, considering different explanations for events, or cause and effect relationships in tracing a sequence of events. Literature offers an opportunity to apply historical knowledge in the context of work.

How do you Choose a topic?

If the topic is too broad, focus on an aspect of a topic when narrowing it down. to make it manageable

What is textual perspective?

Implies readers are taking a perspective or stance on a text. Then examining the ways the the separate parts of the text and structure. Textual perspectives must be used as part of the overall learning. It excludes both the authors life and the knowledge in their engagement of their work. It also includes the texts and the ways it shapes the students perspective. Things like previous knowledge, social acculturation, facts, etc. Can shape the the way a reader views the text.

Composition

Includes activities to achievement of literacy, transmission of culture, preparation for writing skills in the workplace, and writing as a mode of personal expression and identity.

Counter Arguments

It is helpful to review opposing arguments and attempt to counter them. Objections can be countered on a point by point basis. Pointing out flaws in counter arguments is important, as is showing the counter arguments is important, as is showing the counter arguments to have less weight than the supported thesis. Common ground with neutral or opposed readers can make a strong case. Sharing values with undecided readers can allow people to switch positions without giving up what they feel is important. People who may oppose a position need to feel they can change their minds without compromising their intelligence or their integrity. The appeal to open-mindedness can be a powerful tool in arguing a position without antagonizing opposing views.

What Are Literary Resources?

Libraries, journals internet, research papers Strategies: Brainstorm, looping, free writing, questioning

How to prepare for literary tests?

Literary tests measure the groups performance as a whole; while literary assessments focus on an individuals performance.

What are research interviews?

Make sure you know the purpose of the interview and check it against the research question and the hypothesis. Set up the interview in advance Make a list of questions and try to on peers before the interview. Prepare a copy of your questions and leave room for notes. Record the date, time, and subject of the interview. It should be taken in a business like manner, only taking an allotted time. Follow up questions should be asked whenever appropriate. Be mindful at all times of the research question and hypothesis.

How to use coherence in writing?

Make your paragraphs without gaps, shifts, or bumps leads to paragraph coherence. 1) Linking the topic sentence to the body of the paragraph is essential for a smooth transition. The topic sentence(states the main point), and should be followed by specific details, examples, and illustrations that support the topic sentence. 2) Repetition of key words ads coherence. To avoid making it seem dull, use variations of keywords may be used. 3) Parallel structures are often used within sentences to emphasize the similarity of ideas and connect sentences giving similar information. Minimize shifting sentences from one verb tense to another.

What are Formal Outline Tools?

May be useful if the subject is complex, and includes many elements. 1 Always put the thesis at the top so it may be referred to as often as necessary during the outline 2 Make subjects similar in generality as parallel as possible in the formal outline 3 Use complete sentences rather than fragments or phrases in the outline. 4 Use the conventional system of letters and numbers to designate letters of generality 5 There should be at least two subdivisions for each category in the formal outline 6 Limit the number of major sections in the outline. If there are too many major sections, combine some of them and supplement with additional sub-categories 7 Remember the formal outline is still subject to change; remain flexible throughout the process

What is Chronological Organization?

Most common presentation of information. This method places information in the sequence in which it occurs. Chronological orginization is very useful in explaining a process that occurs in a step by step pattern.

fallacious argument

Most fallacies are misguided uses of legitimate argumentative arguments. When a number of unreasonable arguments are used, are called logical fallacies.

How do you Examine paragraphs?

Paragraphs are a key structural unit of prose utilized to break up long stretches of words into more manageable subsets, and to indicate a shift in topics or a topic of focus. Each paragraphed may be examined by identifying the main point of the section and ensuring that every sentence supports or relates to the main theme. Paragraphs may be checked for organization and make sure the number of sentences are adequate to develop the topic.

Analogies

Point out two similarities between disparate things. Each compared thing must be independently verified to make the the argument valid. False Analogies say that when two things are alike in one respect, they must be alike in others.

How To Use Questioning well?

Provides a more structured approach to investigate a subject Questions Describe, explain, or Persuade

How to draft the research essay?

Read the purpose, audience, and scope of the essay before writing it. Formal outlines use a format of "thesis statement", "Main Topic", and "Supporting Idea".

Topical Allusions

Refer to events more or less contemporary with the text are called topical allusions.

Personal Allusions

Refers to specific persons are called personal allusions.

How to Revise Sentences?

Revisions are done to make writing more effective. Revising sentences is usually best done on a computer, where it is possible to try several versions easily. A combination of software programs and writer awareness is necessary to insure and error free manuscript.

What is Topical Perspective?

Students integrate their background into topics they are currently studying to increase their engagement. Thinking about literature from other topical point of view helps students understand it enhances their learning in other courses and their experience of both literature and life.

What are Describing questions to a topic?

Such as, "What is it?", "What caused it?", "What is it like or unlike?", "What do people say about it?" help explore a topic systematically

How To Do Writing Preparation?

Takes into account the purpose of a writing, exploring a topic, developing a working thesis, gathering necessary materials, and developing plans for organizing the writing.

What is the Body Paragraph?

The body of the essay should fulfill the promise of the introduction and thesis. If an informal outiline has not been done, now is the time for a more formal one. Construcing the formal outline will create a framework of the paper. Using this method is much easier to fill out the body of an essay.. It is useful to block out the paragraphs based on the outline, to insure they contain all the supporting points, and are in the appropriate sequence.

What is the Conclusion Paragraph?

The conclusion of the essay, should remind readers of the main point., without belaboring it. It may be relatively as the body of the text, has already "made the case" for the thesis. A conclusion can summarize the main points, and offer the advice or ask a question. Never introduce new ideas in a conclusion. Avoid vague and desultory endings, instead closing with a crisp, often positve, note. A dramatic or rhetorical flourish can end a piece colorfully.

What is Cultural and historical context?

The cultural knowledge and background of readers affects their response to text. These can be related to subcultures such as: peer group, mass media, school, religion, and politics. Cultural experiences/elements influence the readers reactions to events, as well as their response to literature. Placing works in their proper cultural setting can make a work more understandable. and provoke a reader's interest. These factors can also increase their interest in how the readers cultural background impacts the engagement with the text.

Introductions to argumentative writing

The introduction should end with the thesis statement that states a position on the issue. By showing expert knowledge and fair mindedness. Building common ground with undecided and neutral readers helps.. Evidence must be provided for both the thesis and supporting arguments. Evidence based on reading should be documented to show the sources. Readers must know how to check sources for accuracy for validaty and accuracy.

What is a First Draft?

The more detailed the formal or informal outline is, the easier it is to transition to the first draft. The process of drafting is a learning one, and planning, organizing, and research may be ongoing. Drafting is an evaluative process as well. The whole project will be under scrutiny as the draft develops. -Remember the writers atmosphere can impact a writer's comfort and productivity

What is Recursive nature?

The process unfolds naturally, without attention or dependence on a predetermined sequence. Forthcoming topics will cover many parts of the process individually, but they go on together as a seamless flow Writing process parts are often seamlessly flowing, influencing each other without clear boundaries

What is scientific knowledge?

Their description of carefully observed phenomena can be used to described a piece of writing. Understanding the scientific method gives readers' an opportunity to impose this process of events narrated in literature. The validity of events may be tested in the students' mind to assess the 'reality', of the text. For example, in the reading of 'Frankenstein' or 'Dr.Faust, many issues can be raised about the responsibilities of scientists in conducting experiments.

Evaluating student writing?

There are three basic goals when it comes to evaluating a student's work. 1) Provide a students a description of what they are doing when they respond 2) To provide a pathway for potential improvement 3) To help students learn to evaluate themselves

First and Last Paragraphs

These are the introduction and conclusion and tend to be shorter than the paragraphs in the body of the work. Use one point per paragraph in short essays. In longer essays use a few paragraphs, or a group per point. Paragraphs that are too long may be divided and shorter ones combined.

What is Spatial organization?

This is useful as it lets the user "See" the information, to fix it in space. This has benefits for those individuals who are visually adeptat processing info.

How to Assess Attitudes towards Literature?

To better teach literature, it is best to assess a classes attitude toward reading and studying text. This can be done by interviewing a group or individual interviews encouraging their students to discuss their feelings. You should also try to find ways to make reading more fun, engaging, and interesting to the class or individual.

What are Transitions in writing?

Transitions are bridges between what has been read and what is about to be read. Transitions also smooth the reading experience, informing readers of major connections to new incoming ideas. Transitional phrases should be used with care, and the tone should be varied based on the types of audiences. When writing, writers will find when transition is needed, and when the flow becomes rough or uneven.

What is a Thesis statement?

Two parts a topic and a comment. -Should be specific and narrowed to a manageable scope -Should be a generalization rather than a fact, should be neither too broad or too narrow in scope -Prepares readers for facts and details, but may not be a fact itself. -A sharp focus, avoid vague, ambivalent language -Use blueprinting( A way to control the shape and sequence of the paper by outlining major sections) 1 Is the topic of sufficient interest to hold an audience? 2 Is the topic specific enough to generate interest? 3 Is the topic manageable? Too broad? Too narrow? Can it be adequately researched?

Sexist Language

Uses stereotypes that demeans men or women, usually women. Writers should avoid referring to a profession as being basically male or female, and using different conventions when referring to men and women.

What are standardized achievement tests?

Yield grade-level equivalent and percentile scores; grade-level-shows how student achievement compares to the achievement of all other students of the same grade level percentile-reported as a number between 0 and 100; the higher the percentile, the better the relative performance

How to support the Thesis?

-It is important that a thesis be clearly expounded and adequately supported by additional points. The thesis sentence should contain a clear statement of a major theme and comment about the thesis. -Particular attention should be paid to insuring the orginization properly uses the thesis and supporting points. -It can be useful to outline the draft after writing, to insure that each parapgraph leads smoothly leads to the next, and that the thesis is continually supported.(This will help the visual presentation of the argument and its flow)

How To Understand Assignments?

1 What specifically is the assignment asking the writer to do? 2 What info or knowledge is necessary to fulfill the assignment 3 Can the topic be broadened or limited to more effectively complete the assignment? 4 Are specific parameters required for this project? 5 What is the purpose of this assignment? 6 Who is the intended audience of this work? 7 What is the length of this assignment? Does it require or limit a certain number of pages? 8 What is the deadline of this assignment? Sometimes preliminary materials are to be submitted before the main assignment Considering these factors will give a writer info need to set a schedule for the project.

What are the Title, introduction and conclusion?

1) A good title can identify the subject, describe it in a colorful manner, and give clues to the approach and sometimes the conclusion of the writing. It usually defines the work in the mind of the reader 2) A strong introduction follows the lead of the title; it draws the readers into the state of the topic with a clarifying moment. A common style is to thesis at the end. An introduction can also begin with an arresting quote, question, or strong opinion. Which grabs the readers attention. 3) A good conclusion should leave readers satisified and provide a sense of closure. Many conclusions restate the thesis and formulate the general staatements that grow out of it. Writers often find ways to conclude in a dramatic fashion, through a vivid images, quotation, or a warning. This is in an effort to give the ending the "Punch", to the up any existing points.

Organizing Information correctly?

1) Classification- Grouping information by category based on consistent information/context. 2) Division- Takes items and divides it into parts. Division must be based on valid and consistent principle. Example: A body may be divided into various body systems easily, nit not as easily divided into body functions, because the other categories overlap. 3) Definition- Classifies a concept or word in a general group, then distinguishes it from other members of the group.

How to conduct Classroom Research?

1) Create a research question related to literature instructions or responses. 2) Summarize the theory and research related to the topic. 3) Describe the participants, setting, tasks, and methods of analysis. 4) Summarize the results of research in a graph, table, or report. 5) Interpret or give reasons for the results 6) Draw conclusions from the results that suggest ways to improve instruction and evaluations

What is Objective Criticism?

1) Does the introduction catch the reader's attention? How can it be improved? 2) Is the thesis clearly stated and supported by additional points? 3) What type of orginizational plan is used? Is it appropriate for the subject? 4) Are paragraphs well developed and is there a smooth transition between them? 5) Are the sentences well written and convey the appropriate meaning? 6) Are words used effectively and colorfully in the text? 7) What is the tone of the writing? Is is appropriate to the audience and the subject 8) Is the conclusion satisfactory? Is there a sense of compeletion that the work is finished? 9) What are the main strengths and weaknesses of the writing? Are there specific suggestions for improvement?

What are logical organization Tools?

1) Illustrations may be used to support the thesis. Examples are the most common form of this orginization. 2) Definations say what is or is not in another way of orginization. What are the characteristics of the topic? 3) Dividing or Classifying info into seperate items according to their similarities is a common eeffective organizing method. 4) Comparing, focusing no the similarities of the things, and contrasting, highlighting, highlighting the differences between things is an excellent tool to use with certain kinds of information 5) Cause and effect is a simple tool to logically understand relationships between things. A phenomenon may be traced to its causes for organizing a subject logically. 6) Problem and solution is simple and effective manner of logically organizing material. It is very commonly used and lucidly presents information.

Reviewing The Draft?

1) Introduction- Is the reader's attention gained and hold by the introduction? 2) Thesis- Does the essay fulfill the promise of the thesis? Is it strong enough? 3) Main Points- List the main points, and rank them in order of importance. 4) Organization- What is the organizing principle of the essay? Does it work? 5) Supporting Information- Is the thesis adequately supported? It the thesis convincing? 6) Source Material- Are there adequate sources and are they smoothly integrated into the essay? 7) Conclusion- Does the conclusion have sufficient power? Does it summarize the essay well? 8) Paragraphs, sentences, and words- review all these for effectiveness in promoting the thesis. 9) Overall Review- Evaluate the essays strength and weaknesses. What revisions are needed?

What are the Types of paragraphs?

1) Narrative paragraphs- Tell a story or part of a story, they are usually arranged in chronological order. 2) Descriptive Paragraphs- Paints a verbal picture of a person, place, or thing, using specific details or appealing to the senses. Appealing with the senses makes the reader more present and observing of the work. 3) Process Paragraphs- Is related in time order, generally chronological. It usually describes describes a process or teaches readers how to perform the process. 4) Comparing can draw attention to two subjects similarities or indicate differences. Contrasting on the other hand focuses only on differences. Comparing and contrasting may be examined point by point, or in succeeding paragraphs

What are the Components of a teacher's response to evaluating a student's work?

1) Praise- Provide positive reinforcement that will help raise a student's confidence. You should reward effort more than talent, you should also be very specific about which aspects you are praising. 2) Describing- Providing feedback on teacher responses. This is best done in a controversial, non-judgmental mode. 3) Diagnosing- Determining the students unique set of strengths, attitudes, needs, and abilities. The evaluation should take into consideration all elements of the student. 4 Judging-Evaluating the level, depth, insightfulness, completeness, and validity of a students responses. This evaluation will depend on criteria implied in the instructional approach 5) Predicting- Predicting the potential improvement of students based on specific criteria. 6) Record-keeping- Is recording a student's interest. attitudes, and use of literary strategies, in order to chart student progress. Both qualitative and quantitative assessments may be used. 7) Recognition- Giving students recognition for growth and progress.

Modern Language Association style(MLA Style Guide)

1) Works cited- A list of only works actually cited on a separate page. This will include the author's name, title, and publication information. The publication information must list: the location of the publisher, the publisher's name, and publication date 2) Parenthetical Citations- MLA style uses parenthetical citations following each quotation, reference, paraphrase, or summary to a source. Each citation is made of the author's last name and page reference, which can be found in works cited. 3) Explanatory Notes- Are numbered consecutively, and identified by superscript numbers in text. Full notes may appear as footnotes and endnotes at the bottom of the page

What is the Introduction paragraph?

An introduction announces the main point of the work. It will usually be a paragrap of 50-150 words, to engage the reader, and conclude with the essay's main point. The sentence stating the main point is called the thesis. If possible, the sentences leading to the thesis shoud attract attention with a provocative question, vivid image, descriptions, paradoxical statement, quotation, ancedote, or a question. The thesis could also appear at the beginning of the introduction. There are some types of writing that do not led themselves to stating a thesis in one sentence. Personal Narratives and some types of business writing may be better served by conveying an overriding purpose of the text, which may or may notbe stated directly. The important point is to impress the audience with the rationale for the writing.

What are Primary Sources?

Are raw materials of research. Which can include notes, results of experiments, and surveys of interviews done by the researcher. Other primary resources are books, letters, diaries, eye witness accounts, and performances attended by the researcher.

Supporting evidence

Arguments must be supported by facts and statistics. Examples and illustrations may add an emotional component, reaching in ways facts and figures can not. It is good to read statistics by reading both sides of an argument. Expert opinion can contribute or a position on a question. The source should be an authority whose credentials are beyond dispute. Expert testimony can be quoted directly or summarized. Sometimes it may be necessary to provide the Expert's credentials.

How to Assessing instructional methods?

Assessing the methods of a school, district, or state can help determine instructional goals relative to overall system goals. -Analysis of student's perception or guided response, and activities. To determine which were the most effective. -Analysis of student's of small and large group discussions. -A teacher's self analysis of their own taped, written, or conference feedback to a student's writing. -Interviews student's about their background experiences, responses, and attitudes. -Evaluating student's responses to texts commonly used in their instruction.

How to examine points of view?

First Person- Written so the "I" of the story is a participant or observer Second Person- Is a device to draw the reader in more closely, it is really thee variation or refinement of the first person narritve(using "you", "your", "you're") Third Person- The most traditional form of third person is is the "ominiscent narrator", in which the narrative voice,(presumed to be the author), is assumed to know everthing about the characters, plot, and action. Most novels use this point of view. Multiple Points of Veiw- The narration is delivered from the perspective of several characters Stream of consciousness technique- is when the interrior monologue provides the narration through the thoughts, impressions, and fantasies of the narrator.

What is Logical Organization?

Includes presenting material in a logical pattern that makes intuitive sense. Some patterns that are frequently used are illustrated, definition, compare/contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution, and division/classification

post hoc fallacy

Post Hoc fallacy traces cause and effect writers often over-simplify it. A common error is to assume that because one event follows another, the first is caused by the second. It is not enough to note that one followed the other. examples: 1. Our soccer team was losing until I bought new shoes. We have not lost a game since I got my lucky shoes! 2. I sneezed at the same time the power went off. My sneeze did something to make the power go off. 3. The football team lost last week, and now this week's pep rally is cancelled. I can't believe that the principal would do that! (In reality the pep rally was cancelled because of a required standardized test.) 4. Kevin's dog scratched his leg, and that night he had a fever. Kevin concluded that his dog must have infected him with something. 5. Lois and Jan did a "snow dance" one afternoon, and it snowed that night. They claimed to have brought the snow. 6. Willie wore blue socks to football practice, and he did not drop the ball a single time. Willie decides to wear blue socks to every football practice. 7. Katie's little brother laughed at the same time that Katie spilled her juice. She yelled at him for causing her to spill her juice. 8. The temperature has dropped this morning, and I also have a headache. The cold weather must be causing my headache.

Argumentative Writing

Presents a claim, and supports the claim using an argument based on evidence. They should be direct, organized, spoken plainly, and propose a solution to a problem. Argumentative writing takes on a debatable issue. It seeks the best possible solution after hearing both sides of the argument. It should not be combative but at its strongest assertive.

Pretentious Language

Pretentious language is an attempt to sound profound, poetic, elegant, or impressive. Some writers embroider their work with fancy typography, inflated language. and pretentious wordage. It is often so ornate and wordy, that it obscures the true meaning.

Lengths of Paragraphs?

The comfort level for readers is between 100-200 words. Shorter paragraphs start and stop too often giving a choppy effect. Paragraphs that are too long wear out the reader's attention span. Science and research papers use longer paragraphs for seriousness and depth. While journalists use restrictions by using columns and a narrow format.

How do you Examine tone

Tone is the atttude toward the topic and/or the audience; the attitude is reflected in the language of the writing. The tone should be appropriate to the topic and intended audience, do not use an ambiguous tone as it makes the work harder to understand. Be careful not to use slang or jargon, especially in formal writings. Tone can range from humorous to serious, which may have to do with the type of writing and its formality. As the work evolves all these influence can change the overall flow and style of the writing. Tone is distinguished from mood, which is the feeling the writing evokes. Mood, often depends on the manner in which words and language are employed by the writer. .Mood and tone both add richness and texture to the writing.

What is Library Research?

Use index cards or notepads for documentation. Create a system for reviewing the data. Use key words to trigger responses from sources. 1) Consult the references librarian from sources and leads. 2)Select appropriate general and specific reference books for examination. There are tons of specialized encyclopedias to assist in research. 3)Survey biographical dictionaries and indexes for information. 4) Review almanacs, yearbooks, and statistical data 5) Scan periodical indexes for articles on the research topic. 6) Determine if there are specialized indexes and abstract that may be helpful 7) Review the computer or card catalog for relevant references.

Figures of Speech

Uses words imaginatively rather than literally to make abstract ideas concrete. It compares unlike things to reveal surprising similarities. The result can be a mixed metaphor(a combination of two or more images that do not make sense together.)

What are Surveys?

Usually in the forms of questionnaires which have the advantage of speed and rapid compilation of data. Tie the questionnaire to the research question as closely as possible, and include questions which will bear on the hypothesis. 1) Determine the best audience and how to reach them. 2) Draft questions that will provide short, specific answers 3) Test the questions on friends or peers 4)Remember to include the deadline for return of the questionnaire 5) Format the questionnaire so that it is clear and easily compiled. 6) Carefully proofread the questionnaire and insure that it is neatly reproduced.

What are Explaining Questions to a topic?

Who, how, and what is it? Where does it end and begin? How is it done? What is it at issue?

How to Examine Words?

Word choice is a signature of the writers style. Attention to use of specific nouns rather than general ones can enliven language. Verbs should be active whenever possible to keep the writing strong and energetic; there should also be a balance numbers of nouns and verbs. Too many nouns can result in heavy, boring sentences.

How to use Writing Conventions?

include spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, and paragraphing. They improve the readability of a paper or book. Without these things a piece of writing would be difficult to read. These are guidelines which can be helpful with specific formats and styles.

Slang

informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions. They also represent the exclusivity of a group such as: musicians. sports fans. teenagers, etc. This should be avoided in formal writing. Jargon or slang should only be used for specialized audiences.