Part 2: Chpt. 24-24.3: Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

substrate-level

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—_________________ phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

oxidative

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and _____________ phosphorylation.

most of the energy

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is more complicated, but it releases ________________ that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation, which is carried out by electron transport proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membranes, is an example of a chemiosmotic process. Chemiosmotic processes couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions.

electron transport

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is more complicated, but it releases most of the energy that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation, which is carried out by __________________proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membranes, is an example of a chemiosmotic process. Chemiosmotic processes couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions.

inner mitochondrial

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is more complicated, but it releases most of the energy that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation, which is carried out by electron transport proteins embedded in the ___________________ membranes, is an example of a chemiosmotic process. Chemiosmotic processes couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions.

chemiosmotic

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is more complicated, but it releases most of the energy that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation, which is carried out by electron transport proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membranes, is an example of a ________________process. ______________________ processes couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions.

high-energy

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when _________________ phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even more unstable than those in ATP. ATP is synthesized by this route twice during glycolysis, and once during each turn of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

phosphorylated

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from ______________________ substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even more unstable than those in ATP. ATP is synthesized by this route twice during glycolysis, and once during each turn of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

more unstable

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even __________________ than those in ATP. ATP is synthesized by this route twice during glycolysis, and once during each turn of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

twice during glycolysis

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even more unstable than those in ATP. ATP is synthesized by this route __________________, and once during each turn of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

once;citric acid cycle

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even more unstable than those in ATP. ATP is synthesized by this route twice during glycolysis, and _______________during each turn of the ___________________. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

ATP

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even more unstable than those in ATP. ________________ is synthesized by this route twice during glycolysis, and once during each turn of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

ADP

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to _______________. Essentially, this process occurs because the high-energy bonds attaching the phosphate groups to the substrates are even more unstable than those in ATP. ATP is synthesized by this route twice during glycolysis, and once during each turn of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylations are located in both the cytosol (where glycolysis occurs) and in the watery matrix inside the mitochondria (where the citric acid cycle takes place).

Oxidative

ATP Synthesis How do our cells capture some of the energy liberated during cellular respiration to make ATP molecules? There are two mechanisms—substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. _______________phosphorylation is more complicated, but it releases most of the energy that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration. _______________ phosphorylation, which is carried out by electron transport proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membranes, is an example of a chemiosmotic process. Chemiosmotic processes couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions.

build

Anabolism (ah-nab′o-lizm) is the general term for all reactions that ______________ larger molecules or structures from smaller ones, such as the bonding together of amino acids to build proteins.

break down

Catabolism (kah-tab′o-lizm) refers to all processes that ___________________ complex structures to simpler ones—for example, the hydrolysis of foods in the digestive tract.

energy

Cells use ___________ to extract more ___________ from foods, and then use some of this extracted _____________ to drive their activities. Even at rest, the body uses ______________ on a grand scale.

rest

Cells use energy to extract more energy from foods, and then use some of this extracted energy to drive their activities. Even at r__________, the body uses energy on a grand scale.

Hydrogen

Consider a molecule made up of a _____________ atom plus some other kinds of atoms. _____________ is very electropositive, so its lone electron usually spends more time orbiting the other atoms of the molecule. But when a hydrogen atom is removed, its electron goes with it, and the molecule as a whole loses that electron.

electropositive

Consider a molecule made up of a hydrogen atom plus some other kinds of atoms. Hydrogen is very ____________________, so its lone electron usually spends more time orbiting the other atoms of the molecule. But when a hydrogen atom is removed, its electron goes with it, and the molecule as a whole loses that electron.

orbiting

Consider a molecule made up of a hydrogen atom plus some other kinds of atoms. Hydrogen is very electropositive, so its lone electron usually spends more time _______________ the other atoms of the molecule. But when a hydrogen atom is removed, its electron goes with it, and the molecule as a whole loses that electron.

loses

Consider a molecule made up of a hydrogen atom plus some other kinds of atoms. Hydrogen is very electropositive, so its lone electron usually spends more time orbiting the other atoms of the molecule. But when a hydrogen atom is removed, its electron goes with it, and the molecule as a whole _______________ that electron.

pairs of hydrogen

Essentially all oxidation of food fuels involves the step-by-step removal of ________________ atoms (with their electrons) from the substrate molecules, eventually leaving only carbon dioxide (CO2). Molecular oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor. It combines with the removed hydrogen atoms at the very end of the process, to form water (H2O).

electrons

Essentially all oxidation of food fuels involves the step-by-step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms (with their ____________) from the substrate molecules, eventually leaving only carbon dioxide (CO2). Molecular oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor. It combines with the removed hydrogen atoms at the very end of the process, to form water (H2O).

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Essentially all oxidation of food fuels involves the step-by-step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms (with their electrons) from the substrate molecules, eventually leaving only ___________________. Molecular oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor. It combines with the removed hydrogen atoms at the very end of the process, to form water (H2O).

oxygen (O2)

Essentially all oxidation of food fuels involves the step-by-step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms (with their electrons) from the substrate molecules, eventually leaving only carbon dioxide (CO2). Molecular ______________ is the final electron acceptor. It combines with the removed hydrogen atoms at the very end of the process, to form water (H2O).

water (H2O)

Essentially all oxidation of food fuels involves the step-by-step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms (with their electrons) from the substrate molecules, eventually leaving only carbon dioxide (CO2). Molecular oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor. It combines with the removed hydrogen atoms at the very end of the process, to form _____________).

oxidation

In this case-chemiosmotic processes, some of the energy released during the _________________ of food fuels (the "chemi" part of chemiosmotic) is used to pump (osmo = push) protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This creates a steep concentration gradient for protons across the membrane. Then, when H+ flows back across the membrane (through a membrane channel protein called ATP synthase), some of this gradient energy is captured and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP.

pump

In this case-chemiosmotic processes, some of the energy released during the oxidation of food fuels (the "chemi" part of chemiosmotic) is used to _____________ (osmo = push) protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This creates a steep concentration gradient for protons across the membrane. Then, when H+ flows back across the membrane (through a membrane channel protein called ATP synthase), some of this gradient energy is captured and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP.

protons (H+)

In this case-chemiosmotic processes, some of the energy released during the oxidation of food fuels (the "chemi" part of chemiosmotic) is used to pump (osmo = push) _________________ across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This creates a steep concentration gradient for protons across the membrane. Then, when H+ flows back across the membrane (through a membrane channel protein called ATP synthase), some of this gradient energy is captured and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP.

intermembrane

In this case-chemiosmotic processes, some of the energy released during the oxidation of food fuels (the "chemi" part of chemiosmotic) is used to pump (osmo = push) protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the ____________________ space. This creates a steep concentration gradient for protons across the membrane. Then, when H+ flows back across the membrane (through a membrane channel protein called ATP synthase), some of this gradient energy is captured and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP.

steep concentration

In this case-chemiosmotic processes, some of the energy released during the oxidation of food fuels (the "chemi" part of chemiosmotic) is used to pump (osmo = push) protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This creates a ____________________ gradient for protons across the membrane. Then, when H+ flows back across the membrane (through a membrane channel protein called ATP synthase), some of this gradient energy is captured and used to attach phosphate groups to ADP.

attach phosphate

In this case-chemiosmotic processes, some of the energy released during the oxidation of food fuels (the "chemi" part of chemiosmotic) is used to pump (osmo = push) protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This creates a steep concentration gradient for protons across the membrane. Then, when H+ flows back across the membrane (through a membrane channel protein called ATP synthase), some of this gradient energy is captured and used to __________________groups to ADP.

enzymes

Like all other chemical reactions in the body, redox reactions are catalyzed by ______________. Those that catalyze redox reactions in which hydrogen atoms are removed are called dehydrogenases (de-hi′dro-jen-ās″ez), while enzymes catalyzing the transfer of oxygen are oxidases

dehydrogenases

Like all other chemical reactions in the body, redox reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Those that catalyze redox reactions in which hydrogen atoms are removed are called ______________________, while enzymes catalyzing the transfer of oxygen are oxidases

oxidases

Like all other chemical reactions in the body, redox reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Those that catalyze redox reactions in which hydrogen atoms are removed are called dehydrogenases (de-hi′dro-jen-ās″ez), while enzymes catalyzing the transfer of oxygen are _________________

oxidation

Many of the reactions that take place within cells are ______________ reactions

catabolic

Metabolic processes are either ###### (synthetic, ####) or ______________ (degradative, tearing down).

anabolic

Metabolic processes are either ________________ (synthetic, building up) or ##### (degradative, tearing down).

degradative

Metabolic processes are either anabolic (synthetic, #####) or catabolic (_______________, tearing down).

building up

Metabolic processes are either anabolic (synthetic, _______________) or catabolic (#######).

hydrogen (hold on or bond to it)

Most of these enzymes (the ones needed in Oxidation and redux reactions) require the help of a specific coenzyme, typically derived from one of the B vit Although the enzymes catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms to oxidize a substance, they cannot accept the __________________. Their coenzymes, however, can act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors, becoming reduced each time a substrate is oxidized.

hydrogen (or electron)

Most of these enzymes (the ones needed in Oxidation and redux reactions) require the help of a specific coenzyme, typically derived from one of the B vit Although the enzymes catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms to oxidize a substance, they cannot accept the hydrogen (hold on or bond to it). Their coenzymes, however, can act as __________________ acceptors, becoming reduced each time a substrate is oxidized.

reduced

Most of these enzymes (the ones needed in Oxidation and redux reactions) require the help of a specific coenzyme, typically derived from one of the B vit Although the enzymes catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms to oxidize a substance, they cannot accept the hydrogen (hold on or bond to it). Their coenzymes, however, can act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors, becoming ________________ each time a substrate is oxidized.

cannot

Most of these enzymes (the ones needed in Oxidation and redux reactions) require the help of a specific coenzyme, typically derived from one of the B vitamins Although the enzymes catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms to oxidize a substance, they ____________ accept the hydrogen (hold on or bond to it). Their coenzymes, however, can act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors, becoming reduced each time a substrate is oxidized.

B vitamins

Most of these enzymes (the ones needed in Oxidation and redux reactions) require the help of a specific coenzyme, typically derived from one of the_____________. Although the enzymes catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms to oxidize a substance, they cannot accept the hydrogen (hold on or bond to it). Their coenzymes, however, can act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors, becoming reduced each time a substrate is oxidized.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons

OIL RIG

metabolism

Once inside body cells, nutrients become involved in an incredible variety of biochemical reactions known collectively as _________________ (####= change)

electronegative

Oxygen is very electron-hungry (______________), so when oxygen binds with other atoms the shared electrons spend more time in oxygen's vicinity. Again, the rest of the molecule loses electrons.

coupled

Reactions driven by ATP are ______________. As ATP is hydrolyzed, enzymes shift its high-energy phosphate groups to other molecules, which are then said to be phosphorylated (fos″for′ĭ-la-ted). Phosphorylation primes a molecule, changing it in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work. For example, phosphorylation activates many regulatory enzymes that catalyze key steps in metabolic pathways.

phosphorylated

Reactions driven by ATP are coupled. As ATP is hydrolyzed, enzymes shift its high-energy phosphate groups to other molecules, which are then said to be _____________________. Phosphorylation primes a molecule, changing it in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work. For example, phosphorylation activates many regulatory enzymes that catalyze key steps in metabolic pathways.

catabolism

Some of the energy released during ________________ is captured in the bonds of ATP, which provides the energy needed to carry out the constructive activities of anabolism.

ATP

Some of the energy released during catabolism is captured in the bonds of ______________, which provides the energy needed to carry out the constructive activities of anabolism.

fuels

The body can also store energy in ____________, such as glycogen and fats, and mobilize these stores later to produce ATP for cellular use.

ATP

The body can also store energy in fuels, such as glycogen and fats, and mobilize these stores later to produce ___________ for cellular use.

catabolic

The group of ______________ reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

cellular respiration

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called _______________ consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

glycolysis

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of _______________ the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

citric acid cycle

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of glycolysis, the ________________, and oxidative phosphorylation.

oxidative phosphorylation

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and ______________________.

glucose

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These reactions take food fuels, particularly _____________, and break them down. Some of the energy released is captured to form ATP, the cells' energy currency that links energy-releasing catabolic reactions to cellular work

links

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These reactions take food fuels, particularly glucose, and break them down. Some of the energy released is captured to form ATP, the cells' energy currency that ______________ energy-releasing catabolic reactions to cellular work

ATP

The group of catabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These reactions take food fuels, particularly glucose, and break them down. Some of the energy released is captured to form _____________, the cells' energy currency that links energy-releasing catabolic reactions to cellular work

lose energy

The key understanding about redox reactions is that "oxidized" substances ______________ and "reduced" substances gain energy as energy-rich electrons are transferred from one substance to the next. Consequently, as food fuels are oxidized, their energy is transferred to a series of other molecules and ultimately to ADP to form energy-rich ATP.

gain energy

The key understanding about redox reactions is that "oxidized" substances lose energy and "reduced" substances ________________as energy-rich electrons are transferred from one substance to the next. Consequently, as food fuels are oxidized, their energy is transferred to a series of other molecules and ultimately to ADP to form energy-rich ATP.

transferred

The key understanding about redox reactions is that "oxidized" substances lose energy and "reduced" substances gain energy as energy-rich electrons are __________________ from one substance to the next. Consequently, as food fuels are oxidized, their energy is _____________ to a series of other molecules and ultimately to ADP to form energy-rich ATP.

ATP

The key understanding about redox reactions is that "oxidized" substances lose energy and "reduced" substances gain energy as energy-rich electrons are transferred from one substance to the next. Consequently, as food fuels are oxidized, their energy is transferred to a series of other molecules and ultimately to ADP to form energy-rich _________________.

digestion and absorption

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 1 is ________________________ in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorbed nutrients are then transported in blood to the tissue cells.

blood

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 1 is digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorbed nutrients are then transported in ______________ to the tissue cells.

tissue cells

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 1 is digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorbed nutrients are then transported in blood to the _________________.

cytoplasm

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 2 occurs in the _______________ of tissue cells. Newly delivered nutrients are either built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen by anabolic pathways or broken down by catabolic pathways to smaller fragments. Many molecules end up as pyruvic acid (pi-roo′vik), an important metabolic intermediate.

lipids, proteins, and glycogen

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 2 occurs in the cytoplasm of tissue cells. Newly delivered nutrients are either built into ______________ by anabolic pathways or broken down by catabolic pathways to smaller fragments. Many molecules end up as pyruvic acid (pi-roo′vik), an important metabolic intermediate.

anabolic

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 2 occurs in the cytoplasm of tissue cells. Newly delivered nutrients are either built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen by _______________ pathways or broken down by catabolic pathways to smaller fragments. Many molecules end up as pyruvic acid (pi-roo′vik), an important metabolic intermediate.

catabolic

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 2 occurs in the cytoplasm of tissue cells. Newly delivered nutrients are either built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen by anabolic pathways or broken down by ________________ pathways to smaller fragments. Many molecules end up as pyruvic acid (pi-roo′vik), an important metabolic intermediate.

pyruvic acid

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 2 occurs in the cytoplasm of tissue cells. Newly delivered nutrients are either built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen by anabolic pathways or broken down by catabolic pathways to smaller fragments. Many molecules end up as _____________________, an important metabolic intermediate.

intermediate

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 2 occurs in the cytoplasm of tissue cells. Newly delivered nutrients are either built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen by anabolic pathways or broken down by catabolic pathways to smaller fragments. Many molecules end up as pyruvic acid (pi-roo′vik), an important metabolic __________________.

mitochondria

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 3, which occurs in the ______________, is almost entirely catabolic. It requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of stage 2 products, most of which are first converted to acetyl CoA (as′ĕ-til ko-a′). This process produces carbon dioxide and water and harvests large amounts of ATP.

catabolic

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 3, which occurs in the mitochondria, is almost entirely ________________. It requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of stage 2 products, most of which are first converted to acetyl CoA (as′ĕ-til ko-a′). This process produces carbon dioxide and water and harvests large amounts of ATP.

oxygen

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 3, which occurs in the mitochondria, is almost entirely catabolic. It requires _______________ and completes the breakdown of stage 2 products, most of which are first converted to acetyl CoA (as′ĕ-til ko-a′). This process produces carbon dioxide and water and harvests large amounts of ATP.

acetyl CoA

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 3, which occurs in the mitochondria, is almost entirely catabolic. It requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of stage 2 products, most of which are first converted to __________________. This process produces carbon dioxide and water and harvests large amounts of ATP.

carbon dioxide and water

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 3, which occurs in the mitochondria, is almost entirely catabolic. It requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of stage 2 products, most of which are first converted to acetyl CoA (as′ĕ-til ko-a′). This process produces ____________________ and harvests large amounts of ATP.

ATP

Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients: Stage 3, which occurs in the mitochondria, is almost entirely catabolic. It requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of stage 2 products, most of which are first converted to acetyl CoA (as′ĕ-til ko-a′). This process produces carbon dioxide and water and harvests large amounts of _____________.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Two very important coenzymes of the oxidative pathways are _________________, based on niacin, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), derived from riboflavin. The oxidation of succinic acid to fumaric acid and the simultaneous reduction of FAD to FADH2, an example of a coupled redox reaction,

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Two very important coenzymes of the oxidative pathways are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (nik″o-tin′ah-mīd), based on niacin, and __________________, derived from riboflavin. The oxidation of succinic acid to fumaric acid and the simultaneous reduction of FAD to FADH2, an example of a coupled redox reaction,

riboflavin

Two very important coenzymes of the oxidative pathways are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (nik″o-tin′ah-mīd), based on niacin, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), derived from _____________. The oxidation of succinic acid to fumaric acid and the simultaneous reduction of FAD to FADH2, an example of a coupled redox reaction.

niacin

Two very important coenzymes of the oxidative pathways are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (nik″o-tin′ah-mīd), based on______________, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), derived from riboflavin. The oxidation of succinic acid to fumaric acid and the simultaneous reduction of FAD to FADH2, an example of a coupled redox reaction,

loses

Whenever one substance __________ electrons (is oxidized), another substance gains them (is reduced). For this reason, oxidation and reduction are coupled reactions and we speak of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

oxidized

Whenever one substance loses electrons (is ______________), another substance gains them (is reduced). For this reason, oxidation and reduction are coupled reactions and we speak of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. The key understanding about redox reactions is that "oxidized" substances lose energy and "reduced" substances gain energy as energy-rich electrons are transferred from one substance to the next. Consequently, as food fuels are oxidized, their energy is transferred to a series of other molecules and ultimately to ADP to form energy-rich ATP.

gains

Whenever one substance loses electrons (is oxidized), another substance __________ them (is reduced). For this reason, oxidation and reduction are coupled reactions and we speak of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

reduced

Whenever one substance loses electrons (is oxidized), another substance gains them (is _____________). For this reason, oxidation and reduction are coupled reactions and we speak of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

coupled

Whenever one substance loses electrons (is oxidized), another substance gains them (is reduced). For this reason, oxidation and reduction are _____________ reactions and we speak of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

always loses

Whichever way oxidation occurs, the oxidized substance _______________ (or nearly ____________) electrons as they move to (or toward) a substance that more strongly attracts them.

Oxygen

______________ is very electron-hungry (electronegative), so when _____________ binds with other atoms the shared electrons spend more time in _____________'s vicinity. Again, the rest of the molecule loses electrons.

Anabolism

___________________ is the general term for all reactions that build larger molecules or structures from smaller ones, such as the bonding together of amino acids to build proteins.

Catabolism

______________________refers to all processes that break down complex structures to simpler ones—for example, the hydrolysis of foods in the digestive tract.

gain

oxidation is the ___________of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen

hydrogen

oxidation is the gain of oxygen or the loss of ________________

primes

reactions driven by ATP are coupled. As ATP is hydrolyzed, enzymes shift its high-energy phosphate groups to other molecules, which are then said to be phosphorylated (fos″for′ĭ-la-ted). Phosphorylation _________________ a molecule, changing it in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work. For example, phosphorylation activates many regulatory enzymes that catalyze key steps in metabolic pathways.

Phosphorylation

reactions driven by ATP are coupled. As ATP is hydrolyzed, enzymes shift its high-energy phosphate groups to other molecules, which are then said to be phosphorylated (fos″for′ĭ-la-ted). _____________ primes a molecule, changing it in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work. For example, phosphorylation activates many regulatory enzymes that catalyze key steps in metabolic pathways.

electrons

whichever way oxidation occurs, the oxidized substance always loses (or nearly loses) ______________ as they move to (or toward) a substance that more strongly attracts them.