Path 370 Assessment 1 (CH. 1, 2, 4, 7)

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? a. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." b. "Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early." c. "Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers." d. "Lung cancer is always fatal."

a. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including a. Burkitt lymphoma. b. hepatic cancer. c. Hodgkin's lymphoma. d. pancreatic cancer.

a. Burkitt lymphoma.

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor a. is malignant. b. is benign. c. is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body. d. has spread.

a. is malignant.

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. epinephrine. b. norepinephrine. c. aldosterone. d. cortisol.

c. aldosterone.

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is a. stressful lifestyle. b. high-fat diet. c. cigarette smoking. d. urban pollutants.

c. cigarette smoking.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is a. senility. b. diseased function. c. decreased functional reserve. d. programmed senescence.

c. decreased functional reserve.

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. tertiary prevention. d. secondary prevention.

d. secondary prevention.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of a. disease treatment. b. primary prevention. c. secondary prevention. d. tertiary prevention.

d. tertiary prevention.

Metaplasia is a. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements. b. an irreversible cellular adaptation. c. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. d. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

d. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. pandemic. b. endemic. c. epidemic. d. ethnographic.

b. endemic.

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is a. invoke resting state. b. energy and repair. c. set a new baseline steady-state. d. produce exhaustion.

b. energy and repair.

Reperfusion injury to cells a. results in very little cellular damage. b. involves formation of free radicals. c. results from calcium deficiency in cells. d. occurs following nutritional injury.

b. involves formation of free radicals.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by a. ACTH. b. norepinephrine. c. glucagon. d. cortisol.

b. norepinephrine.

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in a. movement into the resistance stage. b. permanent damage and death. c. stress reduction. d. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.

b. permanent damage and death.

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a. increased peripheral resistance. b. pupil constriction. c. tachycardia. d. diaphoresis.

b. pupil constriction.

Allostasis is best defined as a. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. b. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. c. steady-state. d. the process by which the body heals following disease.

b. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Proto-oncogenes a. lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes. b. result from severe mutational events. c. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. d. are the same as oncogenes.

c. are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by a. trauma or pancreatitis. b. lung tissue damage. c. interrupted blood supply. d. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation.

c. interrupted blood supply.

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene a. is more likely to be unilateral. b. is more responsive to treatment. c. occurs at an earlier age. d. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer.

c. occurs at an earlier age.

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. tertiary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. primary prevention. d. secondary prevention.

c. primary prevention.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. promotion of free radicals. b. destruction of cellular membranes. c. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. d. crystallization of cellular organelles.

c. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. secondary prevention. d. tertiary prevention.

c. secondary prevention.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. a. sequela b. latent c. prodromal d. convalescence

b. latent

The effects of excessive cortisol production include a. hypoglycemia. b. anorexia. c. inflammatory reactions. d. immune suppression.

d. immune suppression.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is a. metaplasia. b. lactate production. c. hydropic swelling. d. intracellular accumulations.

d. intracellular accumulations.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring? a. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene b. Extra chromosome c. Cancer-causing virus d. Oncogene

a. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. a. True b. False

a. True

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic a. True b. False

a. True

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except a. decreased blood viscosity. b. crystallization of cellular components. c. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. d. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction.

a. decreased blood viscosity.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will a. kill rapidly dividing cells. b. have minimal side effects. c. selectively kill tumor cells. d. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer.

a. kill rapidly dividing cells.

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. a. liquefactive b. coagulative c. fat d. caseous

a. liquefactive

The effect of stress on the immune system a. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system. b. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. c. is unknown. d. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies.

a. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. necrosis. b. metaplasia. c. atrophy. d. hyperplasia.

a. necrosis.

Somatic death refers to death a. of the entire organism. b. secondary to brain damage. c. of a body organ. d. of nerve cells.

a. of the entire organism

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of a. tumor necrosis factor. b. pain medications. c. angiogenesis. d. loss of ATP production.

a. tumor necrosis factor.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a. membrane. b. DNA. c. ribosomes. d. RNA.

b. DNA.

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. a. True b. False

b. False

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Norepinephrine b. Insulin c. Epinephrine d. Cortisol

b. Insulin

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? a. It is based on exploratory surgery. b. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor. c. It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation. d. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

d. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is a. APC. b. DCC. c. Rb. d. P53.

d. P53

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is a. potassium b. tumor necrosis factor c. insulin d. calcium

d. calcium

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as a. adenomas. b. lymphoma. c. sarcomas. d. carcinomas.

d. carcinomas.

Cancer grading is based on a. local invasion. b. tumor size. c. metastasis. d. cell differentiation.

d. cell differentiation.

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is a. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. b. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. c. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health. d. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

d. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is a. metaplasia. b. hyperplasia. c. anaplasia. d. dysplasia.

d. dysplasia.

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed a. metaplasia b. atrophy. c. inflammation. d. hypertrophy.

d. hypertrophy.

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a. mutation. b. death. c. atrophy. d. proliferation.

b. death.

In general, with aging, organ size and function a. remain the same. b. decrease. c. increase. d. are unknown.

b. decrease.

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is a. genetic susceptibility. b. pharyngitis. c. streptococcal infection. d. a sore throat.

c. streptococcal infection.