Path Micro pt.1

intoxication

A food _______ implies a preformed toxin has been consumed; the organism producing the toxin may or may not be present.

infection

A food _______ implies the organism itself has been consumed

decrease

Anything that increase the positive aspect of an environment will_____ disease.

improve sanitation, improve preventative care, improve nutrition, and vaccination. Stronger host is less likely to get infectious diseases.

Decreases in infectious diseases are linked to_____.

food poisonings

Food borne conditions are sometime called?

Knowing how the disease spread

In reference to Routes of transmission and how to control it, how can you prevent exposure of disease?

vaccinations not given, poor sanitation, malnutrition, mutation of pathogens, entry into new habitats, and overuse of antibiotics.

Increases infectious diseases are linked to________.

Socioeconomic indicators

It seems to make a difference in infectious disease levels depending on the income, the occupation, and the education of the members of a given population are refered to as _________.

enteric, intestinal, or fecal/oral.

Sometimes those infections caused by consuming contaminated food are called?

Less

Stronger host is____ likely to get infectious diseases.

1. Disease existed for long time, went undetected 2. Disease results from mutation 3. Disease results from crossing/jumping species 4. Disease results from ecological change 5. Other examples: Diseases that already emerged.

The different categories that represent some of the mechanisms by which emerging diseases are produced are_______.

Respiratory, Pulmonary , droplet

The other names for Airborne are?

enteric, intestinal or fecal/oral.

Those infections caused by consuming contaminated water may also be called?

droplets

Water borne infections may also be caused when contaminated water is inhaled as _______?

Zoonoses

We can consider most emerging diseases to be _______.

1.Airborne (respiratory, pulmonary, droplet) 2.Arthropod borne 3.Direct contact 4.Food borne or water borne 5.Hospital acquired (nosocomial)

What are the common routes of transmission?

E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staph. Aureus, and Strept. Species.

What are the four common nosocomial pathogens covered in the notes?

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

What are the levels of disease prevention?

which organism causes which disease.

What did Koch Postulates discover in the lab in regards to taking the germ theory of disease?

Protozoan pathogen linked to eye infections from contaminated contact lens solution.

What does Acanthamoeba species mean?

Centers for Disease Control in the U.S

What does CDC stand for?

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome, caused by an unspecified coronavirus. Similar to SARS, and appears to be associated with camels.

What does MERS stand for and mean?

Methicillin (or multiple) resistant Staphylococcus aureus, currently resistant to many antibiotics.

What does MRSA stand for and mean?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, caused by an unspecified Coronavirus, started in Southeast China, and soon spread worldwide.

What does SARS stand for and mean?

World Health Organization in the U.S

What does WHO stand for?

Extremely resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

What does XRTB stand for and mean?

Host, parasite, and the environment

What does a Host-parasite relationship involves?

some animal or insect that transfers the agent.

What does term vector mean?

Results when a pathogen and its host population interact with each other over long periods of time. The organism kills off all susceptible hosts at first, but as population adapt will still be able to replicate, but not kill the rest.

What does the concept of the Attention of Virulence?

A zoonosis of cattle and buffalo, spread through contact and drinking unpasteurized milk.

What does the pathogenic disease Brucella species mean?

causative agent of Q fever, spread by consuming unpasteurized milk.

What does the pathogenic disease Coxiella burnetti mean?

Protozoan pathogen recently linked to intestinal disease stemming from consumption of pre-packaged salad greens.

What does the pathogenic disease Cyclospora species mean?

A new serological types appearing in raw meat and fecal contaminated raw vegetables.

What does the pathogenic disease E. coli species mean?

A rickettsial agent that causes monocytotrophic disease.

What does the pathogenic disease Ehrlichia chaffeensis mean?

Another Paramyxovirus associated with pigs. Causes pneumonia and febrile encephalitis.

What does the pathogenic disease Hendra Virus mean?

A newly recognized Paramyxovirus associated with fruit bats. Cases were tied to deforestation in affected areas, causing the bats to roost closer to humans. can cause fever, encephalitis, and respiratory problems

What does the pathogenic disease Nipah virus mean?

within a limited area.

What does the term endemic mean?

more widespread.

What does the term epidemic mean?

minimum number of organisms necessary to establish a disease (infection does not equal disease).

What does the term infectious dose mean?

worldwide

What does the term pandemic mean?

Where disease or infectious agent is maintained

What does the term reservoirs mean?

infectious diseases(those caused by microbes) and how they are spread.

What is Epidemiology?

health screening and detection (Pap testing; glaucoma testing, TB skin testing; primary medical care)

What is Secondary level of disease prevention consist of?

stopping disease before it starts (health education; good health habits; immunizations; use of condoms; avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and drugs; environmental modification

What is primary level of disease prevention consist of?

blocking the spread, rehabilitation

What is tertiary level of disease prevention consist of?

infectious disease triangle, communicable disease triangle, the epidemiology triangle.

What is the AKA for Host-parasite relationship?

Balanced Pathogenicity

What is the Attention of Virulence also known as?

Pasteur identified early that microbes were capable of causing disease, and formulated in the theory in the 1800's.

What is the germ theory of disease?

A major concept behind vaccination. "If majority of the population is immune, a pathogen doesn't have place to replicate and will eventually die off.

What is the major concept behind herd immunity?

75-80%

What is the percentage public heath officials aim for in a population vaccinated to get herd immunity?

Anything that spread from person to person spread (contact, respiratory).

When describing infectious diseases, what does the term communicable mean?

Those that spread by other methods (food, water, insects).

When describing infectious diseases, what does the term non-communicable mean?

hospital acquired (nosocomial)

Which routes of transmission may be prevented by avoiding hospitals or limiting your exposure?

Airborne (Respiratory, Pulmonary, droplet)

Which routes of transmission may be prevented by blocking the spread or aerosols, using mask correctly, using filters and isolating the patient?

Food borne or water borne (intoxication, infections)

Which routes of transmission may be prevented by common sense handling raw foods, sanitation, and water treatments?

Direct contact (fomites, sexual hand to hand)

Which routes of transmission may be prevented by minimizing contact, washing hands, not sharing fomites, or by following safe sex practices?

Animals (zoonoses)

Which routes of transmission may be prevented by vaccinating pets and livestock, knowing and avoiding reservoirs, or by quarantine?

Arthropod borne

Which routes of transmission may be prevented by vector control or by avoiding endemic areas?

Population growth

______As a population grows so do the opportunites for infectious diseases to increase.

Life Span

______IS a biological limit. it is estimated that the average human life span is 120 years.

Diversity

________Different populations have distinct features that will allow for increases or decreases in various infectious diseases. Seen in ethnic compositionm the density, the migration into and out of a population, and the differences see in rural versus surburban populations.

vital indexes

_________ these include birthrate and death rate in a given population. The death rate is used to measure health of a population.

Demography

___________ is the study of population trends over time. It uses various criteria to indicate the size, make-up, changes, and health of populations.

Life expectancy

_____is based on population criteria. (it makes a difference as to where you live and what you do)

Criteria

____depending on where you live and ewhat you want to do, yoou can manage to live as many of those 120 years possible.