PATHO 370//Chapter 1,2,4,7

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces ————- necrosis

Liquefaction

The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

Metaplasia

Which of the following causes reversible cellular response ? (Choose all that apply) Necrosis Apoptosis Metaplasia Inflammation Hypertension

Metaplasia, inflammation, hypertension

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of which of the following from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor suppressor gene

Non reversible cellular response

Necrosis

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

Norepinephrine

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

Occurs at an earlier stage

Somatic death refers to death

Of the entire organism

The following are situations the could be associated with carcinogenesis

Over production of pronto-oncogenes Deficiency of p53 Mutation of BRCA1 + 2

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

Primary prevention

Normal cellular genes that promote growth

Pronto-oncogenes

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress does NOT include

Pupil constriction

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

Reducing level of hemoglobin

The stage with decreases in disease severity, signs, and symptoms

Remission

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

Secondary prevention

An obese otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low calorie diet and exercise program, this is an example of

Secondary prevention

The probability that a test will be positive when a person actually has a particular condition

Sensitivity

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established is referred to as

Sub clinical

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but not yet demonstrating signs of disease. This stage of illness is called

Subclinical

After suffering a heart attack, a middle aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol lowering medication. This is an example of

Tertiary prevention

Corticosteroids are the primary mediators for chronic stress True False

True

Hydronic swelling is reversible Hydronic swelling occurs due to Na +, K+ pump dysfunction True False

True

The nurse is swabbing a patients throat to test for streptococcus pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition, this probability is termed sensitivity True False

True

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic True False

True

The hyper metabolic state leading to cache is in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

Tumor necrosis factor

The most common tumor suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

p53

Which hormone is usually inhibited under stress

Insulin

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress

Insulin

Coagulation necrosis is caused by

Interrupted blood supply

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism

Intracellular accumulations

Repulsion injury to cells

Involves formation of free radicals

The following stress induced hormone does NOT increase blood glucose

Aldosterone

Selve's Three Phases of Stress Response does NOT include

Allostais

The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well being

Allostasis

Inadequate adaptation leading to inability to maintain homeostasis

Allostasis overload

Side effects of chemotherapy

Anemia, hair loss, mucosa sloughing

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers including

Burkitt lymphoma

paraneoplastic syndrome in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

Calcium

malignant neoplasm of epithelial origins are known as

Carcinomas

Cancer grading is based on

Cell differentiation

Lactic acidosis usually indicates the presence of

Cellular hypoxia

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

Cigarette smoking

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

Death

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

Decreased functional reserve

Stress can cause many reactions except for

Decreasing sympathetic reactions

An accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health

Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

The cellular change that is considered perneoplastic is

Dysplasia

What is considered as preneoplastic tissue reaction

Dysplasia

A disease is native to a particular region

Endemic

Spread of disease to many people at the same time

Epidemic

In general a cancer cell that is more tissue specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive True False

False

Necrosis causes cell membrane rupture of intracellular contents but apoptosis does not true False

False

Radiation can cause cellular injury by the mechanisms of

Free radicals Radiolysis Heat

Risk factors for development of lung cancer High fat diet Urban pollutants Stressful lifestyle Cigarette smoking Age

High fat diet Stressful lifestyle Cigarette smoking Age

An increase in organ size and function caused by increase workload is termed

Hypertrophy

An undesired side effect of medical treatment

Iatrogenic

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy which will

kill rapidly dividing cells.