Patho

Which of the diseases or disorders would NOT be developed by methylation?

A. Shift work disorder, B. Down syndrome, C. Anorexia nervosa, D. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Which occurs due to the inactivation and/or deficiency in vitamin D as seen in advancing Chronic Kidney Disease?

A. Small intestine absorption of calcium and phosphate, B. Increased bone calcification, c. Increased renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, D. Decreased renal tubular excretion of calcium

Which of the following statements about chronic inflammation is incorrect?

Acute inflammation lasting more than three months is considered chronic inflammation

How does visceral hypersensitivity/ hyperalgesia occur in individuals known to have irritable bowel syndrome?

Alteration in gastrointestinal or central nervous system processing of gastrointestinal pain information

Who has the greatest risk of developing chronic nonimmune gastritis?

An individual who is self-medicating with Ibuprofen, every day for the past 7 months

Which treatment is appropriate in the management of chronic tension-type headaches?

Antidepressants

Which of the following is true regarding pediatric acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Antigen-antibody complexes initiates damaging activity on the glomerular basement membrane

Which Alzheimer's disease gene is associated with the failure to appropriately clear amyloid protein from the brain?

Apolipoprotein E 4 (APOE4)

What is the most common cause of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura?

Autoantibodies against platelet specific antigens

Colonization of the upper respiratory tract followed by aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions is the most common route for

Bacterial pneumonia

Which explains how benzodiazepines function in the brain?

Benzodiazepine molecules land on the appropriate area of the GABA receptor located on the post synaptic neuron where it increases the sensitivity of the receptor's response to the GABA neurotransmitter connection allowing more negative chloride ions to enter into the neuron.

Smoking increases the risk of atherosclerosis because it

Causes endothelial injury and production of oxygen radicals of oxygen radicals.

Insulin resistance can play a role in the development of hypertension by

Causing renal salt retention, due to endothelial injury, due to endothelial injury

Which site is unlikely to be affected by depression?

Cerebellum

Which of the following may occur when an individual is consuming enormous amounts of water in a water drinking contest?

Cerebral edema

Depression

Chronic stress-induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activation and increased glucocorticoid secretion.

Which of the following is true of pulmonary embolism?

Commonly arise from the deep veins of the thigh

Which causes significant damage of the intestinal epithelium in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease?

Cytokines

Which is the associated pathophysiological response to the presence of C4A and C4B genes found in individuals with Schizophrenia?

Decline synaptic function and connection

Which is the most likely explanation for the development of respiratory acidosis?

Decreased alveolar ventilation increasing carbonic acid formation

Which regulator abnormality within the clotting system occur in cirrhosis of the liver?

Decreased protein C level

Myocardial Dysfunction leads to

Decreased renal perfusion

Which may account for the inflammation and damage of the glomerular basement membrane in individuals with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

Deposits of immune complexes containing antibodies against DNA

A patient with osteoarthritis takes Ibuprofen 800 mg three times a day as needed for pain. For the last three years the patient has been taking it on a regular basis then developed a peptic ulcer? Why did the ulcer develop?

Due to suppressed prostaglandin production, there was a decrease in bicarbonate secretion and mucin production while hydrochloric acid amount increased which disrupted the mucosal lining

Which statement is true

Elevated levels of VLDL increase the risk of coronary artery disease, Major risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease include advanced age, female gender before menopause, and family history, Increased serum LDL concentration alone, increases risk of coronary disease.

Which is the most likely cause of anemia developing due to rheumatoid arthritis?

Elevated levels of cytokines

Which finding would cause the provider to suspect pyelonephritis in a pediatric patient?

Enlarged kidneys identified on CT scan

What catecholamines are increased with an increased Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

What activates RAS that starts the signaling pathways to cause mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and phophatidylinosityl-3-kinase pathway?

GTP

What predisposes an individual to the development of childhood asthma?

Genetics and environment

Why would neuronal repair and regeneration in the brain be hindered in an individual who experienced an ischemic stroke?

Glial scarring

Which inflammatory marker is best in determining risk for coronary artery disease?

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

The lung's natural defenses are compromised by several factors in COPD. These factors include:

Hypersecretion and decreased ciliary function

The most important predisposing risk factors to the development of Heart Failure are

Hypertension and Ischemic Heart disease

What type of blood smear result would appear in someone with untreated iron deficiency for a prolonged period?

Hypochromic, microcytic red blood cells

Which best explains the pathophysiological phenomena of epilepsy?

Imbalance of GABA and glutamate.

Bipolar Disorder

Increase in amygdala size and brain tissue loss with notably enlarged ventricles.

Obesity is a risk factor for pediatric primary hypertension because it causes

Increase in serum leptin

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Increased amygdala activity and decreased prefrontal cortex activity.

Which accounts for the edema associated with deep vein thrombosis?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure behind the obstruction

Increased Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activity causes

Increased heart rate and increased systemic vasoconstriction

Which explains the hyperlipidemia that occurs in children experiencing nephrotic syndrome?

Increased hepatic lipid production to compensate for hypoalbuminemia

Panic Disorder

Increased pH sensitivity in the amygdala and atypical arousal from the locus ceruleus.

Why would prescribed medications be therapeutic in pediatric patients with GERD?

Increases the lower esophageal sphincter pressure

A negative cellular effect of catecholamines is

Induction of myocyte apoptosis

High risk individuals for tuberculosis should be screened with

Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)

Complete the statement. Non-ST Segment elevation MI

Involves only the myocardium directly beneath the endocardium

Which is a result from the antigen - IgE binding on mast cells during an early asthmatic response?

Leukotriene, histamine, prostaglandin, and bradykinin release, and bradykease

Which of the following diseases or disorder would most likely cause acute intrarenal injury?

Malignant hypertension

Which statement about melatonin is true?

Melatonin can activate or suppress the immune system and inflammatory response.

Which statement is true regarding hemolytic disease in the fetus and newborn (HDFN)?

Mother-fetal incompatibility occurs when mother is Rh-negative and fetus is Rh-positive

Which is true about urinary tract infections (UTIs) during the neonate period?

Noncircumcised males are at increased risk in developing UTIs

What is the term where cancerous cells express mutated or over-expressed proto-oncogenes?

Oncogenes

Complications of Myocardial Infarction include

Organic brain syndrome, Dysrhythmias, Pulmonary thromboembolism

Who would NOT benefit by being treated with a magnesium supplementation?

Patient with end-stage kidney disease receiving dialysis

Which would be indicators of a urinary tract infection on a urine dipstick analysis? Select all that apply.

Positive leukocyte esterase & Positive nitrates

Which are the two well-known pathologic factors that mainly contribute to injury and progression of chronic kidney disease? Select two.

Proteinuria & Angiotensin II activity

Which of the following signs and symptoms are present in pneumonia but not in bronchitis?

Pulmonary consolidation

What occurs in response to unmanaged pain in the pediatric population?

Release of glucocorticoids

Which occurs in a cytokine storm related to COVID-19 induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? Select all that applies.

Release of interferons, Complement system activation, Clotting activation, & Release of tumor necrosis factor alpha

A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Respiratory acidosis

Which is most likely to be an initial clinical manifestation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Respiratory alkalosis

Which is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in young children?

Rotavirus

A child with sickle cell disease has an arterial pH of 7.31. What pathophysiologic response is expected?

Sickling of red blood cells occur as oxygen will not attach to hemoglobin even if there is oxygen available in the arterial blood.

Why may asthma related airway obstructions in young children be more severe than adults?

Smaller airways

An individual with arthritis in the spine has developed a narrowing in the spinal canal that is compressing the nerve roots. This is known as:

Spinal stenosis

Which explains the manifestations of urgency and frequency in individuals with urinary tract infections?

Stimulation of bladder stretch receptors due to bladder wall edema

Which primarily mediates a type I hypersensitivity induced allergic asthma in children?

T-Helper 2 lymphocytes

Why does Kupffer cell activation in the liver create fibrosis in cirrhosis?

The macrophages release reactive oxygen species, inflammatory mediators, and growth factors

Type 1 diabetes occurs because of:

The pancreas being destroyed by T-cell infiltration leading to destruction in beta cells

Which cranial nerve is implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine headaches?

Trigeminal.

Superior Vana Cava Syndrome is a progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava leading to

Venous distension in the upper extremities and head

Which manifestation occurs in a child experiencing an acute asthma attack?

Wheezing

Which explains how central sensitization

a sensory - pain abnormality, occur?, Group C neurons are stimulated excessively within the dorsal horn and over time, information becomes overly heightened in the central pain signaling neurons.

Compared with an adult

an infant has a higher metabolic rate, as well as a greater body surface area to total body size. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a infant compared with that of an adult?, Infants are susceptible to developing dehydration quicker

There are several causes of obesity

besides a sedentary lifestyle and high-fat diet, such as:, Having two alleles with the same FTO gene variant page173

In COPD

chronic lung irritation leading to ongoing activation and recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes to the lungs causes:, Oxidative stress and extracellular matrix proteolysis

Which APOe4 carrier status

has the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease?, E4 and E4

Which

if mutated, becomes a common cancer causing gene in germ line cells increasing the risk for certain types of cancer development in one generation to the next within families?, TP53

Increased serum LDL concentration alone

increases risk of coronary disease.

What type of cell penetrates the vessel wall

later becoming a foam cell?, Monocytes

In hyperthyroidism

normally, hormones are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland. What are the expected levels in hyperthyroidism?, Elevated Thyroid Hormone and Suppressed Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Which chromosome mutation increases the risk of breast cancer

ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer?, BRCA1

The three most common symptoms in undiagnosed diabetes mellitus are: polydipsia

polyuria, and polyphagia. In polyuria, increased urination, the cellular cause is:, Hyperglycemia acts as an osmotic diuretic, leading to an increased amount of glucose being filtered by the kidneys which cause water to follow, increasing urine output.

In ARDS

pulmonary edema is caused by:, Cytokine induced increased capillary permeability

A child presents with high fever

sore throat, "hot potato voice" and severe respiratory distress. Which of the following is most likely the diagnosis?, Acute epiglottitis

Primary hypertension in Children has been shown to cause subclinical organ damage

such as, Carotid artery disease

There are essentially two types of hypothyroidism: Primary and Secondary. In Secondary Hypothyroidism

there are pituitary and hypothalamic malfunction. In hypothalamic malfunction, there is a decreased thyroid-releasing hormone. This decrease leads to:, Low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and low levels of thyroid hormone

_________ allows the receptor tyrosine kinase to attach to bridging protein

which links the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors to plasma membrane-associated inactive RAS. , Phosphorylation