Patho Ch. 4 Questions
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) What is the potential yield of ATP molecules for each FADH2 molecule entering the electron transport system? A) 1 B) 1.5 C) 2 D) 2.5 E) 3
1.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? A) 1 B) 2 C) 2.5 D) 3.5 E) 4
2.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) The rate of product formation by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction would be increased by A) adding more substrate molecules. B) adding more product molecules. C) reducing the number of enzymes. D) reducing the number of substrate molecules.
: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 107) The protein in the mitochondria that captures the kinetic energy of moving H+ ions and converts it to the stored energy of ATP is called A) ATP synthase. B) lactate dehydrogenase. C) oxidative phosphorylase. D) glucokinase.
: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) If the enzyme RNA polymerase was completely inhibited within a cell, it could not A) form proteins. B) form complementary sequences of DNA. C) link pieces of DNA together. D) form spindle fibers. E) form a new nuclear membrane during cell division.
: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 110) Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence ATC yields A) UAG. B) TAG. C) UTC. D) ATC.
: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 94) An exergonic chemical reaction A) converts substrates into products that have more free energy. B) releases energy as the reaction progresses. C) requires the input of energy. D) requires an enzyme in order to overcome the activation energy.
: B Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) Cells normally regulate the rate of an enzymatic reaction by A) raising their temperature to 110° F. B) changing the concentration of an enzyme. C) increasing reaction rate as the concentration of product increases. D) allowing all metabolic enzymes to be found throughout the cytoplasm.
: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) In order to slow generation of product from a particular biochemical pathway within a cell, the intermediates formed by that pathway A) are removed from the cell more quickly. B) accumulate inside the cell. C) are rapidly converted into. D) become toxic to the cell.
: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) Which of the following is a key intermediate of glucose catabolism to the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) pyruvate C) oxygen D) lactate E) glucokinase
: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 112) The template strand of DNA A) is not involved in mRNA synthesis. B) serves as a guide for mRNA synthesis. C) includes the base uracil. D) is alternatively spliced to generate the exon.
: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Enzymes are often useful as diagnostic tools. How? A) Enzymes destroy pathogenic bacteria so blood levels of bacteria decline. B) Enzymes destroy damaged cells so X-rays reveal smaller body organs. C) Damaged cells release enzymes into the blood that can be detected. D) The liver releases enzymes that accumulate in the urine.
: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) Changes in environmental pH or temperature will cause the reaction rate for an enzyme to A) increase. B) decrease. C) either increase or decrease depending upon enzyme properties. D) not change.
: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 104) Inside the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate A) is converted to acetyl CoA which requires energy from an NADH. B) gains a carbon in its conversion to acetyl CoA. C) requires the vitamin pantothenic acid for its conversion to acetyl CoA. D) is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions.
: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 103) The net energy yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule is A) 2 ATP and 2 NADH. B) 0 ATP and 2 NADH. C) 2 ATP and 0 NADH. D) 2 ATP and 2 FADH2. E) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 108) What happens to the oxygen that is metabolized within the mitochondria? A) The oxygen is converted to CO2. B) The oxygen is incorporated into organic molecules during cellular metabolism. C) The oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. D) The oxygen acts as a coenzyme in the production of ATP. E) The oxygen is converted to CO2 and is combined with hydrogen to form water.
: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs ________; the beneficial end product is ________. A) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, H2O B) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, ATP C) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP D) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, CO2 E) twice during the citric acid cycle, ATP
: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 111) Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence CAT will bind to the tRNA bearing A) CAT. B) GTA. C) GUA. D) ATU.
: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 109) What is the result of alternative splicing of mRNA? A) A new gene is produced. B) The DNA is replicated. C) Isoenzymes are produced from a single gene. D) Genes are mutated. E) Proteins isomerize.
: C Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) How would the lack of a required cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function? A) The enzyme's function would not be altered. B) The enzyme would function more slowly. C) The enzyme would function more quickly. D) The enzyme would not be able to function.
: D Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 105) NADH is produced from each reaction described except one. Identify the exception. A) during aerobic glycolysis B) during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C) during the citric acid cycle D) during anaerobic glycolysis
: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 100) Increasing ________ will decrease the amount of mRNA transcript within a cell for a constitutively active gene. A) ribonuclease activity only B) RNA polymerase activity only C) siRNA concentration only D) ribonuclease activity and siRNA concentration only E) ribonuclease activity, RNA polymerase activity and siRNA concentration
: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) During starvation, steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid metabolism in their target cells. This would be an example of control by A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) repressors. D) inducers. E) alternative splicing.
: D Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) Regulatory-protein transcription factors bind to ________ and activate ________, which tells the RNA polymerase ________.
: DNA, promoter, where to bind to the DNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) The enzyme ________ and ________ ions are required for the synthesis of mRNA.
: RNA polymerase, magnesium or manganese Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 131) Once the promoter region of a gene is activated, ________ unwinds the DNA of the downstream gene and begins the process of ________. What is the molecule generated by this process? How does the cell control the amount of this molecule released from the nucleus?
: RNA polymerase, transcription The RNA polymerase transcribes a single stranded mRNA. The cell can decrease mRNA by controlling the activity of the promoter with transcription factors if the gene is not constitutively expressed. Decreases in an inducer or increases in a repressor would reduce the amount of mRNA available for release. In addition, the amount of mRNA released is also affected by the availability of interfering RNA (siRNA or miRNA). Increases in interfering RNA that can inactivate or destroy mRNA would reduce the amount of mRNA released from the nucleus. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 130) Vitamins are precursors for ________. Name two vitamins that are required for metabolic reactions.
: coenzymes Vitamins required for metabolic reactions include the B vitamins such as folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid and vitamin C. Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) Define the law of mass action.
: When a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the substrates to the products is always the same because reaction rate is constant. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) During the synthesis of proteins, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because the tRNA molecules that bring them to the ribosome have a(n) ________ that is complementary to a specific codon in the mRNA.
: anticodon Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Genes that are always being expressed in a cell involve promoters that are ________.
: constitutively active Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The peptide bond formed between amino acids occurs as a consequence of ________.
: dehydration synthesis Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) The ________ is the portion of the mRNA that contains the coding sequence of the gene.
: exon Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) The ________ contains the coding sequence of the gene.
: exon Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 134) The folding of proteins occurs via the formation of weak ________ and ________ bonds between amino acids. Much stronger covalent bonds like ________ bonds can occur between ________ amino acids.
: hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, cysteine Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) A molecule of ________ consists of all the codons needed to produce a specific polypeptide chain at the ribosome.
: mRNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 89) Protein folding can take place spontaneously or with ________.
: molecular chaperones Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) Transcription factors are proteins whose binding to the ________ region for a gene can ________ (increase) or ________ (decrease) expression of that gene.
: promoter, induce, repress Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) Ribosomes are composed of protein and ________.
: rRNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) RNA is usually ________ -stranded.
: single Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Two types of RNA block translation of mRNA. They are ________ RNA and ________ RNA.
: small interfering, micro Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) Amino acids are carried to the ribosomes to be incorporated into polypeptide chains by ________.
: tRNA Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) mRNA is created in a process called ________. It then leaves the ________ and enters the cytosol to direct ________, the assembly of amino acids into protein.
: transcription; nucleus, translation Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) The activity of metabolic pathways is influenced by the ratio of ________.
ATP to ADP
The energy in the chemical bonds of a molecule is known as __________ energy A.) activation B.) free C.) exergonic D.) kinetic
B
Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes? A.) Enzymes will turn into specific molecules, such as ATP, as needed by the body. B.) Enzymes lower the activation energy level of a chemical reaction, thus enabling the reaction to proceed. C.) Most reactions are due to the addition of a phosphate ion (phosphorylation) to a molecule to create a reaction. The phosphate ions come from enzymes. D.) Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to prevent them from proceeding too fast and causing problems.
B
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) When energy is released during catabolism, it is temporarily trapped in high energy bonds or electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying energy? A) ATP B) DNA C) NADH D) FADH2 E) NADPH
DNA
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) ________ describes how much product is generated or substrate destroyed within a period of time.
Reaction rate
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) ________ generated in the ________ enter the electron transport system to generate 2.5 ATP molecules.
NADH mitochondria
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) The enzymes that synthesize mRNA from the start codon are called A) ribonucleases. B) RNA polymerases. C) DNA polymerases. D) ATP synthases. E) lactate dehydrogenases.
RNA polymerases.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Why is there a range of 30-32 ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule? A) Sometimes the electron transport system is more efficient than other times. B) The NADH molecules produced during glycolysis are in the cytoplasm; occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH2 instead of NADH. C) Individual variation is normal among cells. D) Any of these answers may work under different cellular conditions.
The NADH molecules produced during glycolysis are in the cytoplasm; occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH2 instead of NADH.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) An allosteric modulator binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.
a region of the enzyme other than the active site.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during A) hydrolysis reactions only. B) addition reactions only. C) dehydration reactions only. D) exchange reactions only. E) addition and exchange reactions.
addition and exchange reactions.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The tRNA molecule contains the three-base sequence called the A) codon. B) anticodon. C) semicodon. D) aminocodon.
anticodon.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Isozymes A) are enzymes with slightly different structure that catalyze the same reaction. B) are enzymes with the same structure that catalyze different reactions. C) are inorganic molecules that bind to and thereby activate enzymes. D) are the inactive form of an enzyme.
are enzymes with slightly different structure that catalyze the same reaction.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Organic molecules that act as receptors/carriers for the cleaved portion of the substrate are A) vitamins. B) isoenzymes. C) coenzymes. D) modulators.
coenzymes.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) Metabolic intermediates use ________ bonds to transfer energy to the high-energy bonds of ATP, NADH, FADH2 or NADPH.
covalent
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the A) mitochondria. B) cytoplasm. C) peroxisome. D) nucleus. E) plasma membrane.
cytoplasm
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________. A) cytoplasm, cytoplasm B) mitochondria, mitochondria C) cytoplasm, mitochondria D) mitochondria, cytoplasm
cytoplasm, mitochondria
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) When an enzyme's activity is destroyed by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be A) broken. B) toxic. C) conjugated. D) tertiary. E) denatured.
denatured.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Chemical reactions that require an input of energy are said to be ________.
endergonic
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) In the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants. CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 A. enzyme B. substrate(s) C. product(s) 59) carbonic anhydrase
enzyme
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) The rates of chemical reactions that occur in the human body are controlled by a particular type of proteins called ________.
enzymes
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) Chemical reactions that release energy are said to be ________.
exergonic
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Which of these results in a REDUCED molecule? A) loss of phosphate B) gain of phosphate C) loss of electrons D) gain of electrons
gain of electrons
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) All of the triplet codes needed to produce exactly one functional piece of RNA are found in one A) chromosome. B) gene. C) codon. D) anticodon. E) None of the answers are correct.
gene.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Which can serve as substrates for ATP production? A) glucose only B) amino acids only C) fatty acids only D) glucose and fatty acids only E) glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Glucose is phosphorylated to ________ with a phosphate from ________.
glucose-6-phosphate ATP
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Compartmentation refers to A) pairing together isozymes that perform similar reactions. B) grouping related enzymes into specific organelles. C) separating substrates into chemical classes. D) dividing metabolic reactions into groups for better understanding.
grouping related enzymes into specific organelles.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 53) dehydratase
hydrolase - catalysts that utilize water to break a chemical bond
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 54) lipase
hydrolase - catalysts that utilize water to break a chemical bond
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) An enzyme that adds or subtracts water molecules is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
hydrolase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) End-product inhibition describes the process whereby A) decreasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme. B) decreasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. C) increasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme. D) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. E) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of all enzymes in the vicinity.
increasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) To activate a regulated gene, the formation of mRNA is ________ by the binding of ________ to the promoter. A) repressed, transcription factors B) repressed, translation factors C) induced, transcription factors D) induced, translation factors
induced, transcription factors
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) The electron transport system is located in the ________ and includes enzymes and iron-containing proteins known as ________.
inner mitochondrial membrane cytochromes
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) Once synthesized, the ________ of mRNA are removed through ________, which results in the formation of the coding sequence of a protein. A) exon, RNA interference B) exon, alternative splicing C) intron, RNA interference D) intron, alternative splicing
intron, alternative splicing
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) A certain molecule that participates in more than one biochemical pathway and acts as a branch point for channeling substrate in one direction or another is called a ________.
key intermediate
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
kinase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) ATP synthase transfers the ________ energy of the H+ ions to the high-energy phosphate bond of ________. A) potential, NADH B) potential, ATP C) kinetic, NADH D) kinetic, ATP E) None of the answers are correct.
kinetic, ATP
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 51) synthetase
ligase - enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) An enzyme that joins two substrates using energy is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
ligase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Enzymes increase reaction rate by A) lowering the activation energy of a reaction. B) increasing the free energy in the products. C) raising the activation energy of a reaction. D) converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 57) deaminase
lyase - an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of specified molecules or groups by a double bond.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 56) aminase
lyase - an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of specified molecules or groups by a double bond.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The activity of an enzyme is changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH; these factors are referred to as A) specificity. B) common bond. C) modulators. D) isozyme. E) product.
modulators.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Transcription occurs in the ________ of the cell. A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) Golgi apparatus D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) plasma membrane
nucleus
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) A molecule that loses electrons during a reaction is A) reduced. B) oxidized. C) dehydrated. D) hydrated.
oxidized.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 52) dehydrogenase
oxidoreductase - enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) The availability of ________ determines if pyruvate continues into the citric acid cycle.
oxygen
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) In the aerobic metabolism of glucose, ________ acts as the final electron acceptor. A) water B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) lactate E) ATP
oxygen
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) In the process of ________ a phosphate group is attached to a molecule.
phosphorylation
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. A) proteolysis; phosphatase B) phosphorylation; phosphatase C) proteolysis; kinase D) phosphorylation; kinase
phosphorylation; kinase
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy.
potential
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) Energy released by electrons moving through the electron transport system is stored as ________ by H+ ions concentrated in the ________.
potential energy intermembrane space
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is A) thermodynamics. B) bioenergetics. C) entropy. D) kinetic energy. E) potential energy.
potential energy.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) In the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants. CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 A. enzyme B. substrate(s) C. product(s) 60) H2CO3
product
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) Information stored in the nucleus is translated into A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) None of the answers are correct.
proteins.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) The active sites of enzymes are A) products of an enzymatic reaction. B) regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together. C) bonds between the substrate and certain amino acids. D) not necessarily involved in a reaction.
regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An example of transamination is A) removing an amine group from one molecule and binding it to a different molecule. B) removing an amino group and putting it into the bloodstream for the kidneys to discard. C) removing a phosphate group from a molecule. D) finding a brand new sports car in your driveway with your name on it.
removing an amine group from one molecule and binding it to a different molecule.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Aerobic metabolism of glucose A) requires oxygen. B) produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways. C) is the fastest way to produce glucose. D) requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.
requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions is called a ________.
reversible reaction
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) When an enzyme is working as fast as it can because its active site is continually refilled with substrate, the condition is referred to as A) allosteric modulation. B) equilibrium. C) saturation. D) the Ricardo-Mertz phenomenon. E) specificity.
saturation
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) The TAC sequence of DNA is the ________ of a coding sequence that is preceded by the ________ that regulates transcription. A) start, promoter region B) start, intron C) stop, promoter region D) stop, intron
start, promoter region
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) In the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants. CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 A. enzyme B. substrate(s) C. product(s) 58) CO2 + H2O
substrate
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The ________ of glycogen from many glucose molecules is an ________ reaction. A) decomposition, endergonic B) synthesis, exergonic C) decomposition, exergonic D) synthesis, endergonic
synthesis, endergonic
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) After forming a complex with the ribosome, mRNA interacts with a third molecule. This molecule is called A) DNA. B) an amino acid. C) rRNA. D) tRNA. E) rough ER.
tRNA.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) A competitive inhibitor binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.
the active site.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) According to the second law of thermodynamics, A) the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy. B) entropy decreases in living systems that are not receiving energy. C) energy can be converted, but not be created nor destroyed. D) the total amount of energy in the universe never changes.
the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy.
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 4 Energy and Cellular Metabolism 1) Energy is defined as A) doing tasks that make you tired. B) the capacity to do work. C) the light and heat from the sun. D) using glucose to synthesize ATP.
the capacity to do work.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) The explanation for how ATP bonds are actually formed during oxidative phosphorylation is called A) the Krebs hypothesis. B) the second law of thermodynamics. C) the proton principle. D) the chemiosmotic theory. E) Murphy's law.
the chemiosmotic theory.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) Activation energy is A) the energy lost or gained in a reaction. B) the energy required for an endergonic reaction. C) the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact. D) required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) A reversible reaction is one where A) there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. B) there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. C) there is no change in the net free energy from substrate to product. D) a reaction between products is unlikely due to the high activation energy.
there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, A) there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products. B) the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate. C) the reaction has stopped. D) there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products.
there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The process of forming mRNA is called A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) ribolation. E) protein synthesis.
transcription.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) Chemical reactions in a living system function to A) only transfer energy from one molecule to another. B) create new energy. C) only use energy stored in a molecule. D) transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific enzyme to its class. A. oxidoreductase B. hydrolase C. transferase D. ligase E. lyase 55) kinase
transferase
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) An enzyme that transfers chemical groups among substrates is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
transferase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Following post-translational modification, any misfolded protein will be destroyed by A) ubiquitin. B) chaperones. C) methylation. D) ribonucleases.
ubiquitin