Patho Chapter 1 Prep-U Questions

A client with hypertension is given an IV medication and has an anaphylactic reaction. This is considered to be:

a complication

Researchers have designed a study where the health of a large group of recent newborns will be followed for several years. What type of study is this?

cohort

What do morbidity and mortality statistics refer to?

functional effects and death-producing characteristics of a disease

A particular disease has a debilitating effect on the ability of sufferers to perform their activities of daily living and is a significant cause of decreased quality of life. However, few people die as a result of the disease's direct effects. There are hundreds of thousands of Canadians living with the disease but relatively few new cases in recent years. This disease has:

high morbidity, low mortality, high prevalence, and low incidence

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis?

how the disease process evolves

Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health?

how would you rate your overall sense of well being?

The parents of a child with spina bifida ask what caused the condition. Which factor would the nurse identify as the most likely etiologic factor in the child's history?

insufficient maternal folic acid intake

Despite using the same screening tools as previous years (which have been confirmed as highly valid, reliable, sensitive, and specific), the public health nurse notes an increase in the number of people in the population testing positive for type 2 diabetes this year. What action should the nurse take?

investigate the population for factors that would cause an increase in the prevalence of diabetes

The nurse is interested in conducting an epidemiologic research study. Which research question should the nurse choose as appropriate for an epidemiologic study?

is there a relationship between smoking rates and incidence of heart disease?

A client has been admitted for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time. Which aspect of the client's current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?

the client notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine

Why are some diseases termed syndromes?

they are a compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state

The nurse is educating a client who will be having a series of diagnostic tests. The clients asks the nurse, "What is the importance of me having all of these tests? I told the physician I know what is wrong with me!" What is the best response by the nurse?

"The physician wants to validate what he believes the client problem is."

The nurse is evaluating a client's understanding of the risk factors for heart disease. The nurse corrects the client based on which inaccurate comment?

"i will switch from smoking to chewing tobacco"

A client has recently been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and is meeting with an oncologist for the first time. Which statement best describes the client's prognosis?

"your likelihood of 5-year survival of pancreatic cancer is a very low percentage"

A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under her care in a hospital context. Which client situation best characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology?

a client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis

A physician is providing care for a number of clients on a medical unit of a large, university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and molecules that cause disease. Which client most clearly demonstrates the consequences of molecules that cause disease?

a 30-year-old homeless man who has pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is HIV positive

When the nurse is assisting with the diagnostic process for a client with an illness, what is a priority when compiling all of the data to have an accurate diagnosis? Select all that apply

a careful history, detailed physical examination, diagnostic tests

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client who states she fell and twisted her right ankle during a softball game. The nurse notes that the right ankle is edematous and will probably need to be x-rayed. What term does the nurse use to describe the changes that accompany this finding?

a sign

The nurse is performing an assessment on a newly admitted client with asthma and hears wheezes in the upper lobes of the lungs. When the nurse documents this finding, the nurse recognize this to be:

a sign

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refer the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include:

a step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection

A client comes to the clinic stating, "I feel terrible. I feel feverish and it hurts when I cough." The nurse documents this report to be:

a symptom

During an assessment, a client tells the nurse that he has suffered from asthma since childhood. He is not experiencing any symptoms at this time but takes an inhaled steroidal medication daily. The nurse should document the asthma as being which type of condition?

chronic

When considering the clinical course, a disease that is characterized by remissions and exacerbations is considered to be:

chronic

A nurse is interpreting the test results of a client's screening test for cancer. If the client's result is negative and the test has a 95% specificity, the nurse should conclude that there a 95% chance of which outcome?

client does not have cancer

The nurse assesses several clients. Which client(s) will the nurse identify as exhibiting sequelae of disease? Select all that apply.

client with diabetes who has developed a loss of vision, client who experienced chronic liver failure after overdosing on acetaminophen, toddler who develops bronchiolitis after being treated for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A client is experiencing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The client's disease is in which phase of its clinical course?

clinical

Which client conditions would be considered a congenital defect? Select all that apply.

club foot, rheumatoid arthritis, hypospadias

A client delivers a child born with an extra digit. The client states that she had the same thing when she was born. What term would the nurse document in the record regarding this defect?

congenital condition

The Framingham cohort study examined characteristics of people who would later develop which disease?

coronary disease

The nurse is planning care for a client. Which information is most important for the nurse to apply in developing a plan of care?

current clinical practice guidelines combined with the client's health care goals

The nurse evaluates a client for manifestations of a disease. Which assessment data are considered signs? Select all that apply.

dilated pupils, skin rash, tachycardia

Which action is an example of a nurse delivering care at the tertiary care level?

educating a client with diabetes about good foot care

Which concept(s) will be included in the study of the science of pathophysiology? Select all that apply.

effect disease has on human organs, body's response to disease, altered functions of tissue, and morphologic changes of cells

____________ is the study of disease occurrence in human populations

epidemiology

The health care team is attempting to determine the cause of a client's disease. What does the nurse recognize that this will be documented as?

etiology

Breast cancer screening programs are an example of primary prevention of disease-- T/F

false

Health is defined as the absence of infirmity or disease-- T/F

false

Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a given time-- T/F

false

Which action(s) will a nurse teach as primary prevention of disease? Select all that apply.

measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccination to school-aged children, wearing a seat belt when in a motor vehicle

When attempting to reach a health diagnosis, the health care provider commonly applies four primary steps. Place the steps for reaching a diagnosis in order. Use all the options.

obtain clinical history, conduct a physical examination, perform diagnostic testing, and determine the most likely cause of the client's presentation

______________ is the physiology of altered health

pathophysiology

The nurse is caring for a client in the burn unit who has sustained partial and full thickness burns over 16 percent of the body. What type of etiologic factor does the nurse recognize these burns are?

physical forces

A nurse researcher is collecting data on the number of people who have a current diagnosis of diabetes in a local population. Which term categorizes the aspect of epidemiology the nurse is collecting?

prevalence

A school nurse compares the number of cases of measles in one elementary classroom to the number of students in the school. Which term describes this type of comparison?

prevalence

_____________ prevention of disease is aimed at keeping diseases from occurring by identifying and removing risk factors

primary

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which statement accurately describes secondary prevention?

secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings

A client has been diagnosed with a heart attack and has been placed on beta-blockers to reduce the workload on the heart, as well as a statin drug and a low-fat diet to lower cholesterol. Which level of prevention of disease would these therapies be classified?

tertiary

A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a myocardial infarction. After the client recovers from the acute course of the event and ready for discharge, the nurse provides information about the beta adrenergic blocker, atenolol, that the client will take to prevent complications after the MI. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?

tertiary prevention

The natural history of a disease can be used to predict outcomes in people who are not able to be treated-- T/F

true

When the nurse questions the blood glucose level obtained via a glucometer, a serum blood level is ordered. This protocol is directed toward ensuring which measure of standardization?

validity

_____________ refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

validity