patho chapter 12

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

ovarian cancer

accounts for more deaths than any other gynecologic malignancy. disease is asymptomatic until more advance stages. mutation BRCA1 or BRCA2

metrorrhagia

bleeding between menses

menopause

cessation of menstrual periods for 1 yr with evidence of ovarian failure. 50 to 51. fluctuation in menstrual cycle flow is noted, hot flashed, night sweats.

endometriosis

chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue. benign condition but can be acute or chronic. painful intercourse, defecation and even infertility can be related to the disease. et...retrograde menstration.

premenstrual syndrome

constellation of physical emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with the onset of menstruation or thereafter. s&s fluctuation hormone levels alter mood, sexual desire, energy levels.

premature labor

contractions leading to cervical change occurring before 37 completed weeks. et. unknown.

preeclampsia (toxemia)

disease of pregnancy , hypertension, proteinuria. happens in 3rd trimester but can occur 20 weeks of pregnancy. et. unknown

uterine prolapse

downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis. s&s increased vaginal or pelvic pressure as the uterus descends into vagina. when wiping feel cervix exiting vagina. et. support weakens due to trauma child birth and aging or other genetic factor

cystocele

downward displacement protrusion of urinary bladder into anterior wall of vagina. s&s pelvic pressure, urinary leakage, urgency or discomfort with intercourse. et. trauma to the fascia muscle and perlvic support structures during pregnancy and delivery or from atrophy (age)

labial or vulvar cancer

external genitalia. 90% malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas. s&s nodule or ulcer usually on labia majora. lesion associated with pruritus. less common vulvar bleeding, discharge, dysuria, enlarged lymph node in groin. et..65 years old. risk factors cigarette smoking, HPV infection.

ovarian cysts

fluid-filled, semisolid or solid masses originate on or within the ovary.s&s torsion or twisting can cause pain. et.. cause uncertain.

menorrhagia

heavy or prolonged menstrual flow

pelvic inflammatory disease

infection of woman's pelvis. tubes ovaries, and surrounding tissue are involved in the infection. mc in young sexually active women especially with multi partners. s&s fever, chills , malaise, backache and painful tender abdomen. et. initial infection is usually started by an STD (gonorrhea, chlamydia) but then infection becomes multibacterial with aerobic and anaerobic organisms

toxic shock syndrome

infection with staphylococcus aureus. occurs in young healthy persons age 20 to 50 from tampons that have streptococcal or contraceptive sponges. s&s high fever, headache, sore throat, and rash.

vaginitis

inflammation and / or infection of vaginal tissues. s&s discharge, local itching, burning and odor. et.. fungal infections mc cause of vaginitis., bacterial overgrowth or infection with protozoan call trichomonas. cervical infection with chlamydia or gonorrhea can be mistaken for vaginitis.

endometrial cancer

lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation. mc gynecologic malignancy.s&s vaginal spotting or bleeding . abnormal perimenopausal or postmenopausal uterine bleeding. mc type high cumulative exposure to estrogen.

cervical cancer

lower part of uterus extending into vagina. mc are squamous cell carcinomas. s&s watery , bloody, or purulent vaginal discharge that may be heavy and foul smelling, and bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause. et.. HPV

prostate cancer

malignancy of the small gland located below the bladder and anterior to the rectum in males. very common cancer grows so slowly that only 3% of men die from it. 2nd leading cause of cancer death in men. s&s asymptomatic. dre to find abnormalities. et.. risk factor age, heredity, lifestyle.

dysmenorrhea

menstrual pain, cramping. affects 50% of postpubertal woman. et..underlying muscular structure of the uterus and how it reacts to various chemicals produced during the cycle.

hyperemesis gravidarum

more severe stage of morning sickness. weight loss or greater than 10% and associated metabolic disturbances and dehydration. s&s excessive vomiting in pregnancy. et. unknown..elevated hcg levels and estrogen

testicular cancer

most curable solid neoplasms, nearly all are germ cell tumors. s&s nodule or painless swelling of one testicle. dull ache. et.. males 15 to 45 risk factor cryptorchidism, personal family history, infertility , hiv infection.

uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)

noncancerous benign tumors of smooth muscle within the uterus. vary in number, size, and location within uterus.found in up to 40% of women before menopause. s&s asymptomatic. can include pelvic pain. et..unknown. growth stimulated by estrogen. regress after menopause.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

nonmalignant, noninflammatory hypertrophy of the prostate gland causing compression of the urethra with urinary obstruction and resulting in urinary retention. common in older men 50 years . et.. unknown , aging.

eeclampsia

preeclampsia with seizure.

vaginal cancer

primary cancer of vagina is rare. most primary tumors are squamous cell carcinomas. s&s vaginal bleeding, watery vaginal discharge, dysuria, frequency, constipation, melena, vaginal mass. HPV infection, advanced age, multiple partners

rectocele

protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of vagina. s&s bearing down feeling, fullness in vagina, back pain, pelvic pressure and difficulty evacuating rectum. et. posterior wall of vagina is weakened , childbirth, aging, genetic predisposition.

oligomenorrhea

scanty menstruation