Patho Chapter 4 Questions

What special considerations must a person with AIDS take to limit illness caused by immunosuppression? What considerations must others make to protect a person with AIDS?

An immunosuppressed person with AIDS must take precautions to avoid exposure to infection. Avoidance of large gatherings of individuals or people with known infection is an effective strategy. Good handwashing and maintenance of skin integrity are also interventions that the affected person can take. Other individuals must also be conscious of good hand-washing and should avoid people who are immunosuppressed when they are ill themselves.

Which of the following conditions represents pathologic responses due to immunologic memory?

Anaphylaxis

Many vaccines are available to protect against common diseases and conditions. What are some reasons why people do not get immunized?

Barriers for vaccination against infectious disease include (1) the need for multiple injections for adequate protection in some vaccines, (2) concern about potential side effects, (3) cost, (4) accessibility, (5) convenience, (6) belief that risk to get the infectious disease is minimal, and (7) concern about vaccines requiring injection.

Why are immunosuppressed patients at greater risk for cancer?

Cells that do not normally divide can be recognized by the immune system and removed. Impaired immune response may not be able to clear oncogenic cells, promoting the risk of cancer development.

Autoimmunity may be triggered by which one of the following?

Close resemblance between foreign and self antigen

Immune suppression in AIDS is related to:

Decreased lymphocyte count

Some immunodeficiency diseases primarily affect one cell type. What part of the immune defense would be affected if the number of neutrophils were decreased? What would occur with a decrease in the number of macrophages? What would occur with a decrease in the number of plasma cells?

Deficiency in neutrophil cell number may prevent an adequate response of the innate immune system and place a person at risk for bacterial infection. Phagocytosis would be impacted by decreased number of macrophages, limiting the adaptive immune responses of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Antibody production would be impaired if there were a decrease in plasma cell number.

Which of the following are considered antigen presenting cells?

Dendritic cells

Which of the following is true regarding pharmacologic treatment for AIDS?

Drugs are used to inhibit HIV replication

Immunodeficiency is the result of

Failure of host defense mechanisms

Why is there less chance of rejection when a transplant occurs between identical twins? Is the chance of rejection the same if the twins are fraternal (not identical)?

Identical twins share the same genetic make-up, making it less likely for the donor tissue to carry foreign antigens that are able to stimulate an immune response. Fraternal twins have the genetic similarity of siblings, and have more potential to stimulate transplant rejection.

The pathology related to systemic lupus erythematosus is due to

Immune complex deposition

Treatment of altered immune response with corticosteroids is associated with which one of the following adverse effects?

Loss of bone mineral

When increased lymphocyte production is stimulated, these additional cells travel to the lymph nodes. How could you determine if this was occurring with a physical examination? What signs and symptoms might a person have if this occurs?

Lymph nodes will be enlarged (lymphadenopathy). They can be felt using palpation. Usually painless, enlarged lymph nodes may be noticed visually or by touch by the affected person.

Which of the following markers identifies a nucleated body cell?

MHC I

The adrenal gland stops producing cortisol during prednisone treatment. Why does this happen? What are the special considerations made when prednisone treatment is no longer needed?

Negative feedback stimulated by the supraphysiologic cortisol levels induced by prednisone removes the signal to the adrenal gland to produce the hormone. In order to restore the signal and allow enough time for adrenal hormone production, the predinisone dose is slowly reduced to allow restoration of a positive feedback loop.

Is an Rh-positive mother at risk of becoming sensitized to her Rh-negative fetus? Why or why not?

No. The Rh-negative fetus does not carry the anti-D antigen. The Rh-positive mother carries the anti-D antigen, so will not produce antibodies against it.

The transfer of secretory IgA from mother to infant during breast feeding is an example of

Passive immunity

Why don't all people stung by insects develop systemic symptoms of anaphylaxis?

People who are atopic are more likely to experience an exaggerated IgE-mediated response. Genetic, environmental, and developmental factors contribute to the development of atopy.

Which of the following is true regarding cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Recognize the MHC class I - antigen complex

People can suffer from the same illness, such as a cold, many times. What is a possible explanation for this?

The rhinovirus that causes common cold has many variations, allowing the virus to escape detection by the adaptive immune system. The antigenic variation prevents immunologic memory. The innate immune system is activated early and is usually effective at clearing the virus.

A hypersensitivity reaction resulting from a yellow jacket sting is an example of

Type I, immediate hypersensitivity reaction

A hypersensitivity reaction resulting from complement activation due to insoluble antigen-antibody deposition is an example of

Type III, immune complex reaction

For the following season, you are concerned about getting the flu again. Which of the following statements is true?

Vaccination for prevalent strains of influenza virus can provide improved protection against the disease.

During flu season, you get exposed to the influenza virus. Which component of your immune system will be the first to respond to this foreign pathogen?

innate