patho Chapters 36, 37, 38, 40, 41. week 6

Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of viral hepatitis. alcohol-induced injury. cirrhosis. acetaminophen toxicity.

alcohol-induced injury.

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation. progesterone corticoglobulin ACTH angiotensin II

angiotensin II

A patient who should be routinely evaluated for peptic ulcer disease is one who is taking six to eight tablets of acetaminophen per day. being treated with high-dose oral glucocorticoids. experiencing chronic diarrhea. routinely drinking alcoholic beverages.

being treated with high-dose oral glucocorticoids.

Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from decreased myoinositol transport. elevated HbA1c. deficient neuronal insulin receptors. neuronal demyelination.

decreased myoinositol transport.

An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to decreased serum osmolality. dehydration. hypervolemia. hyponatremia.

dehydration.

Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected lactose intolerance. enterocolitis. laxative abuse. giardiasis.

enterocolitis.

Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells. fat bile acetaminophen ferritin

fat

The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is hyperpigmentation. hypotension. hyperglycemia. hyperkalemia.

hyperglycemia.

Normal bile is composed of water, electrolytes, and organic solutes. proteins. bile acids. phospholipids.

water, electrolytes, and organic solutes.

What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis? Deficient protease inhibitor Elevated ferritin Elevated urine copper Positive antinuclear antibody

Elevated ferritin

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in increased active transport of glucose into the cell. glycogen breakdown within target cells. increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose. gluconeogenesis.

increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.

A biliary cause of acute pancreatitis is suggested by an elevation in which serum laboratory results? Lipase Amylase Glucose Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase

What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually? Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis E

Hepatitis B

_______ disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver. Kayser-Fleischer Wilson Reye Byler

Wilson

An early indicator of colon cancer is rectal pain. bloody diarrhea. a change in bowel habits. jaundice.

a change in bowel habits.

Most gallstones are composed of bile. cholesterol. calcium. uric acid salts.

cholesterol.

Proton pump inhibitors may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to increase gastric motility. inhibit secretion of pepsinogen. neutralize gastric acid. decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion.

decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion.

A patient with pancreatitis may experience muscle cramps secondary to alkalosis. hyperglycemia. hypocalcemia. hypermagnesemia.

hypocalcemia.

A clinical finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency is hypokalemia. hypoglycemia. hypertension. moon face.

hypoglycemia.

Barrett esophagus is a gastrin-secreting lesion. preneoplastic lesion. benign condition. gastrin-secreting tumor.

preneoplastic lesion.

Diabetes mellitus is the ________ leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in the United States. first second fourth seventh

seventh

A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at greater risk for development of gastroesophageal reflux. stomatitis. esophageal varices. Mallory-Weiss syndrome.

stomatitis.

Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency? No change in serum glucocorticoid level An increase in serum glucocorticoid level A decrease in serum glucose level An increase in serum ACTH level

No change in serum glucocorticoid level

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is volvulus. intussusception. adhesions. fecal impaction.

adhesions.

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B. recovered from immunity to chronic active acute

acute

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from cortisol excess. testosterone-secreting tumor. exogenous androgens. blocked cortisol production.

blocked cortisol production.

The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called glycolysis. glycogenesis. glycogenolysis. gluconeogenesis.

glycogenolysis.

An increased urine bilirubin is associated with an increased indirect serum bilirubin. hemolytic reactions. Gilbert syndrome. hepatitis.

hepatitis.

A laboratory finding that would help confirm the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism is hypernatremia. hyperkalemia. hypokalemia. hyperglycemia.

hypokalemia.

Surgical removal of a gland may result in hypersecretion. hyposecretion. hyporesponsiveness. tissue resistance.

hyposecretion.

Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with hypothyroidism. hyperthermia. acute cortisol insufficiency. pheochromocytoma.

hypothyroidism.

The finding of hypotension, rigid abdomen, and absent bowel sounds in a patient with pancreatitis is an expected finding and requires no specific intervention. indicates peritonitis with substantial risk for sepsis and shock. requires immediate surgical intervention. is an unusual finding in pancreatitis and indicates misdiagnosis.

indicates peritonitis with substantial risk for sepsis and shock.

Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods. megacolon at regions of autonomic denervation. ulceration of the distal colon and rectum. deficient production of pancreatic enzymes.

inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods.

Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism, because it destroys thyroid gland cells. inhibits the release of TSH. suppresses production of autoantibodies. inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabetes is pancreatic β-cell destruction. insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. lack of exercise and chronic overeating. impaired glucose transport into cells.

insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.

The formation of active vitamin D occurs in the skin. is impaired in renal failure. is dependent on oral intake of vitamin D. is necessary for normal potassium metabolism.

is impaired in renal failure.

Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called hepatic encephalopathy. hepatic meningitis. kernicterus. encephalitis.

kernicterus.

Premature infants are at greater risk for developing necrotizing enterocolitis. pseudomembranous colitis. appendicitis. diverticular disease.

necrotizing enterocolitis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with nonketotic hyperosmolality. childhood. autoimmune destruction of the pancreas. ketoacidosis.

nonketotic hyperosmolality.

Growth hormone-deficient infants would display low birth length and weight. normal birth length and weight. high birth length and weight. normal length and low weight.

normal birth length and weight.

A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of glucose. octreotide acetate. anticoagulants. proton pump inhibitors.

octreotide acetate.

The most challenging aspect of treatment for chronic pancreatitis is pancreatectomy. strict dietary avoidance of fats. abstinence from alcohol. pain control.

pain control.

A type of insulin that would be most appropriate for acute management of hyperglycemia is NPH. Semilente. regular. Ultralente.

regular.

Patients with acute pancreatitis are generally made NPO and may require continuous gastric suctioning in order to prevent abdominal distention. remove the usual stimuli for pancreatic secretion. prevent hyperglycemia associated with loss of insulin secretion. prevent mechanical obstruction of the intestine.

remove the usual stimuli for pancreatic secretion.

In type I diabetes, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism are similar to those occurring with hypermagnesemia. result from decreased neuromuscular excitability. are similar to those occurring with hypokalemia. result from decreased serum ionized calcium.

result from decreased serum ionized calcium.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that results from inadequate ADH secretion. is characterized by oliguria. is associated with anterior pituitary dysfunction. leads to glycosuria.

results from inadequate ADH secretion.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that results from inadequate ADH secretion. is characterized by oliguria. is associated with anterior pituitary dysfunction. leads to glycosuria.

results from inadequate ADH secretion.

It is true that growth hormone excess in adults results in the condition of acromegaly. leads to abnormally tall stature. is associated with hypoglycemia. is usually asymptomatic.

results in the condition of acromegaly.

It is true that biliary cancer is most often cured by surgery. respond well to chemotherapy. are identifiable and treatable when diagnosed early. tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously.

tend to be asymptomatic and progress insidiously.

The pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is generally described as ________ in nature. sharp and constant steady and boring intermittent and burning intermittent and stabbing

steady and boring

Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include tremor. cold intolerance. lethargy. weight gain.

tremor.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney. potassium secretion in the distal tubule of the kidney. water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney. urinary output.

water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney.