Patho Exam 1 Practice Qs

The nurse is caring for an 8-year-old with suspected influenza. Which of the following would be included for proper treatment? Select all that apply. - 1. Adequate nutrition and hydration - 2. Aspirin to alleviate fever and achiness - 3. Culture and sensitivity to antibiotic treatment - 4. Implementing droplet precautions

- 1. Adequate nutrition and hydration - 4. Implementing droplet precautions

Chvostek and Trousseau tests are commonly used to assess for imbalances in the level of... Calcium Sodium Magnesium Potassium

Calcium

Mutation of which genes are necessary for tumors to form and cancer to develop? Select all that apply. - 1. Oncogenes - 2. Mutator genes - 3. DNA repair genes - 4. Tumor suppressor genes

- 2. Mutator genes - 3. DNA repair genes - 4. Tumor suppressor genes

The nurse observes that blood pressure readings taken by a new CNA are very different from what other nurse's obtain. What does the nurse understand is occurring with these readings? - A lack of reliability in the readings of the CNA. - The BP machine is not sensitive. - The BP readings from the CNA are not specific. - The validity of the BP calibration is incorrect.

- A lack of reliability in the readings of the CNA.

Select the type of energy production that occurs in the mitochondria with the Krebs cycle: - Glyconeogenesis - Glycolysis - Anaerobic glycolytic pathway - Aerobic metabolism

- Aerobic metabolism

A patient's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the patient the significance of the changes. The nurse states that the finding is implicated as a precursor of cancer. Which of the following finding was most likely on the lab report? - Dysplasia - Hypertrophy - Metaplasia - Atrophy

- Dysplasia

The parents of a child with spina bifida ask what caused the condition. Which of the following would the nurse identify as the most likely etiological factor in the child's history? - Domestic violence - Birth trauma during delivery - Neonatal infection - Insufficient maternal folic acid intake

- Insufficient maternal folic acid intake

Mutation of which genes are necessary for tumors to form and cancer to develop? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) - Oncogenes - It serves as its digestive system - It manufactures mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA - It is where protein is synthesized SOMETHING MESSED UP HERE

- It serves as its digestive system - It manufactures mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA - It is where protein is synthesized

Which of the following statements is true in relation to lead exposure? - Increased calcium levels increases the risk of lead poisoning - Increased iron increases the risk of lead poisoning - Lead is absorbed through the skin - Lead is absorbed through the GI tract or the lungs

- Lead is absorbed through the GI tract or the lungs

For which acid-base imbalance will the nurse monitor a client taking large doses of loop diuretics? - Metabolic alkalosis - Metabolic acidosis - Respiratory alkalosis - Respiratory acidosis

- Metabolic alkalosis

The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaption known as which of the following? - Hyperplasia - Anaplasia - Metaplasia - Dysplasia

- Metaplasia

The nurse enters a patient's hospital room and finds the patient breathing rapidly, stating, "I must be having a stroke, my fingers are tingling!" Which of the following acid-base balance disorders is this patient experiencing due to hyperventilation? - Metabolic alkalosis - Metabolic acidosis - Respiratory alkalosis - Respiratory acidosis

- Respiratory alkalosis

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which of the following statements accurately describes secondary prevention? - Secondary prevention goes beyond treating the problem with which the person presents. - Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings - Secondary prevention takes place within healthcare systems and involves the services of a number of different types of health care professionals - Secondary prevention is often accomplished outside the healthcare system at the community level

- Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings

While explaining cellular membrane potentials, the instructor states that during an action potential, the cell membrane becomes more permeable to which mineral/electrolyte? - Sodium - Magnesium - Potassium - Calcium

- Sodium

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refers the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include which of the following? - Standing orders for wound care - Guidelines for staging pressure ulcers - Step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection - Pictorial representation of various dressings

- Step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection

A patient is admitted with an electrical burn and a fractured arm. Which cause related to the burn likely is responsible for the fracture? - The client had a predisposing condition - The client most likely fell after the electrical injury - The client may have fallen into the electrical cord - The client had violent muscle contractions during the electrical injury

- The client had violent muscle contractions during the electrical injury

Microscopic examination of tissue samples from a deceased client's liver reveal that the hepatocytes containing pathologic vacuoles of fat. The nursing should understand what significance in this finding? - The presence of fat in the cytoplasm of liver cells was likely the result of a genetic predisposition - The changes to the client's liver resulted from undiagnosed liver metastases - The client may have had high levels of exposure to free radicals early in life - This phenomenon may have been reversible if the client had undertaken lifestyle changes

- This phenomenon may have been reversible if the client had undertaken lifestyle changes

The nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing an increased level of aldosterone secretion. The nurse anticipates that the client may develop: 1. Na and H20 retention 2. K and Na excretion 3. K retention and H20 excretion 4. H20 and K retention

1. Na and H20 retention

The term nosocomial infection means: - Transmission involves an insect or animal host - Acquired in a hospital or medical facility - Transmitted by a fomite - Spread by direct contact with secretions from an open lesion

Acquired in a hospital or medical facility

Receiving the influenza vaccination provides what type of immunity? - Active natural - Passive natural - Active artificial - Passive artificial

Active Artificial

Which of the following is the primary control of serum sodium levels? - Aldosterone - ADH - Serum hydrogen levels - Serum potassium levels

Aldosterone

When patients have an ischemic event, cellular damage occurs after: - Increased production of ATP - Increased oxygenation - Decreased mitochondrial energy production - Increased pH

Decreased mitochondrial energy production

The nurse assesses a patient's abdominal incision 3 days after open cholecystectomy and notices a reopening of the wound centrally. This is known as: - Resolution - Regeneration - Dehiscence - Repair

Dehiscence

One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to: - Identify the original cell from which the tumor developed - Locate and identify the primary tumor - Decide the initiating factor for a particular tumor - Determine the best treatment and prognosis

Determine the best treatment and prognosis

Which patients would need to be transferred to the burn unit? Select all that apply. 42 yo F with full thickness burns on the front of the left arm 45 yo M with superficial and deep partial thickness burns to the face 21 yo M with deep partial thickness burns to the upper half of the back 20 yo F with superficial and deep partial thickness burns on the chest, abdomen, groin, and upper half of both legs 17 yo F with superficial partial thickness burns to both hands

All except 21 yo F

The immune response stimulated by the presence of cells from another individual of the same species is called: Serum sickness Alloimmunity Autoimmunity Anaphylaxis

Alloimmunity

Our adaptive immune response is part of which of the body's lines of defense? First Second Third Fourth

Third

What test will determine if an individual has active immunity against a particular infectious microorganism? - ELISA - Titer - MHC typing - Coombs test

Titer

A patient in the ED after a traumatic brain injury is receiving an infusion of 3% NaCl, a hypertonic solution. What will be the effect at a cellular level? Water is pulled into the cell causing the cell to swell Water is pulled out of the cell causing the cell to shrink Water doesn't move and the cell size stays the same Water movement will depend on the extent of the brain injury

Water is pulled out of the cell causing the cell to shrink

The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) results in: Water retention Sodium retention and potassium excretion Potassium retention Sodium and water excretion

Water retention

A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the following aspects of clients' situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology? A client: - Who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium - Who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis - Who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning - With multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident

Who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis

Which of the following sets of arterial blood gas (ABG) readings would indicate a fully compensated metabolic alkalosis? pH: 7.48; CO2: 32; HCO3: 28 pH: 7.35; CO2: 32; HCO3: 18 pH: 7.32; CO2: 49; HCO3: 26 pH: 7.45; CO2: 54; HCO3: 30

pH: 7.45; CO2: 54; HCO3: 30

A test reports that 99.8% of patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test, however 11.3% of patients who don't have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood test? - Low sensitivity, high specificity - High sensitivity, low specificity - Low reliability, high validity - High reliability, low validity

High sensitivity, low specificity

_____________ immunity is mediated by secreted molecules and is the main defense against extracellular microbes.

Humoral/cell mediated

Which of the following clients is most likely to experience muscle hypertrophy? A client with: - Hypertension, obesity, and decreased activity tolerance - Urinary incontinence following a cerebral vascular accident - Peripheral edema secondary to heart failure - Possible rejection symptoms following a liver transplant

Hypertension, obesity, and decreased activity tolerance

Factors that promote healing include all of the following EXCEPT: Hypovolemia Youth Adequate hemoglobin No infection

Hypovolemia

Which antibody mounts the largest, quick initial response to a pathogen invading the body a second time? IgG IgA IgM IgE

IgG

Which of the following would cause edema? Decreased hydrostatic pressure Increased capillary osmotic pressure Increased capillary permeability Decreased capillary permeability

Increase capillary permeability

Choose the correct effect of parathyroid hormone. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract Increased movement of calcium into the bones Increased activation of vitamin D Decreased reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract

Clinical manifestations of hypovolemia include all of the following, EXCEPT: Dry mucous membranes Increased blood pressure Decreased urine output Increased heart rate

Increased blood pressure

Which of the following is occurring inside of cells while they are not receiving enough oxygen due to ischemia? Select all that apply. - Increased intracellular potassium - Increased intracellular calcium - Increased intracellular sodium - Increased intracellular magnesium

Increased intracellular calcium Increased intracellular sodium

The primary pathological effect of influenza virus is: Destruction of the mucosa in the lower respiratory tract Replication of the virus in respiratory secretions Destruction of leukocytes and macrophages in the lungs Inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium

Inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because: - Permeability of nerve membranes increases - Insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction - Increased activation of vitamin D - Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

Insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction

Which of the following cellular accumulations is indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism? - Hydropic swelling - Lactate production - Metaplasia - Intracellular accumulations

Intracellular accumulations

What is the slowest, but most effective control for acid-base balance? - Kidneys - Brain - Respiratory system - Buffer systems in the blood

Kidneys

In fluid balance at the capillary level, which force is caused by proteins or other molecules that can pull fluid from the interstitial space into the intravascular space? Hydrostatic pressure Diffusion pressure Osmotic pressure Filtration pressure

Osmotic Pressure

What acid-base imbalance is indicated by the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values? pH: 7.49; CO2: 31 mmHg; HCO3: 19 mEq/L Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis

Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis

An elevation in which of the following electrolytes can be associated with severe cardiac arrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest? Sodium Phosphate Potassium Magnesium

Potassium

What does leukocytosis, specifically neutrophilia, frequently indicate? - Immunosuppression - Bone marrow damage - Presence of a bacterial infection - An allergic reaction

Presence of a bacterial infection

When assessing a patient's surgical incision, the nurse understands that the purpose of stitches is to approximate wound edges and promote healing through: - Primary intention - Secondary intention - Tertiary intention - Basic intention

Primary Intention

A public health nurse is providing smoking cessation counseling to a patient at risk for heart failure. Smoking cessation would be what level of prevention? - Primary prevention - Secondary prevention - Tertiary prevention - Disease prevention

Primary Prevention

Symptoms of fatigue, low grade fever, and generalized muscle aches would most likely be present in which stage of acute infection? Prodromal Convalescence Incubation Acute clinical illness

Prodromal

A patient with a large stomach tumor that is attached to the liver is scheduled to have a debulking procedure. The nurse explains that the expected outcome of this surgery is: - Control of the tumor growth by removal of malignant tissue - Promotion of better nutrition by relieving pressure in the stomach - Relief of pain by cutting sensory nerves in the stomach - Reduction of the tumor burden to enhance adjuvant therapy

Reduction of the tumor burden to enhance adjuvant therapy

All of the following are compensatory mechanisms of metabolic acidosis, EXCEPT: - Increased breathing rate - Increased breathing depth - Serum hypokalemia - Ammonia in the urine

Serum hypokalemia

A patient returns to the clinic for her Pap smear results, which reveal cervical dysplasia. Which of the following statements if made by the nurse accurately describes the condition? - "Some cells in your cervix have increased in size." - "There are anaplastic changes in the nucleus of some of your cells." - "Some cells in your cervix have become immature." - "Some of your cervical cells have become cancerous."

"Some cells in your cervix have become immature."

A nurse is caring for a patient with hypoparathyroidism. Which of the following is a major concern for the patient? 1. Hypernatremia 2. Hypocalcemia 3. Hyponatremia 4. Hypokalemia

2. Hypocalcemia

A woman has burns on the anterior surfaces of her right arm, (right side of her) chest, and right leg. What is the total body surface area (BSA) or the percentage of body surface area burned? 13.5% 18% 22.5% 21.5%

22.5%

The nurse caring for the client with respiratory alkalosis and renal compensation determines which of these following diagnostic findings is consistent with this disorder? 1. Normal PCO2, and decreased HCO3 and pH 2. Normal PCO2, and increase HCO3 and pH 3. Decreased PCO2, and HCO3, and increased pH 4. Increased PCO2, and HCO3, and decreased pH

3. Decreased PCO2, and HCO3, and increased pH

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the deposition of antigen/antibody complexes that lead to inflammatory destruction of tissue? 1. Type I hypersensitivity 2. Type II hypersensitivity 3. Type III hypersensitivity 4. Type IV hypersensitivity

3. Type III hypersensitivity (immune Complex)

A patient experienced an episode of influenza 6 months ago. A recent exposure to a mutated form of the same virus would result in: A primary immune response A secondary immune response Passive natural immunity to the virus Avoidance of any flu infection

A primary immune response

Which of the following causes anaphylaxis? - A severe, systemic allergic reaction - Type III hypersensitivity - Cell-mediated hypersensitivity - Immune complex deposits in many tissues

A severe, systemic allergic reaction

The doctor has told your patient that the lesion on his chest is a hemangioma and the patient is extremely worried. The knowledgeable nurse confirms that this is a: - Malignant tumor of skin cells - Benign tumor of skin cells - Malignant tumor of a blood vessel - Benign tumor of a blood vessel

Benign tumor of a blood vessel

How can diagnosis of malignancy be confirmed? - Biopsy - Radiography - Careful palpation - CT scan

Biopsy

Which of the following is an example of a clinical manifestation known as a sign? - Nausea - Bruise - Loss of appetite - Headache

Bruise

Which type of disease is easily spread from person to person? - Opportunistic - Non-opportunistic - Communicable - Non-communicable

Communicable

The _____________ system is a contributor to both innate and humoral activity that requires sequential activation.

Complement

Which of the following plasma systems that regulate inflammation is most responsible for destroying and removing microorganisms through opsonization and cell lysis? Clotting Complement Kinin Erythrocyte

Complement

Type I allergic reactions are mediated by _____________ - class immunoglobulins

E (IgE)

Antibodies can directly destroy invading pathogens. True False

False

Individuals experiencing the same disease exhibit the same clinical manifestations. True False

False

Passive Immunity is achieved through immunization - True - False

False

The type of irreversible injury that initiates an inflammatory response is called apoptosis. True False

False

T cells mature in the thymus and are active in humoral immunity. - True - False

False T cells - mature in thymus, CELL MEDIATED immunity B cells- mature in bone marrow, humoral immunity

Which of the following would be a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease? - Smoking - Obesity - Elevated blood pressure - Family history

Family History

In educating a patient about the effects of smoking, the nurse stresses that smoking harms the mucocilary functioning of the respiratory system, damaging which of the body's lines of defense? First Second Third Fourth

First

Which MHC class would be responsible for signaling the immune system to destroy a virally-infected cell? MHC Class I MHC Class II MHC Class III MHC Class IV

MHC Class I

What is the leukocyte responsible for production and immediate release of inflammatory mediators through degranulation? - Dendritic cell - Mast cell - Neutrophil - B lymphocyte

Mast cell

As a knowledgeable nurse you know that hand washing is an important example of an action to break the chain of infection at which link? Reservoir Portal of entry Means of transmission Susceptible host

Means of transmission

Arterial blood gases of a client with a diagnosis of acute renal failure reveal a pH of 7.25, HCO3- level of 21 mEq/L, and decreased PCO2 level accompanied by a respiratory rate of 32. This client is most likely experiencing which disorder of acid-base balance? - Metabolic alkalosis - Metabolic acidosis - Respiratory alkalosis - Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic acidosis

What acid-base imbalance is indicated by the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values? pH: 7.49; CO2: 42 mmHg; HCO3: 29 mEq/L Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

The nurse is examining the results of the bronchoscopy of a chronic smoker. The report showed stratified squamous cells as opposed to columnar ciliated cells. The nurse understands that this is which type of cellular adaptation? - Hyperplasia - Metaplasia - Dysplasia - Anaplasia

Metaplasia

Normal, harmless bacterial inhabitants of the human body are referred to as the __________.

Microflora, flora

A patient's serum sodium is 128 mEq/L. What is the expected movement of fluid between the intracellular and extracellular compartments? None, net movement into and out of the cell would be equal Movement into the cells causing cellular swelling Movement out of the cells causing cellular shrinking None of the above

Movement into the cells causing cellular swelling

The leukocytes that are predominant early in the inflammatory response to ingest bacteria and cellular debris are: Mast cells Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils

Neutrophils

Remission of cancer is generally defined as a period in which: - Chemotherapy cannot be used - Signs and symptoms are absent - Complications are evident - Metastases occur

Signs and symptoms are absent

Water tends to move together with which electrolyte? Magnesium Phosphate Sodium Calcium

Sodium

What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid? - Calcium - Phosphate - Sodium - Potassium

Sodium

HIV damages the immune system by taking over and destroying _____________ lymphocytes

T cells, helper T cells

A tumor is medium in size and has spread to 2 nearby lymph nodes. Subsequent x-ray and biopsy indicate secondary tumors in the lungs. Using the TNM system, how would you classify this cancer? - T1, N0, M0 - T2, N2, M0 - T3, N2, M1 - T4, N2, M1

T3, N2, M1

An obese adult with type 2 diabetes is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise. This is an example of: - Primary prevention - Secondary prevention - Tertiary prevention - Disease prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Which of the following is characteristic of a wound healing by secondary intention? Scarring is minimal or absent The wound has approximated edges The wound will have to heal from the bottom up The risk for infection is low

The wound will have to heal from the bottom up

A change in physiologic variable is more important than the absolute values. True False

True

Chronic inflammation is self-perpetuating, while acute inflammation is self-limiting. True False

True

HIV can spread from mother to child by breastfeeding - True - False

True

Isotonic fluid volume deficit is nearly always a result of loss of body fluids. True False

True

Latex allergies may be either a type I or type IV - True - False

True

There are generally fewer treatment options for viral infections than for bacterial infections. - True - False

True

There are generally fewer treatment options for viral infections than for bacterial infections. True False

True

A patient that reports hives associated with eating peanuts has which type of hypersensitivity reaction? - Type I hypersensitivity - Type II hypersensitivity - Type III hypersensitivity - Type IV hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity (Allergic Anaphylaxis Atopy)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a chronic autoimmune disease, is characterized by antigen-promoting complex deposition and inflammation. This would be classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction? Type I hypersensitivity Type II hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity (immune Complex)