patho exam 1 practice questions

are females are unlikely to be effected by X-linked ?

yes, they are unlikely compare to male

most water is in intracellular ? T or F

True. More water inside the cell

what considered organic? 1) water 2) ions 3)lipids 4) carbs

lipid and carbs. * Ions are inorganics; water is neither inorganic nor organic

Absolute and relative refractory periods are important aspects of which of the following? Graded potentials Action potentials Resting potentials Equilibrium potentials

Action potential

which is/are not autosomal dominant disease? 1) Hungtinton 2)Neurofibromatosis 3) Tuner syndrome 4)Pyloric stenosis 5)Down syndrome 6)vonReckinghause

1,2, ,6

which one is true about reactive oxygen species? 1) an atom with single unpaired electron 2) membrane damage mechanism 3)it can create highly free radical 4)cause injury by lipid peroxidation, fragmentation of polypeptide chains, alteration of DNA by breakage of single strand. 5) block enzymic pathway 6)coagulate cell protein

1,2, 3, 4 . Block enzymic pathway and coagulate cell protein are related to toxic chemical agent

identify the characteristic of X link recessive inherited disorder: 1) affected male have normal sons 2)affected male have affected daughters 3)son of female carriers have a 50% risk of being affected 4)the affected female may transmit the gene to both sons and daughters

1,2,3

what are the example of asphyxial injuries? 1)suffocation 2)strangulation 3)chemical 4)carbon monoxide 5)drowning 6)carbon tetrachloride

1,2,3,5 Carbon monoxide and carbon chloride are examples of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive free radical.

which genetic disease is caused by an abnormal karyotypes? 1) down syndrome 2) hungtinton 3)PKU 4)Cystic Fibrosis 5) Neurofibromatosis

1. DS

When a muscle cell is relaxed and intracellular ATP levels are normal, a crossbridge will remain in which of the following states? 1. Bound to actin and in the low-energy form 2. Bound to actin and in the high-energy form 3. In the high-energy form, with ADP and Pi bound to it. 4. In the high-energy form, with ATP bound to it 5..In the low-energy form with nothing bound to it

3

cystic fibrosis has been mapped to chromosome: 1) 17 2)7 3)X 4)16

7

Which of the following is an example of an agent capable of producing a toxic metabolite and indirect chemical injury? Alcohol Aspirin Carbon monoxide Mercury poisoning

ALcohol

What is the primary difference in graded potentials versus actions potentials? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Graded potentials occur in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, while actions potentials occur in neurons of the central nervous system (Choice B, Checked) B Graded potentials do not involve transient production of charged molecules inside the neuron, while action potentials involve the flow of charged molecules across the neuron membrane (Choice C) C Graded potentials occur in axons, while action potentials occur in the dendrites and soma (Choice D) D Action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma

Action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma

Accumulation of lipid within liver cells may be related to.... Starvation of the patient Excessive alcohol intake Obesity Toxic injury to the liver All of the above

All of the above

A pathologist notes that a biopsy from the lung of living patients shows the morphologic changes indicative of irreversible injury and cell death. Which of the following is most likely responsible for cell death in a living body? Cytolysis Necrosis Putrefaction Autolysis Somatic death

Autolysis

How are potassium ions typically moved out of a neuron when the membrane is at rest? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Electrical gradients move potassium ions out of the cell BConcentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. C Potassium ions are stable and do not move when a membrane is at rest. DThe sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions out of the cell.

BConcentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell.

Which of the following statements concerning the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of skeletal muscle is correct? a) The mitochondria act as a store of Ca2+ for the contractile process b) Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane is important in sustaining the contraction of skeletal muscle c) A rise in intracellular Ca2+allows actin to interact with myosin d) The tension of a skeletal muscle fibre is partly regulated by G proteins.

C

In the resting state, which of the following mineral ions has an electrical force vector pointing out of the neuron? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Calcium cation (Choice B) B Chloride anion (Choice C, ] Potassium cation (Choice D) D Sodium cation

Chloride anion

How would action potentials be affected in a myelinated axon if nodes are far apart? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Action potentials might travel more quickly (Choice B) B Action potentials might travel more slowly (Choice C) C Action potentials might stop (Choice D) D Action potentials would not be affected

Choice C

A 10-year-old black man with a known history of sickle cell disease presents to the emergency department complaining of left upper quadrant pain suggestive of a splenic infarct. Microscopic examination of the spleen would most likely reveal Caseous necrosis Coagulative necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Gangrenous necrosis

Coagulative necrosis

A 65 year old man presents with angina and dyspnea. He has a family history of hypercholesterolemia. Unfortunately despite thrombolytic therapy he dies. What would you expect to see on light microscopic examination of cardiac tissue? Caseous necrosis Enzymatic fat necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Coagulative necrosis

Coagulative necrosis - Heart, ischemic or infarct

The functions which have been identified for the proteins expressed by cellular proto-oncogenes include all of the following except: A growth factor receptor B component of a signal transduction pathway C growth factor D enzyme involved in DNA mismatch repair E transcription factor

D

A patient is admitted with severe substernal chest pain of 4 hours duration. Lab tests reveal increased level of the serum creatine kinase. This is most likely due to: Mitochondrial swelling Nuclear lysis Damage of plasma membranes Increased endoplasmic reticulum Increased golgi activity

Damage of plasma membranes

Cri du chat is an abnormality of chromosomal structual involving : 1) translocation 2)inversion 3)deletion 4) duplication

Deletion

Which one transport proteins? 1) Golgi apparatus 2) Endoplasmic Reticulumn 3)Lysocome 4)Ribosome

Endoplasmic reticulum transport protein

Laproscopic examination of the abdomen was performed on a 50 year old chronic alcoholic man. The surgeon noted digestion of tissue with soap formation and calcification. Which of the following is this most likely characteristic of? Coagulative necrosis Caseous necrosis Enzymatic fat necrosis Liquefactive necrosi

Enzymatic fat necrosis - Abdomen, soap formation and calcification

The muscle fibres of skeletal muscle are electrically coupled so that one nerve fibre can control the activity of several muscle fibres. True or false? a) True b) False

False. Skeletal muscle fibres act independently of each other unlike cardiac and smooth muscle cells, which are linked by gap junctions.

The action potential of cardiac muscle fibres is initiated by action potentials in sympathetic nerve fibres. True or false?

False.The myocytes of the SA node generate spontaneous action potentials that set the heart rate but the heart rate is increased by stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerves.

The action of putrefactive bacteria on necrotic tissue results in... Coagulation Infarction Gangrene Embolism Caseation

Gangrene - referred as a tissue death, usually in the mass and with putrfactive bactria 1) gas gangrene can cause by bacteria clotri 2)dry gangrene can cause by coagulative necrosis 3) Wet gangrene can cause by liquefactive necrosis

Which of the following statements is false? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Graded potentials are always hyperpolarizing, whereas action potentials are always depolarizing. (Choice B) B Graded potentials are proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas action potentials are "all-or-none." (Choice C) C Refractory periods are not associated with graded potentials, but are associated with action potentials. (Choice D) D Graded potentials are always decremental, whereas action potentials are always non-decremental.

Graded potentials are always hyperpolarizing, whereas action potentials are always depolarizin

Where are voltage-gated sodium channels found in greatest concentration? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A In the nodes of Ranvier (Choice B) B In the axon terminals (Choice C) C In the trigger zones (Choice D) D In the dendrites

In the trigger zones

A decrease in ATP will have which of the following cellular effects? (select 2) Influx of calcium Increased Oxidative phosporylation Decrease in pH (due to increased lactate production) Influx of potassium

Influx of Ca+ and decrease in pH * There will be an influx of calcium and sodium due to the breakdown of the ATP pumps. This means that potassium will efflux more (potassium has a tendency to exit the cell)

You are asked to review a liver biopsy from a patient with history of alcohol abuse. Which of the following pathologic changes will most likely lead to death of hepatocytes and liver cirrhosis? Fatty change in liver cells Hydropic change of hepatocytes Karyolysis in myocardial cells Glycogen deposition in hepatocyte nuclei 2 1

Karyolysis in myocardial cells

A patient suffers a stroke and has left sided weakness and paralysis in the upper extremity. The type of necrosis associated with a well-developed infarct of the brain is Coagulative Enzymatic Fat Liquefactive Gangrenous

Liquefactive - ischemic in the neuron, brain.

After an accident, you are unable to workout for months and so your muscles (skeletal) are looking smaller than usual. What has happened here? (select 2) Muscle Hyperplasia Muscle atrophy Muscle Hypertrophy The number of muscle cells has decreased over time The size of the muscle cells shrunk over time Muscle aplasia

Muscle atrophy and The size of the muscle cell shrunk over time. *Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nerves are unable to change the number of cells. If there is a change in those categories, it will be in size, not number.

PSA is mainly used to detect _____. colorectal cancer breast cancer liver cancer prostate cancer

Prostate

Action potentials are characterized by which of the following? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: Depolarization or hyperpolarization Repolarization Slightly negative polarization Rapid depolarization

Rapid depolarization

The part of the neuron that generates an Action Potential Receptor Dendrite Axon Terminal Knob Cell Body (Cyton)

Receptor

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is aka the _________________.

SACROLEMMA

Which of the following muscle types contain gap junctions? 1)Skeletal muscle 2)Smooth muscle 3)Cardiac muscle 4)A & b 5)B & c

SMOOTH AND CARDIAC

Which of the following statements concerning the contraction of smooth muscle are correct? Please select all that apply a) Individual muscle fibres are innervated by autonomic nerves. b) All smooth muscles behave as a single motor unit c) Some smooth muscles may contract without an action potential d) Although smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nerves there is no specific neuromuscular junction e) The contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by calcium in the same manner as cardiac muscle.

c) Occurs when the muscle is moving a load at about one third of its maximum rate of shortening e) Depends on the load being moved by the muscle Feedback: As power = force x velocity, the maximum power depends on the load moved by the muscle. Too high a load and the muscle cannot shorten effectively; a light load requires little power to move it.

The maximum power that can be developed by a skeletal muscle Please select all that apply a) Is independent of the initial length of the muscle b) Occurs with an isometric contraction c) Occurs when the muscle is moving a load at about one third of its maximum rate of shortening d) Occurs when the muscle is shortening at its maximum rate e) Depends on the load being moved by the muscle

c) Some smooth muscles may contract without an action potential d) Although smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nerves there is no specific neuromuscular junction Feedback: Smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nerves but there is no exact equivalent of the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. Many smooth muscles behave as a single unit but some, such as those of the iris, are multi-unit in character. Some smooth muscle contractions are initiated by hormones activating phospholipase C and releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by calcium via calmodulin which activates myosin light chain kinase. The phosphorylated myosin is then able to interact with actin to initiate contraction. Page reference: 132-134

Which of the following statements concerning the structure of muscle tissue is correct? a) Skeletal muscle has the same structure as cardiac muscle b) Smooth muscle cells have no striations as they lack myosin filaments c) Smooth muscle has a system of T-tubules. d) The myofibrils of skeletal muscle are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both striated and possess repeating sarcomeres but, unlike cardiac and smooth muscle, skeletal muscle has a well-developed system of T tubules. Cardiac muscle consists of many myocytes linked together by intercalated disks while skeletal muscle fibres are long multi-nucleated cylindrical cells. Smooth muscle cells have no repeating sarcomeres but a loose array of actin and myosin filaments.

After an action potential, the membrane becomes more negative than -70 mV. This period is called: repolarization. hyperpolarization. hyperdepolarization. depolarization.

hyperpolarization

Can dysplasia progress to cancer and is it reversible ?

it may not progress to cancer and it is reversible.

If homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, the disorder is: a. polyploidy b. aneuploidy c. disjunction d. nondisjunction e. translocation

nondisjunction