Patho Final
88. A ureterocele is...WHAT?
A cystic dilation of the distal ureter near insertion into the bladder.
45. The most common causes of heart failure include which of the following? All that apply.)
coronary heart disease and heart attack.
75. Risk factors for renal carcinoma? (All that apply.)
genetic, cigarette smoking, obesity, and chemical.
74. Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because???????
hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipid
67. Respiratory acidosis may be caused by.....WHAT
hypoventilation.
47. Anaphylactic shock. signs and symptoms in the patient? All that apply.)
Hypotension, urticaria, angioedema, and wheezing
55. The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is...WHAT
Hypoxemia
11. The principal Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is
IgE.
71. The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is...WHAT?
Immune complex reaction
69. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in.....WHAT
Increase PH, increase HCO3.
64. A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of...WHAT?
Increase neuromuscular excitability.
50. Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of?????
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
56. Empyema is defined as an.....WHAT?
Infection in the pleural space.
25. Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to..DO WHAT?
Inhibit clotting factor consumption.
18. A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
Iron deficiency
19. The cause of the most common form of anemia is..WHAT?
Iron deficiency anemia
81. the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is???
Ischemic conditions
34. Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for which of the following problems? All that apply.)
Ischemic stroke, retinal injury, and renal impairment.
46. A patient experiencing shock may exhibit which signs and symptoms? All that apply.)
Pulse of more than 100 beats/ minute, fast and deep respirations.
20. Anemia related to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency is characterized by what laboratory features? All that apply....DELICIOUS!!!!
RBC count of 500,0000 to 750,000 cells/mm3, and WBC count of 4000 to 5000 cells/mm3.
10. RhoGAM is given to an Rh-negative mother in order to prevent....WHAT
RH incompatibility in a future pregnancy.
70. A patient is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?...NICE!!.....LET'S SEE CAPOTE!
Rapid and deep breathing, abdominal pain, and lethargy.
90. Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with...WHAT
Recurrent cystitis
49. Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of WHAT?
Release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.
40. Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
Rupture.
97. Medications can be prescribed for the treatment of premature ejaculation? All that apply.)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants.
80. The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is..????
Serum creatinine.
87. Group with highest risk for urinary tract infection?
Sexually active females.
89. The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is...WHAT
Smoking, gender (male), age(greater than 55 years old), Caucasian.
35. Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for which conditions? All that apply.)
Stroke, cognitive impairment, and death.
33. High blood pressure increases the risk of which conditions? All that apply.)
Stroke, renal disease, ischemic disease.
12. Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by which of the following? ( All that apply.)
Surgery, high blood sugar, corticosteroids, low protein level.
96. Which medication classes does the nurse educate men on for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED)? All that apply.)
Tadalafil.
2. All of data that you need to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered?
The problem and its definition the etiology of the problem the defining characteristics or risk factors of the problem.
94. Cryptorchidism is...WHAT?
Undescended testicles
41. Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present with which manifestations? (Select all that apply.)
Unstable angina, MI, and sudden cardiac arrest.
28. Diseases may be associated with a bleeding problem? All that apply.)
Urinary retention, renal failure, cirrhosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ovarian cancer.
58. Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by...WHAT?
cardiogenetic pulmonary edema.
78. Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of????
Hyperparathyroidism.
84. signs of chronic renal failure? All that apply.)
High - serum potassium levels, high serum phosphorous, high blood urea nitrogen, and anemia.
30. Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?
Absent peripheral pulse.
31. The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency (all that apply.)
Achin and cramping in the affected area, relief with elevation to the area, relief with ambulation (when pain is in legs).
32. High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases..WHAT?
Afterload.
53. COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes.....??????
Air trapping
8. Side effects of chemotherapy include all that apply.)
Anemia, nausea, bleeding, infections, and bone marrow suppression.
37. Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
Antiplatelet drugs.
52. Croup is characterized by.....WHAT????
Barking cough, hoarseness, stridor, difficulty breathing.
82. Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by...WHAT?
Bilateral kidney stones
51. Cystic fibrosis is associated with...WHAT???
Bronchiectasis
14. Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?
CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)
76. Manifestations of acute pyelonephritis? All that apply....QUE RICO!!
Can result in dehydration, often include symptoms of lower urinary tract infection, include fever, chills, costovertebral angle tenderness, may include urosepsis.
65. Acid that kidneys unable to excrete?
Carbonic.
99. Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of ...WHAT?
Cardinal ligaments.
4. Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead Select all that apply.,,,,NICE
Cardiovascular disease, depression, impaired cognitive function, autoimmune disease.
62. Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include...WHAT
Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.
85. The diet for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) should include which of the following? All that apply.)
High carbohydrates and fats, low sodium and potassium, low phosphorous, high calorie.
60. Which alteration can lead to edema?
Decreased lymphatic flow.
83. Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by...WHAT?
Decreased secretion of erythropoietin
3. Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to Select all that apply....NICE
Decreased urinary output, increased sodium retention, increased blood pressure.
36. Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at
Decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.
91. Which situations increase the risk of urge incontinence? All that apply.)
Diabetes, hysterectomy or other pelvic surgery, medications: including antidepressant, diuretics, and blood pressure medicine.
38. Aortic regurgitation is associated with
Diastolic murmur.
59. A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is......WHAT?
Dry cough.
93. Cystitis symptoms ,,All that apply.)
Dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, cloudy, bloody, or foul-smelling urine, low back pain, fever.
54. Characteristics of asthma? All that apply.)
Edema, airway inflammation, collagen deposits.
44. A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This patient is most likely described as a(n)......WHAT?
Elderly woman without a history of MI.
42. Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Electrocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, and radionuclide scintigraphy.
6. Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they act in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.)
Enter the host cell, use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate, and do not produce toxins.
15. Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with...WHAT?
Epstein - Barr virus.
61. Hypernatremia may be caused by WHAT
Excessive sodium intake, gain of sodium, or loss of water.
27. What is involved in the release of plasminogen activators? All that apply.)
Factor XII, HMWK, Kallikrein, thrombin.
16. CML (chronic myeloid leukemia ALL THE symptoms? All that apply.)
Fatigue, weight loss, bleeding, abdominal discomfort, and sweats.
22. The final step in clot formation is...WHAT
Fibrinogen to fibrin.
77. The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by..WHAT?
Fluit excess and electrolyte imbalance.
79. A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because??????
GFR declines
1. Your patient's red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by WHAT?
Gender difference, situational variation, illness
48. Septic shock is commonly associated with Gram-negative infections and Gram-positive organisms that enter the body through which body systems? All that apply.)
Genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin.
9. Viruses are associated with human cancers? all that apply.)
HPV, EBV, HBV, HCV, and HIV.
13. Diseases are due to type IV hypersensitivity? All that apply.)
Leprosy, tuberculosis, herpes simplex infection (old sore)
86. A patient missed two dialysis sessions. What conditions will the patient likely demonstrate? All that apply.),,,NICE ONE!!!
Lethargy because of metabolic acidosis and increased bun, skeletal muscle weakness, and possible cardiac dysrhythmias because of hyperkalemia, deep rapid breathing because of compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis.
98. Causes of male infertility? All that apply.)
Low sperm count, obstruction in the shaft.
21. Regarding iron-deficiency anemia, what laboratory features are typically decreased? All that apply.)
MCV, MCH, MCHC.
66. Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of...WHAT
Metabolic acid deficit.
68. Diarrhea causes......WHAT?
Metabolic acidosis.
92. characteristics of cystitis? All that apply.)
More common in women, associated with catheterization of the bladder, fostered by stasis of urine,
63. Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include....WHAT
Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
57. A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is...WHAT?
Noncompliance to medication regimen.
7. Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
Occurs at an earlier age
17. Which clinical findings describe the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)? Act all that apply.)
Pain in long bone, infection, fever, and bruising.
73. One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is...WHAT
Pelvic tumor.
26. A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs.....WHAT?
Platelet adhesion to injured tissue.
24. The megakaryocyte is a precursor to......OF WHAT
Platelets.
39. Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.
Prinz metal variant
5. Bacteria cause injury to cells by which mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)
Producing exotoxin, producing endotoxins, producing destructive enzymes, evoking an immune reaction.
43. First-degree heart block is characterized by ...WHAT?
Prolonged PR interval.
95. A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristics of....WHAT?
Prostatic enlargement.
72. Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.
Protein
29. Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia.
100. Endometriosis is a condition in ......WHAT?
Tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.
23. Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by...WHAT
Tissue thromboplastin