Patho Final
Outbreaks of hepatitis _____ often occur in young children attending day care centers and can be attributed to poor hand washing. a. A b. B c. C d. D
a. A
Which of the following type(s) of hepatitis has an incubation period of up to 180 days? (Select al that apply.) a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
a. A d. D
A 29-year-old male was recently diagnosed with AS. He is interested in obtaining more information about his disease. Patient teaching would include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. A diagnosis is made from history, physical examination, x-rays, and genetic analysis. b. Inflammation of the fibrocartilage in cartilaginous joints results in the erosion of bone structure, scar tissue formation, and joint fusion. c. The more common signs and symptoms of early disease include restricted joint movement and increased pain after physical activity. d. The usual treatment includes anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications, exercises, and physical therapy. e. The spine becomes bent forward as the normal convex curve of the lower spine diminishes.
a. A diagnosis is made from history, physical examination, x-rays, and genetic analysis. b. Inflammation of the fibrocartilage in cartilaginous joints results in the erosion of bone structure, scar tissue formation, and joint fusion. d. The usual treatment includes anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications, exercises, and physical therapy. e. The spine becomes bent forward as the normal convex curve of the lower spine diminishes.
A 2-month-old female with Down syndrome is diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease following family complaints of chronic constipation. The most likely cause of these symptoms is: a. Absence of ganglia along the length of the colon b. The use of cow's milk instead of formula c. Excessive use of glycerin suppositories to promote bowel elimination d. Additional ganglia throughout the length of the colon
a. Absence of ganglia along the length of the colon
The patient asks the student to explain what the gastrointestinal (GI) tract actually does. The student would be correct in telling the patient the GI tract performs which of the following processes? (Select all that apply.) a. Absorption of digested food b. Chemical breakdown of food particles c. Erythropoiesis d. Mechanical breakdown of food particles e. Secretion of mucus
a. Absorption of digested food b. Chemical breakdown of food particles d. Mechanical breakdown of food particles e. Secretion of mucus
In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by: a. Acetaldehyde accumulation b. Bile toxicity c. Acidosis d. Fatty infiltrations
a. Acetaldehyde accumulation
Transchondral fractures are most prevalent in: a. Adolescents b. Older adults c. Infants d. Premenopausal females
a. Adolescents
Individuals of _____ descent are more prone to developing keloids? a. African-American b. Northern European c. Asian d. Native American
a. African-American
A 60-year-old female with a history of alcoholism complains of recent weight gain and right flank pain. Physical examination reveals severe ascites. This condition is caused by decreased: a. Albumin and lack of cellular integrity b. Capillary filtration pressure c. Capillary permeability d. Antidiuretic hormone secretion
a. Albumin and lack of cellular integrity
A 36-year-old male is experiencing frontotemporal hair recession. He is diagnosed with male pattern baldness, which is a form of: a. Alopecia b. Areata c. Hirsutism d. Paronychia
a. Alopecia
A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with skin cancer. Her primary care provider explains that the most important risk factor for skin cancer is: a. Amount of direct sun exposure at a young age b. Amount of sun exposure over age 50 c. Lifetime amount of sun exposure d. Living in equatorial regions where the sun is most intense
a. Amount of direct sun exposure at a young age
A 12-year-old female notices her hair and skin feel more oily than normal. Her primary care provider explains that during puberty her sebaceous glands enlarge and are stimulated by: a. Androgens b. Estrogen c. Vitamin D d. Progesterone
a. Androgens
A 14-year-old female presents with severe acne. Which of the following promotes acne development? a. Androgens b. Estrogens c. Gonadotropins d. Glucocorticoids
a. Androgens
Which of the following are complications of gastroesophageal reflux? (Select all that apply.) a. Aspiration pneumonia b. Anemia c. Weight loss d. Delayed growth e. Hepatomegaly
a. Aspiration pneumonia b. Anemia c. Weight loss d. Delayed growth
Children with OI suffer from frequent: a. Bone fractures b. Dislocations c. Bone infections d. Joint injuries
a. Bone fractures
A 6-year-old male presents with fever, pain, swelling, and warmth. Tests reveal osteomyelitis In addition to the clinical symptoms, the nurse would expect elevations in which lab tests? (Select all that apply.) a. C-reactive protein b. White blood cell count c. Red cell count d. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) e. Liver enzymes
a. C-reactive protein b. White blood cell count d. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
A young male student becomes very hungry during class. He begins thinking of a cheeseburger and fries, his favorite meal. These thoughts will trigger which phase of gastric secretion? a. Cephalic b. Caudal c. Enteral d. Intestinal
a. Cephalic
A 60-year-old male presents with swelling and pain in the knee. CT reveals a tumor of spongy bone. His diagnosis would be: a. Chondrosarcoma b. Rhabdomyoma c. Rhabdomyosarcoma d. Fibrosarcoma
a. Chondrosarcoma
A 39-year-old female with chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area 2 to 3 hours after eating is diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. Which of the following behaviors may have contributed to the development of the ulcer? a. Cigarette smoking b. Drinking caffeinated beverages c. Consuming limited fiber d. Antacid consumption
a. Cigarette smoking
The family learns that a 3D ultrasound of a 9-week fetus shows incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process. The family will be told that the child will be born with: a. Cleft lip b. Nasal passage atresia c. Esophageal atresia d. Lack of dentition
a. Cleft lip
The nurse has a good understanding of bone matrix when he comments that the following molecules are part of the bone matrix? (Select all that apply.) a. Collagen fibers b. Elastin fibers c. Proteoglycans d. Glycoproteins e. Epithelial cells
a. Collagen fibers b. Elastin fibers d. Glycoproteins
A nursing student wants to know during which stage actin binds to myosin. What is the nurse's best response? During: a. Coupling b. Relaxation c. Discharging d. Excitation
a. Coupling
Examination of a newborn female revealed that the esophagus ends in a blind pouch. This condition is referred to on the chart as: a. Esophageal atresia b. Tracheoesophageal stenosis c. Esophagitis d. Pyloric stenosis
a. Esophageal atresia
Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of: a. Fats and fat-soluble vitamins b. Water-soluble vitamins c. Proteins d. Minerals
a. Fats and fat-soluble vitamins
The primary complication of enterocolitis associated with Hirschsprung disease is related to which finding? a. Fecal impaction b. Pancreatic insufficiency c. Hyperactive peristalsis d. Ileal atresia
a. Fecal impaction
A 3-year-old male develops tinea capitis after playing with the family dog. This infection is caused by a: a. Fungus b. Bacterium c. Virus d. Parasite
a. Fungus
A 70-year-old male reports frequent GI problems. His primary care provider explains that during aging many GI processes decrease, including (select all that apply): a. Gastric juice secretion b. Gallbladder function c. Hepatic regeneration d. Efficiency of drug metabolism e. Mucosal barrier protection
a. Gastric juice secretion c. Hepatic regeneration d. Efficiency of drug metabolism e. Mucosal barrier protection
The _____ reflex initiates propulsion in the entire colon, usually during or immediately after eating. a. Gastrocolic b. Ileocolic c. Duodenocolic d. Cephalocolic
a. Gastrocolic
Which information indicates the nurse understands osteocalcin? Osteocalcin is a: a. Glycoprotein b. Hormone c. Mineral d. Vitamin
a. Glycoprotein
If a patient has carbuncles, the infection will be located in the: a. Hair follicles b. Papillary layer of the dermis c. Reticular layer of the dermis d. Subcutaneous tissue
a. Hair follicles
A patient has researched compact bones on the Internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding of compact bone? The structures present in compact bone include the (select all that apply): a. Haversian canals b. Trabeculae c. Canaliculi d. Lamellae e. Lacunae
a. Haversian canals c. Canaliculi d. Lamellae e. Lacunae
Which of the following types of scoliosis accounts for the majority of the cases of scoliosis? a. Idiopathic b. Infectious c. Iatrogenic d. Secondary
a. Idiopathic
Which reflex inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes overdistended? a. Ileogastric b. Gastroduodenal c. Gastroileal d. Colonointestinal
a. Ileogastric
A 30-year-old male firefighter is badly burned and is admitted to the emergency department. Which of the following would be expected in the first 24 hours? a. Increased capillary permeability b. Diuresis c. Decreased levels of stress hormones d. Fluid overload
a. Increased capillary permeability
A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with tinea corporis following development of lesions on the non-hairy parts of his face, trunk, and limbs. A common source of this condition is a: a. Kitten b. Pet bird c. Hamster d. Horse
a. Kitten
Digested fats are primarily absorbed into the: a. Lacteals b. Central arterioles c. Lamina propria d. Villus capillaries
a. Lacteals
Which cells are involved in initiating immune responses in the skin? a. Langerhans cells b. Merkel cells c. Keratinocytes d. Melanocytes
a. Langerhans cells
Which information indicates the staff member has a good understanding of bone classifications? The shapes that represent bone classifications include (select all that apply): a. Long b. Flat c. Short d. Irregular e. Round
a. Long b. Flat c. Short d. Irregular
Which of the following diseases are attributed to mosquito bites? (Select all that apply.) a. Malaria b. Yellow fever c. Dengue fever d. Encephalitis e. Lyme disease
a. Malaria b. Yellow fever c. Dengue fever d. Encephalitis
A 2-month-old female is brought to the emergency room (ER) for persistent bile-stained vomiting after feeding. Physical examination reveals dehydration, and x-ray reveals that the colon is located in the upper right quadrant. What is the most likely cause of this condition? a. Malrotation b. Ileocecal displacement c. Pyloric stenosis d. Meconium ileus
a. Malrotation
Which of the following people is at highest risk for the development of gout? a. Men aged 40 to 50 years b. Premenopausal women c. Male adolescents d. Female children
a. Men aged 40 to 50 years
Complications obstruction in the lower bowel include (select all that apply): a. Metabolic acidosis b. Hypokalemia c. Tachycardia d. Hypovolemia e. Peritonitis
a. Metabolic acidosis c. Tachycardia d. Hypovolemia e. Peritonitis
The pattern of bone destruction indicative of an aggressive malignant tumor is known as J_____ pattern. (Select all that apply.) a. Moth-eaten b. Permeative c. Geographic d. Radial e. Selective
a. Moth-eaten b. Permeative c. Geographic
A 31-year-old female presents with midabdominal pain. She is expected to have acute pancreatitis. Which of the will be part of the treatment plan? (Select all that apply.) a. Narcotic analgesics b. Restriction of food intake c. Nasogastric suctioning d. Antibiotics e. IV fluids
a. Narcotic analgesics b. Restriction of food intake c. Nasogastric suctioning d. Antibiotics e. IV fluids
A patient presents to the physician with complaints of constipation. Which of the following could be the cause? (Select all that apply.) a. Neurogenic disorder of the large intestine b. Sedentary lifestyle c. Low residue diet d. Aging e. Use of antacids
a. Neurogenic disorder of the large intestine b. Sedentary lifestyle c. Low residue diet d. Aging e. Use of antacids
Which of the following characteristics is associated with an acute occlusion of mesenteric blood flow to the small intestine? a. Often precipitated by an embolism b. Commonly associated with disease such as pancreatitis and gallstones c. Caused by chronic malnutrition and mucosal atrophy d. Often a complication of hypovolemic shock
a. Often precipitated by an embolism
A 55-year-old male intravenous (IV) drug user with a history of advanced liver disease is diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome. Which of the following clinical manifestations would be expected? (Select all that apply.) a. Oliguria b. Jaundice c. Ascites d. Hypertension e. Anorexia
a. Oliguria b. Jaundice c. Ascites e. Anorexia
Which information indicates the nursing student has a good understanding between compact bone and spongy bone? The major difference between compact bone and spongy bone is the: a. Organization of the structural elements b. Location within the body c. Activating chemicals in each d. Types of minerals in the bone matrix
a. Organization of the structural elements
A 20-year-old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea. a. Osmotic b. Secretory c. Hypotonic d. Motility
a. Osmotic
The nursing student has a good understanding of glycoproteins when he states that the following glycoproteins are present in the bone? (Select all that apply.) a. Osteocalcin b. Sialoprotein c. Bone albumin d. Alpha-glycoprotein e. Collagen
a. Osteocalcin b. Sialoprotein c. Bone albumin d. Alpha-glycoprotein
Signs and symptoms of subluxation include (select all that apply): a. Pain b. Swelling c. Hemorrhage d. Limitation of movement e. Joint deformity
a. Pain b. Swelling d. Limitation of movement e. Joint deformity
A 46-year-old female is diagnosed with gastric ulcers. Which of the following characterizes the disorder? (Select all that apply.) a. Pain occurs immediately after eating. b. Weight gain occurs. c. Bile is regurgitated. d. Occurrence is typically a single event. e. Duration of treatment is extended.
a. Pain occurs immediately after eating e. Duration of treatment is extended.
A 62-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing. Tests reveal a loss of esophageal peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Functional dysphasia is the diagnosis. A history of which of the following could be the most likely cause? (Select all that apply.) a. Parkinson disease b. Cerebrovascular accident c. Achalasia d. Peptic ulcer disease e. Pyloric stenosis
a. Parkinson disease b. Cerebrovascular accident c. Achalasia
The nursing student is teaching a class to second graders. The student would correctly identify that food moves down the esophagus via the process termed: a. Peristalsis b. Retropulsion c. Haustral segmentation d. Defecation
a. Peristalsis
Early identification and treatment for metabolic disorders is important because: a. Permanent damage to vital organs can be prevented. b. Surgery is usually necessary. c. Cure rates are higher with early detection. d. Death usually occurs within the first month.
a. Permanent damage to vital organs can be prevented.
A 42-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and bleeding. Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. Which of the following would most likely follow? a. Pernicious anemia b. Osmotic diarrhea c. Increased acid secretion d. Decreased gastrin secretion
a. Pernicious anemia
Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux is highest in which pediatric population? a. Premature infants b. Infants with Down syndrome c. Children with cystic fibrosis d. Children with esophageal atresia
a. Premature infants
Myotonia is characterized by: a. Prolonged depolarization of muscle cell membranes b. Absence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscle contraction c. Delayed muscle contraction d. Hyperactive reflexes
a. Prolonged depolarization of muscle cell membranes
A mother brings her 2-week-old infant to the pediatrician because he vomits forcefully for no apparent reason and food sometimes is regurgitated as though undigested. The infant is most likely suffering from: a. Pyloric stenosis b. Meconium ileus c. Esophageal atresia d. Galactosemia
a. Pyloric stenosis
A 25-year-old paralyzed male develops a dermal pressure ulcer. When assessing the patient's skin, which finding is the first indication of this ulcer? a. Redness b. Whiteness c. Indurations d. Ulceration
a. Redness
A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus. Which of the following factors most likely contributed to his disease? a. Reflux esophagitis b. Intestinal parasites c. Ingestion of salty foods d. Frequent use of antacids
a. Reflux esophagitis
A 21-year-old female presents with low back pain and stiffness that is alleviated by physical activity. She was diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The first joint to be affected would be the: a. Sacroiliac b. Carpal c. Shoulder d. Knee
a. Sacroiliac
A 70-year-old male nursing home resident developed a dermal pressure ulcer. This condition is most often caused by (select all that apply): a. Shearing forces b. Friction c. Moisture d. Unrelieved pressure e. High-carbohydrate diet
a. Shearing forces b. Friction c. Moisture d. Unrelieved pressure
A 35-year-old female presents with impaired motor function and visual disturbances. The diagnosis is Paget disease. What additional symptoms would be expected? (Select all that apply.) a. Skull thickness b.Dementia c. Deafness d. Headache e. Hypertension
a. Skull thickness b.Dementia c. Deafness d. Headache
A 12-year-old female hurts her ankle while playing basketball. Tests reveal that she tore a ligament. This condition is known as a: a. Sprain b. Strain c. Disunion d. Subluxation
a. Sprain
A 70-year-old male presents with back pain, fever, and weight loss. He reports that he had a recent respiratory infection from which he thought he recovered. Tests revealed increased white blood cell count, and a diagnosis of endogenous osteomyelitis was made. The primary organism causing this condition is: a. Staphylococcus aureus b. Salmonella c. Mycobacterium d. Haemophilus influenza
a. Staphylococcus aureus
Bullous impetigo is caused by a strain of: a. Staphylococcus aureus b. Molluscum contagiosum c. Escherichia coli d. Candida albicans
a. Staphylococcus aureus
A 5-year-old female was diagnosed with seropositive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The treatment option for this disease is termed: a. Supportive b. Curative c. Antibacterial d. Experimental
a. Supportive
Dermal appendages include which of the following structures? (Select all that apply.) a. Sweat glands b. Nails c. Dermal papilla d. Hair e. Eccrine glands
a. Sweat glands b. Nails d. Hair e. Eccrine glands
A 34-year-old female was recently diagnosed with RA. Physical examination revealed that inflammation started in the: a. Synovial membrane b. Articular cartilage c. Subchondral bone d. Surrounding ligaments
a. Synovial membrane
An isolated muscle is believed to be a type 1 fiber. Which of the following should be observed by the nurse when the muscle is stimulated? a. The muscle resists fatigue. b. The muscle tires easily. c. The muscle will not contract. d. The muscle has no fascia.
a. The muscle resists fatigue.
A newborn male is diagnosed with cleft palate. The pediatrician counsels the parents that complications of cleft palate include (select all that apply): a. Tonsil hypertrophy b. Recurrent paranasal infections c. Difficulty breathing d. Excessive dental decay e. Hearing loss
a. Tonsil hypertrophy b. Recurrent paranasal infections d. Excessive dental decay e. Hearing loss
A 51-year-old male experienced severe acute gouty arthritis. Which of the following is the most common trigger for the symptoms? a. Trauma b. Anemia c. High-fat foods d. Lack of exercise
a. Trauma
A 50-year-old male complains of frequently recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be: a. Ulcerative colitis b. Hiatal hernia c. Pyloric obstruction d. Achalasia
a. Ulcerative colitis
Rubella, rubeola, and roseola are common communicable diseases caused by _____ infection. a. Viral b. Bacterial c. Yeast d. Fungal
a. Viral
A 40-year-old female presents complaining of pain near the midline in the epigastrium. Assuming the pain is caused by a stimulus acting on an abdominal organ, the pain felt is classified as: a. Visceral b. Somatic c. Parietal d. Referred
a. Visceral
A staff member asks a nurse how blood gets to the bone. How should the nurse reply? Blood vessels penetrate to the inner structures of the bone via: a. Volkmann canals b. Canaliculi c. Sharpey fibers d. Lamellae
a. Volkmann canals
A nurse is preparing to teach about skeletal muscles. Which information should the nurse include? The terms used to describe skeletal muscle are (select all that apply): a. Voluntary b. Striated c. Extrafusal d. Fibrotic e. Epithelial
a. Voluntary b. Striated c. Extrafusal
The cardinal signs of small bowel obstruction are: a. Vomiting and distention b. Diarrhea and excessive thirst c. Dehydration and epigastric pain d. Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding
a. Vomiting and distention
A 20-year-old female presents with vaginal itch and thin-walled pustular lesions. She is diagnosed with candidiasis. This condition is caused by a: a. Yeast b. Virus c. Bacterium d. Fungus
a. Yeast
Marasmus is most common in children of which age group? a. Younger than one b. 1 to 2 years c. 5 to 6 years d. 12 to 15 years
a. Younger than one
Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of synovial joints? The synovial joints in the body include the (select all that apply): a. Syndesmosis type that connects two vertebrae b. Spheroid type found in the shoulder c. Hinge type found in the elbow d. Gliding type found in the hand e. Gomphosis joint in the mandible
b. c. d.
The nurse would be correct in identifying the duration of rubella as: a. 12 hours b. 1 to 3 days c. 7 days d. 12 to 15 days
b. 1 to 3 days
A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) following recurrent fractures and findings of osteopenia. This disease is caused by: a. Uterine teratogens b. A genetic defect c. Malnutrition d. Trauma
b. A genetic defect
A 5-year-old female develops chickenpox after exposure at her day care center. This disease is caused by: a. A pox virus b. A herpes virus c. An adenovirus d. HPV
b. A herpes virus
The pathophysiology student would correctly identify the etiologic agent of smallpox as: a. A bacteria b. A virus c. Insects d. Mites
b. A virus
Intussusception is treated initially by: a. Bowel resection b. An air enema c. Laxative d. Doubling fluid intake
b. An air enema
Researchers now believe that RA is: a. Curable with antiviral agents b. An autoimmune disease c. A complication of rheumatic fever d. Related superficial joint injury
b. An autoimmune disease
Which of the following gastrointestinal (GI) clinical manifestations is subjective? (Select all that apply.) a. Retching b. Anorexia c. Nausea d. Vomiting e. Diarrhea
b. Anorexia c. Nausea
Of the sweat glands, the _____ glands are most abundant in the axillae and genital areas. a. Eccrine b. Apocrine c. Sebaceous d. Subcutaneous
b. Apocrine
A 54-year-old female was recently diagnosed with degenerative joint disease. This condition is characterized by loss of: a. The epiphyses b. Articular cartilage c. Synovial fluid d. The joint capsule
b. Articular cartilage
A 24-year-old male who sustained a head injury and fractured femur develops a stress ulcer. A common clinical manifestation of this ulcer is: a. Bowel obstruction b. Bleeding c. Pulmonary embolism d. Hepatomegaly
b. Bleeding
A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. This condition is most likely caused by: a. Hereditary hormonal imbalances with high gastrin levels b. Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions c. Decreased vagal activity and vascular engorgement d. Gastric erosions related to high ammonia levels and bile reflux
b. Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions
A 13-year-old female confides to her mother that she binge eats and induces vomiting to prevent weight gain. This disease is referred to as: a. Anorexia nervosa b. Bulimia nervosa c. Long-term starvation d. Laxative abuse
b. Bulimia nervosa
A clinician is preparing to discuss hydroxyapatite. Which information should be included? Hydroxyapatite in the bone matrix contains which of the following molecules in its crystalline structure? a. Calcium and magnesium b. Calcium and phosphate c. Phosphate and magnesium d. Magnesium and hydrogen
b. Calcium and phosphate
The nursing faculty is discussing digestion and indicates it begins in the mouth with salivary -amylase (ptyalin) that initiates the digestion of: a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Fats d. Amino acids
b. Carbohydrates
A 54-year-old male complains that he has been vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition? a. Thrombosis in the spleen b. Cirrhosis of the liver c. Left ventricular failure d. Renal stenosis
b. Cirrhosis of the liver
A 23-year-old male received a knife wound in a fight. His scar was sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, and progressively enlarging. This condition is caused by excessive amounts of _____ in the corneum during connective tissue repair. a. Elastin b. Collagen c. Keratin d. Calcification
b. Collagen
A 22-year-old male underwent brain surgery to remove a tumor. Following surgery, he experienced a peptic ulcer. His ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer. a. Infectious b. Cushing c. Ischemic d. Curling
b. Cushing
Which of the following clinical findings would be expected in the patient with rhabdomyolysis? a. Sweating b. Dark urine c. Yellow color to the skin d. Lower extremity swelling
b. Dark urine
A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture. She is diagnosed with osteoporosis. One factor that most likely contributed to her condition is: a. Increased androgen levels b. Decreased estrogen levels c. Strenuous exercise d. Excessive dietary calcium
b. Decreased estrogen levels
A nurse recalls the elbow joint is an example of a(n): a. Amphiarthrosis b. Diarthrosis c. Synarthrosis d. Symphysis
b. Diarthrosis
Parasympathetic stimulation to the pancreas will cause which of the following reactions? a. Hormonal inhibition b. Enzyme secretion c. Vasoconstriction d. Decreased bicarbonate production
b. Enzyme secretion
The function of the acinar cells of the pancreas is to secrete: a. Bicarbonate b. Enzymes c. Mucus d. Electrolytes
b. Enzymes
Which condition should the nurse assess for in mothers carrying fetuses affected by esophageal malformations? a. Enlarged placentas b. Excessive amniotic fluid c. Short umbilical cords d. Foul smelling vaginal discharge
b. Excessive amniotic fluid
To promote efficient wound healing, which dressing should be applied to a superficial ulcer? a. Thick and dry b. Flat and moist c. Bulky and dry d. None
b. Flat and moist
A 28-year-old male is admitted to the burn unit 2 hours after receiving second- and third-degree burns over 50% of his body surface in an industrial explosion. Abnormal vital signs include low blood pressure and tachycardia. Lab results show a high hematocrit due to: a. Sickle cell syndrome b. Fluid movement out of the vascular space c. Renal failure d. Increased vascular protein secondary to increased metabolism
b. Fluid movement out of the vascular space
Prolonged diarrhea is more serious in children than adults because: a. Children have lower adipose reserves. b. Fluid reserves are lower in children. c. Children have a lower metabolic rate. d. Children are more resistant to antimicrobial therapy.
b. Fluid reserves are lower in children.
Tinea corporis (ringworm) is a _____ infection of the skin. a. Nematode b. Fungal c. Viral d. Bacterial
b. Fungal
A 13-month-old infant presents with vomiting; abdominal pain; and pale, bulky, greasy, and foul-smelling stools. A possible diagnosis the clinician would document on the chart might be: a. Failure to thrive b. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy c. Gastroesophageal reflux d. Meconium ileus
b. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy
An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes which form of jaundice? a. Obstructive b. Hemolytic c. Hepatocellular d. Metabolic
b. Hemolytic
While performing an assessment of a 2-month-old, the nurse notes a positive Ortolani click. The nurse would suspect the child has: a. A hip fracture b. Hip dysplasia c. Osteogenesis imperfecta d. Osteomyelitis
b. Hip dysplasia
A 10-year-old male is given penicillin for an infection. He has an allergic reaction, during which he develops urticarial lesions. These lesions are mediated by the release of: a. Beta-adrenergic agonists b. Histamine c. Calcium d. Cortisol
b. Histamine
A new drug is being tested that is known to inhibit parasympathetic nervous system activity. It is expected that the salivary glands will become: a. Hyperactive b. Hypoactive c. Atrophied d. Enlarged
b. Hypoactive
An 8-week-old female is diagnosed with a congenital heart disease and Down syndrome. Her parents report that she has difficulty defecating. X-ray reveals anorectal malformation that causes complete obstruction often referred to as: a. Intussusception b. Imperforate anus c. Meckel diverticulum d. Megacolon
b. Imperforate anus
Hypovolemia in the early stages of burn shock is directly related to: a. Decreased cardiac contractility and shunting of blood away from visceral organs b. Increased capillary permeability and evaporative water loss c. Hypometabolism and renal water loss d. Bacterial infection of the wound and resulting bacteremia
b. Increased capillary permeability and evaporative water loss
Reflux esophagitis is defined as a(n): a. Immune response to gastroesophageal reflux b. Inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux c. Congenital anomaly d. Secretory response to hiatal hernia
b. Inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux
The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because: a. The resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure. b. Ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid is shifted to the bowel wall and peritoneum. c. Massive bleeding occurs in the GI tract. d. Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall.
b. Ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid is shifted to the bowel wall and peritoneum.
The nurse observed the patient's muscle contracted, but the limb did not move. How should the nurse chart this muscle contraction? a. Isotonic contraction b. Isometric contraction c. Eccentric contraction d. Concentric contraction
b. Isometric contraction
The nurse assessing the patient with biliary atresia would expect to find which primary clinical manifestation? a. Anemia b. Jaundice c. Hypobilirubinemia d. Ascites
b. Jaundice
The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations? a. Fatigue, malaise, vomiting b. Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver c. Resolution of jaundice, liver function returns to normal d. Fulminant liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome
b. Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver
Which of the following liver cells are phagocytic? a. Glisson b. Kupffer c. Meissner d. Lieberkühn W
b. Kupffer
Which of the following conditions is thought to contribute to the development of obesity? a. Insulin excess b. Leptin resistance c. Adipocyte failure d. Malabsorption
b. Leptin resistance
The nurse would expect the occurrence of scabies to occur more commonly among children who: a. Attend day care b. Live in crowded, unsanitary conditions c. Reside in rural areas d. Play outside
b. Live in crowded, unsanitary conditions
A 7-month-old female presents with jaundice, clay-colored stool, and failure to gain weight. She is diagnosed with biliary atresia. The nurse realizes the treatment for this disorder will most likely be: a. Immunoglobulins b. Liver transplant c. Bone marrow transplant d. Dietary modifications
b. Liver transplant
Chronic gastritis is classified according to the: a. Severity b. Location of lesions c. Patient's age d. Signs and symptoms
b. Location of lesions
For the patient experiencing esophageal reflux, the nurse would expect which sphincter to be malfunctioning? a. Pyloric b. Lower esophageal c. Upper esophageal d. Gastric
b. Lower esophageal
The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneum known as the _____ that contains an extensive vascular and nervous network. a. Myenteric plexus b. Mesentery c. Auerbach fold d. Meissner plexus
b. Mesentery
A 16-year-old male was recently diagnosed with osteosarcoma. The tumor is most likely present in the _____ of long bones. a. Epiphyses b. Metaphyses c. Marrow d. Osteocytes
b. Metaphyses
A 1-week-old female is brought to her pediatrician for abdominal distention and unstable temperature. Physical examination reveals bradycardia and apnea. Tests reveal hypoxic injury to the bowel resulting in bacterial invasion and perforation. This condition is referred to as: a. Infective enteropathy b. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) c. Mucoviscidosis d. Ileus
b. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
A 13-year-old female is concerned about several pigmented skin lesions on her body. Her primary care provider tells her that these lesions must be monitored because of their ability to transform into malignant melanoma. These lesions are referred to as: a. Macules b. Nevi c. Plaques d. Keloids
b. Nevi
The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include (select all that apply): a. Consumption of spicy foods b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) c. H. pylori infection d. Trauma e. Side effects of antibiotics
b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) c. H. pylori infection
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall usually caused by: a. Accumulation of bile in the hepatic duct b. Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone c. Accumulation of fat in the wall of the gallbladder d. Viral infection of the gallbladder
b. Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone
Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of osteoblasts? Once their initial function is complete, osteoblasts become: a. Osteoclasts b. Osteocytes c. Chondroblasts d. Osteoids
b. Osteocytes
Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid? a. Chief b. Parietal c. Zymogenic d. Surface epithelial
b. Parietal
Osgood-Schlatter disease causes inflammation of the: a. Shoulder joint b. Patellar tendon c. Elbow ligaments d. Hip cartilage
b. Patellar tendon
A 45-year-old male presents with a chronic blister-forming disease of the skin and oral mucous membranes. The nurse would recognize this condition as: a. Lupus erythematosus b. Pemphigus c. Psoriasis d. Eczema
b. Pemphigus
A 52-year-old female presents with continuous abdominal pain that intensifies after eating. She is diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis. Contributing factors include: (Select all that apply.) a. Alcohol abuse b. Peptic ulcer disease c. Trauma d. Smoking e. Bulimia
b. Peptic ulcer disease c. Trauma d. Smoking
The patient has burns to both forearms that extend from the fingers to the elbows with no normal tissue present. The nurse has difficulty assessing the patient's pulse, and the patient complains of numbness in the fingers. The nurse notifies the primary care provider and expects the primary care provider to: a. Increase fluid intake. b. Perform an escharotomy. c. Order physical therapy. d. Perform debridement of some burned tissue.
b. Perform an escharotomy.
When an infant has increased bilirubin production and impaired hepatic excretion of bilirubin, what does the nurse suspect is occurring in the patient? a. Biliary hypertrophy b. Physiologic jaundice c. Hepatitis A d. Infantile cirrhosis
b. Physiologic jaundice
A 12-year-old female visits her primary care provider to obtain acne medication for recurrent acne vulgaris. This condition is an inflammatory disorder of the: a. Apocrine glands b. Pilosebaceous follicle c. Dermal layer d. Eccrine gland
b. Pilosebaceous follicle
A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with scleroderma. Which complication leads to ulcer formation? a. Cutaneous vasculitis b. Raynaud phenomenon c. Cellulitis d. Infection
b. Raynaud phenomenon
The treatment of Osgood-Schlatter disease includes: a. Steroids b. Restriction from physical activity c. High doses of aspirin d. Knee replacement
b. Restriction from physical activity
When a staff member asks where costal cartilage is located, how should the nurse respond? Between the: a. Vertebrae b. Ribs and sternum c. Sutures of the skull d. Facial bones
b. Ribs and sternum
A disorder similar to osteomalacia that occurs in growing bones of children is termed: a. Paget disease b. Rickets c. Osteomyelitis d. Osteosarcoma
b. Rickets
Acne vulgaris involves inflammation of the: a. Hair follicles b. Sebaceous follicles c. Eccrine glands d. Apocrine glands
b. Sebaceous follicles
A 34-year-old male was diagnosed with a bacterial GI infection. Which of the following types of diarrhea would most likely occur with his condition? a. Osmotic b. Secretory c. Hypotonic d. Motility
b. Secretory
A nurse recalls fibrous joints generally are: a. Rotating b. Slightly movable c. Freely movable d. Calcified
b. Slightly movable
What of the following behavior in the patient with scleroderma would cause the nurse concern? a. Wears mittens on cold days b. Smokes a few cigarettes a day c. Applies lotion daily d. Seeks warmer environments
b. Smokes a few cigarettes a day
Which sphincter, when it relaxes, allows bile to flow into the duodenum? a. Pyloric sphincter b. Sphincter of Oddi c. Ampulla of Vater d. Ileocecal valve
b. Sphincter of Oddi
A serious complication of paraesophageal hiatal hernia is: a. Hemorrhage b. Strangulation c. Peritonitis d. Ascites
b. Strangulation
A 35-year-old female suffers a broken clavicle following a motor vehicle accident. X-ray reveals that the bone surfaces in the joint partially lost contact with each other. This condition is called: a. Dislocation b. Subluxation c. Distortion d. Nonunion
b. Subluxation
Which of the following burns is most painful? a. First degree b. Superficial partial-thickness c. Deep partial-thickness d. Third degree
b. Superficial partial-thickness
The colon receives splanchnic blood flow from which artery(ies)? a. Celiac b. Superior and inferior mesenteric c. Hepatic and portal d. Omental
b. Superior and inferior mesenteric
A 65-year-old Hispanic female is admitted to the hospital with a pathologic, compound, transverse fracture of the femur. Which of the following statements best describes this type of fracture? a. The fracture line is parallel to the bone. b. The fracture line is straight across the bone. c. The fracture line is perpendicular to the bone. d. The fracture line is vertical to the shaft of the bone.
b. The fracture line is straight across the bone.
An isolated muscle is believed to be a type II fiber. Which of the following should be observed by the nurse when the muscle is stimulated? a. The muscle has slow contraction speed. b. The muscle is fatigued easily. c. The muscle has a profuse capillary supply. d. The muscle has no fascia.
b. The muscle is fatigued easily.
The nurse would correctly identify the medical term for ringworm as: a. Impetigo b. Tinea corporis c. Thrush d. Psoriasis
b. Tinea corporis
The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called: a. Monarticular arthritis b. Tophaceous gout c. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia d. Complicated gout
b. Tophaceous gout
A patient has researched muscles on the internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? The molecule that prevents a muscle contraction from occurring when the muscle is at rest is: a. Calcium b. Troponin-tropomyosin c. Actin d. Myosin
b. Troponin-tropomyosin
The cause of Paget disease is: a. Fluoride deficiency b. Unknown at present c. Excess vitamin A d. Osteogenic sarcoma
b. Unknown at present
In discoid lupus erythematosus, skin lesions may be accompanied by Raynaud phenomenon, which is manifested by: a. Bone deformities b. Vasospasm in the extremities c. Arterial aneurysms d. Venous thrombus
b. Vasospasm in the extremities
Absorption of nutrients from the intestine occurs initially through the: a. Mesentery b. Villi c. Lamina propria d. Splenic veins
b. Villi
Celiac disease, or sprue, is caused by alterations of the intestinal: a. Glands b. Villi c. Smooth muscle wall d. Sphincters
b. Villi
A 19-year-old female developed a circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink lesion. Two weeks later she developed more lesions over the trunk and upper part of the extremities. The diagnosis is pityriasis rosea, and the nurse knows the disorder is caused by a: a. Parasite b. Virus c. Bacteria d. Fungus
b. Virus
A 6-year-old male presents with slightly umbilicated, dome-shaped lesions on the skin of the trunk, face, and extremities. He is diagnosed with molluscum contagiosum caused by a highly contagious: a. Bacterium b. Virus c. Fungus d. Parasite
b. Virus
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has a(n) _____ inheritance pattern. a. Autosomal recessive b. X-linked recessive c. Y-linked dominant d. Autosomal dominant
b. X-linked recessive
A 40-year-old male develops an intestinal obstruction related to protrusion of the intestine through the inguinal ring. This condition is referred to as: a. Intussusception b. A volvulus c. A hernia d. Adhesions
c. A hernia
When a patient asks what the fuel for skeletal muscle contraction is, how should the nurse respond? The main energy source or fuel for skeletal muscle contraction is: a. Calcium b. Lactic acid c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) d. Actin
c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
When the nurse is using the term "sarcopenia," what is the nurse describing? It is the: a. Absence of muscle cells b. Fatigue of muscle cells c. Age-related loss in skeletal muscle d. Muscles that are unable to contract
c. Age-related loss in skeletal muscle
A 55-year-old male died in a motor vehicle accident. Autopsy revealed an enlarged liver caused by fatty infiltration, testicular atrophy, and mild jaundice secondary to cirrhosis. The most likely cause of his condition is: a. Bacterial infection b. Viral infection c. Alcoholism d. Drug overdose
c. Alcoholism
The most common cause of toxic myopathy is: a. Infection b. A tumor c. Alcoholism d. Osteoporosis
c. Alcoholism
A 30-year-old obese female underwent gastric resection in an attempt to lose weight. Which of the following complications could the surgery cause? a. Constipation b. Acid reflux gastritis c. Anemia d. Hiccups
c. Anemia
A 1-year-old female was diagnosed with OI. Which of the following is a complication in this patient? a. Congestive heart failure b. Liver failure c. Aortic aneurysm d. Pulmonary emboli
c. Aortic aneurysm
A 16-year-old female presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be: a. Colon cancer b. Pancreatitis c. Appendicitis d. Hepatitis
c. Appendicitis
A 42-year-old female presents with raised red lesions with a brownish scale. She was diagnosed with discoid lupus erythematosus. A clinician recalls this disorder is related to: a. Infection b. Trauma c. Autoimmunity d. Cancer
c. Autoimmunity
When a staff member asks how remodeling of bone occurs, what is the nurse's best response? Remodeling is done by clusters of bone cells called: a. Precursor stimulating cells b. Osteoclastic cutting cones c. Basic multicellular units d. Haversian system cells
c. Basic multicellular units
A 27-year-old male presents with fever, GI bleeding, hepatomegaly, and transient joint pain. He reports that as a child he received blood transfusions following a motor vehicle accident. He also indicates he was vaccinated against hepatitis B. Which of the following types of hepatitis does the clinician think he most likely has? a. A b. B c. C d. D
c. C
While planning care for a patient with muscle problems, which information should the nurse remember? _____ ions directly control the contraction of muscles. a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Magnesium
c. Calcium
A 2-month-old female develops diaper dermatitis. A nurse will monitor this patient for which secondary infection that frequently accompanies diaper dermatitis? a. Streptococcus b. Proteus c. Candida albicans d. Staphylococcus aureus
c. Candida albicans
A 4-month-old female develops white spots and shallow ulcers in her mouth. Her pediatrician diagnoses her with thrush. This condition is caused by: a. Escherichia coli b. Streptococcal bacteria c. Candida albicans d. Staphylococcal bacteria
c. Candida albicans
The vermiform appendix is attached to the: a. Duodenum b. Ileum c. Cecum d. Sigmoid colon
c. Cecum
The primary bile acids are synthesized from _______ by hepatocytes lining the bile canaliculi. a. Lecithin b. Fatty acids c. Cholesterol d. Testosterone
c. Cholesterol
Complete obstruction of bile flow to the liver would be manifested by: a. Elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit b. Lower-leg edema c. Clay-colored stools d. Hypotension
c. Clay-colored stools
A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with OI following recurrent fractures and findings of osteopenia. This disease is caused by errors in the synthesis of: a. Elastin b. Glycoproteins c. Collagen d. Calcium salts
c. Collagen
A clinician is preparing to teach about bone matrix. Which information should be included? The component of the bone matrix that gives bone tensile strength is: a. Calcium b. Phosphate c. Collagen d. Magnesium
c. Collagen
In the liver, free bilirubin moves from the plasma in the sinusoids into the hepatocytes, where it is converted into: a. Unconjugated bilirubin b. Biliverdin c. Conjugated bilirubin d. Urobilinogen
c. Conjugated bilirubin
Molluscum contagiosum affects the skin and: a. Nails b. Tongue c. Conjunctiva d. Hair follicles
c. Conjunctiva
A 22-year-old female has a brother with DMD and wants to know if her children will inherit it. A fairly accurate test to identify female carriers of the disease is measurement of serum levels of: a. Dystrophin b. Myoglobin c. Creatine kinase (CK) d. Troponin 1
c. Creatine kinase (CK)
Meconium ileus is associated with which of the following disorders? a. Pyloric stenosis b. Esophageal atresia c. Cystic fibrosis d. Esophagitis
c. Cystic fibrosis
A 10-year-old male is playing with matches and gets burned. His burn is waxy white in appearance. This burn is classified as: a. First degree b. Superficial partial-thickness c. Deep partial-thickness d. Third degree
c. Deep partial-thickness
A 29-year-old female is burned through all her dermis with only a few epidermal appendages intact. This burn is classified as: a. First degree b. Superficial partial-thickness c. Deep partial-thickness d. Third degree
c. Deep partial-thickness
A 32-year-old male was injured in a motor vehicle accident and confined to bed for 3 weeks. During this time, the size and strength of muscle fibers decreased, a condition referred to as: a. Myodysplasia b. Ischemic atrophy c. Disuse atrophy d. Deconditioning hypoplasia
c. Disuse atrophy
A 4-month-old female is diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD). Which of the following assessment findings by the nurse will most likely support this diagnosis? a. Blistering b. Moist reddened skin c. Dry, itchy skin d. White patches
c. Dry, itchy skin
The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains: a. Alpha cells b. Beta cells c. Ducts d. Islets of Langerhans
c. Ducts
Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions? a. Right lower quadrant b. Right upper quadrant c. Epigastric d. Suprapubic
c. Epigastric
The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding. a. Rectal b. Duodenal c. Esophageal d. Intestinal
c. Esophageal
The most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding is: a. Diverticulosis b. Hemorrhoids c. Esophageal varices d. Cancer
c. Esophageal varices
The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium are made of: a. Bone b. Epithelium c. Fascia d. Cartilage
c. Fascia
A 32-year-old obese male begins a jogging routine. A week after beginning, he fractures his leg. This is referred to as a what type of fracture? a. Comminuted b. Greenstick c. Fatigue d. Compound
c. Fatigue
Which statement indicates the nurse has a good understanding of joints? The joints between the teeth and the maxilla or mandible are examples of a: a. Symphysis b. Diarthrosis c. Gomphosis d. Syndesmosis
c. Gomphosis
A 52-year-old presents with bleeding from the rectum. This condition is referred to as: a. Melena b. Occult bleeding c. Hematochezia d. Hematemesis
c. Hematochezia
Where does the nurse expect the obstruction to be in a patient with extrahepatic portal hypertension? a. Sinusoids b. Bile ducts c. Hepatic portal vein d. Hepatic artery
c. Hepatic portal vein
LCP disease affects which of the following joints? a. Vertebral b. Shoulder c. Hip d. Knee
c. Hip
A 15-year-old female reports abnormal hair growth on her face and body. This condition is referred to as: a. Alopecia b. Areata c. Hirsutism d. Paronychia
c. Hirsutism
Fat cells are located in the: a. Epidermis b. Dermis c. Hypodermis d. Fascia beneath the skin
c. Hypodermis
A 4-month-old male is brought to his primary care provider for severe itching and skin lesions. He is diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Which of the following would be elevated in this patient? a. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) b. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) c. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) d. Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
c. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of: a. Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice b. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances c. Impaired ammonia metabolism d. Decreased cerebral blood flow
c. Impaired ammonia metabolism
A 60-year-old male presents with GI bleeding and abdominal pain. He reports that he takes NSAIDs daily to prevent heart attack. Tests reveal that he has a peptic ulcer. The most likely cause of this disease is: a. Increasing subepithelial bicarbonate production b. Accelerating the H+ (proton) pump in parietal cells c. Inhibiting mucosal prostaglandin synthesis d. Stimulating a shunt of mucosal blood flow
c. Inhibiting mucosal prostaglandin synthesis
A 6-month-old male infant is brought to the ER after the sudden development of abdominal pain, irritability, and vomiting followed by passing of "currant jelly" stool. Ultrasound reveals intestinal obstruction in which the ileum collapsed through the ileocecal valve and invaginated into the large intestine. This type of obstruction is referred to as: a. Prolapse b. Pyloric stenosis c. Intussusception d. Imperforation
c. Intussusception
Tissue damage in pancreatitis is caused by: a. Insulin toxicity b. Autoimmune destruction of the pancreas c. Leakage of pancreatic enzymes d. Hydrochloric acid reflux into the pancreatic duct
c. Leakage of pancreatic enzymes
Pancreatic insufficiency is manifested by deficient production of: a. Insulin b. Amylase c. Lipase d. Bile
c. Lipase
A 50-year-old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach. He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. This condition is caused by: a. Fibrosis of the lower third of the esophagus b. Sympathetic nerve stimulation c. Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter d. Reverse peristalsis of the stomach
c. Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter
A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about bones. Which information should the nurse include? After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis and _____ merge. a. Epiphyseal line b. Diaphyseal plate c. Metaphysis d. Articular cartilage
c. Metaphysis
A 54-year-old male was recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Which of the following is the expected treatment of choice? a. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) b. Gold salts c. Methotrexate d. Hydroxychloroquine
c. Methotrexate
When a staff member asks the nurse about the contractile unit of a muscle, how should the nurse reply? The contractile unit of a muscle cell is called the: a. Motor unit b. Basement membrane c. Myofibril d. Ribosome
c. Myofibril
The ________ sphincter controls the movement of chyme from the sigmoid colon into the rectum? a. Oddi b. Ileocecal c. O'Beirne d. Internal anal
c. O'Beirne
A 40-year-old male presents with epigastric pain. Tests reveal acute pancreatitis. The most likely cause of his condition is: a. Pancreatic duct obstruction by a malignant tumor b. Surgical trauma to the pancreas c. Obstruction of the biliary tract by a gallstone d. Toxic injury to the pancreas from nonprescription medications
c. Obstruction of the biliary tract by a gallstone
A sign that a newborn infant may have pyloric stenosis is: a. Diarrhea b. Bile regurgitation c. Olive-sized mass in the upper abdomen d. Ascites with a fluid wave visible across the abdomen
c. Olive-sized mass in the upper abdomen
A 76-year-old female was diagnosed with osteoporosis by radiologic exam. She is at high risk for: a. Bone infections b. Joint injuries c. Pathologic bone fractures d. Ssteomalacia
c. Pathologic bone fractures
A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis fractures her leg at a location of preexisting abnormality. She reports that the fracture occurred following a minor fall. Which of the following best describes the fracture? a. Fatigue fracture b. Stress fracture c. Pathologic fracture d. Greenstick fracture
c. Pathologic fracture
A major predictor of poor prognosis for Ewing sarcoma is: a. Age of onset b. Size of tumor c. Presence of metastasis d. Gender of child
c. Presence of metastasis
Mucus production to form the mucosal barrier in the stomach is stimulated by the release of: a. Somatostatin b. Gastrin c. Prostaglandins d. Histamine
c. Prostaglandins
Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of: a. Fat-soluble vitamins b. Carbohydrates c. Protein d. Calcium and magnesium
c. Protein
A 38-year-old female complains of epigastric fullness following a meal, nausea, and epigastric pain. Tests reveal narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. This condition is referred to as: a. Ileocecal obstruction b. Hiatal hernia c. Pyloric obstruction d. Hiatal obstruction
c. Pyloric obstruction
The nurse would correctly identify the most common symptom of Meckel diverticulum as: a. Constipation b. Vomiting c. Rectal bleeding d. Ascites
c. Rectal bleeding
A 46-year-old male presents with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. He is at risk for developing: a. Cholelithiasis b. Myocarditis c. Renal stones d. Liver failure
c. Renal stones
A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture secondary to osteoporosis. This condition is caused by an increase in bone: a. Density b. Formation c. Resorption d. Mineralization
c. Resorption
A nurse is discussing the different phases of bone remodeling. Which information should be included? Phase 2 of the bone remodeling cycle involves bone: a. Formation b. Activation c. Resorption d. Fracturing
c. Resorption
A malignant tumor of striated muscle tissue origin is called: a. Myelogenic tumor b. Giant cell tumor c. Rhabdomyosarcoma d. Rhabdomyoma
c. Rhabdomyosarcoma
The onset of DMD most often occurs at: a. 3 to 6 months of age b. Preschool years c. School age d. The onset of puberty
c. School age
The capillaries of the liver are more commonly known as hepatic: a. Canaliculi b. Ducts c. Sinusoids d. Papillae
c. Sinusoids
A 3-year-old male presents with developmental delay. Testing reveals that the child has muscular dystrophy. Treatment will include: a. Aspirin b. Antivirals c. Steroids d. Chemotherapy
c. Steroids
A 10-year-old female from east Africa presents with vesicles consistent with vesicular impetigo. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her condition? a. Herpes virus b. Candida albicans c. Streptococcus pyogenes d. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
Which of the following should the nurse include when discussing the different types of cartilaginous joints? a. Sutures and gomphosis b. Syndesmosis and gomphosis c. Symphysis and synchondrosis d. Gomphosis and synchondrosis
c. Symphysis and synchondrosis
For a patient with candidiasis, which factor will exacerbate the condition? a. Poor hygiene b. Older age c. Systemic antibiotics d. Anemia
c. Systemic antibiotics
A 46-year-old male presents with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. The symptoms he experienced are caused by the crystallization of _____ within the synovial fluid. a. Purines b. Pyrimidines c. Uric acid d. Acetic acid
c. Uric acid
Which information indicates the nurse understands digestion? During the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion, gallbladder contraction is mediated by branches of the: a. Sympathetic nervous system b. Somatic nervous system c. Vagus nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve
c. Vagus nerve
A 56-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of osteomalacia. History reveals that he takes anticonvulsants, underwent small bowel resection 3 years earlier, and suffers from chronic pancreatitis. What is the common link between these three factors and the development of osteomalacia? a. Impaired phosphate absorption b. Increased calcium excretion c. Vitamin D deficiency d. Impaired vitamin C metabolism
c. Vitamin D deficiency
The cardinal sign of pyloric stenosis caused by ulceration or tumors is: a. Constipation b. Diarrhea c. Vomiting d. Heartburn
c. Vomiting
A 3-month-old female presents with intention tremors, dystonia, greenish-yellow rings in the cornea, and hepatomegaly. Tests reveal a defect on chromosome 13. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a. Galactosemia b. Fructosemia c. Wilson disease d. Cirrhosis
c. Wilson disease
A 27-year-old male lung transplant patient developed KS. He tells the nurse he thought only people with AIDS developed this type of cancer. The nurse knows that the cause of this patient's KS is most likely related to the fact that the patient: a. Is malnourished b. Was exposed to hepatitis B c. Is immunosuppressed d. Is diabetic
c. c. Is immunosuppressed
A 23-year-old male reports a rash and pruritus. An increase in _____ is associated with pruritus? a. Substance P b. Norepinephrine c. Dopamine d. Acetylcholine
d. Acetylcholine
A nurse recalls that when a muscle acts as the prime mover, it is called the: a. Flexor b. Recruiter c. Antagonist d. Agonist
d. Agonist
The most common cause of chronic vascular insufficiency among the elderly is: a. Anemia b. Aneurysm c. Lack of nutrition in gut lumen d. Atherosclerosis
d. Atherosclerosis
A 7-month-old female presents with jaundice, clay-colored stool, and failure to gain weight. Testing reveals the absence of intrahepatic bile ducts. This condition is referred to as _____ atresia. a. Hepatic b. Portal c. Sinusoidal d. Biliary
d. Biliary
A 40-year-old male who consumes a diet high in fat and low in fiber is at risk for: a. Cancer of the stomach b. Cancer of the liver and biliary ducts c. Cancer of the small intestine d. CRC
d. CRC
A 39-year-old female presents with abdominal pain and jaundice. She is diagnosed with gallstones and undergoes cholecystectomy. An analysis of her gallstones would most likely reveal a high concentration of: a. Phosphate b. Bilirubin c. Urate d. Cholesterol
d. Cholesterol
Which of the GI cancers has the highest rate of incidence and is responsible for the highest number of deaths? a. Esophageal b. Stomach c. Pancreatic d. Colorectal
d. Colorectal
A 55-year-old female has general symptoms of gallstones but is also jaundiced. IV cholangiography would most likely reveal that the gallstones are obstructing the: a. Intrahepatic bile canaliculi b. Gallbladder c. Cystic duct d. Common bile duct
d. Common bile duct
An important and useful clinical measure in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis is measurement of which laboratory value? a. White blood cell count b. Antinuclear antibodies c. Aspartate aminotransferase d. Creatine kinase (CK)
d. Creatine kinase (CK)
When the physical therapist is describing a freely movable joint, which term should be used? a. Synarthrosis b. Amphiarthrosis c. Fibrous d. Diarthrosis
d. Diarthrosis
Fibromyalgia is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by: a. Pain resulting from joint and muscle inflammation b. Muscle pain in the back and gastrointestinal symptoms c. Neurologic pain in the skeletal muscles d. Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points
d. Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points
The patient asks how the GI system works. The nurse would identify that autonomic and hormonal control are involved in GI motility and: a. Defecation b. Swallowing c. Mastication d. Digestive enzyme secretion
d. Digestive enzyme secretion
A 36-year-old male complains of pain and weakness in the elbow. He reports that he is a warehouse worker and lifts boxes daily. MRI reveals inflammation of the tendon where it attaches to bone. This condition is called: a. Periostitis b. Muscle strain c. Bursitis d. Epicondylopathy
d. Epicondylopathy
A 3-month-old female develops colicky pain, abdominal distention, and diarrhea after drinking cow's milk. The best explanation for her symptoms is: a. Deficiency of bile that stimulates digestive secretions and bowel motility b. Excess of amylase, which increases the breakdown of starch and causes an osmotic diarrhea c. Overgrowth of bacteria from undigested fat molecules, which leads to gas formation and decreased bowel motility d. Excess of undigested lactose in her digestive tract, resulting in increased fluid movement into the digestive lumen and increased bowel motility
d. Excess of undigested lactose in her digestive tract, resulting in increased fluid movement into the digestive lumen and increased bowel motility
When assessing a patient with scleroderma, which changes in the skin will be observed? a. Thinning b. Hyperpigmented c. Necrosis d. Hardening
d. Hardening
A 50-year-old male recently underwent a liver transplant and is taking immunosuppressive drugs. He now has painful vesicular eruptions on the face and trunk. He reports that he had chickenpox as a child. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on his chicken pox history? a. Erysipelas b. Poliomyelitis c. Warts d. Herpes zoster
d. Herpes zoster
A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. He probably has: a. Pyloric stenosis b. Gastric cancer c. Achalasia d. Hiatal hernia
d. Hiatal hernia
The chemist analyzing a sample of normal saliva would expect it to reveal which immunoglobulin? a. IgG b. IgD c. IgE d. IgA
d. IgA
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine? a. Haustral b. Lower esophageal c. Pyloric d. Ileocecal valve
d. Ileocecal valve
An 80-year-old male presents with skeletal pain and tenderness, especially in the hips. He is diagnosed with osteomalacia caused by: a. Collagen breakdown in the bone matrix b. Excessive bone resorption c. Crowding of bone marrow by excessive bone growth d. Inadequate bone mineralization
d. Inadequate bone mineralization
A 10-month-old is brought to the pediatrician by the mother who states the baby has been experiencing colicky pain followed by vomiting, sweating, nausea, and irritability. Testing reveals a condition in which one part of the intestine telescopes into another. From which type of intestinal obstruction is he suffering? a. Hernia b. Ileus c. Torsion d. Intussusception
d. Intussusception
An 8-week-old male was recently diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Which of the following digestive alterations would be expected? a. Insufficient bile production b. Gastric atrophy c. Hypersecretion of stomach acid d. Malabsorption
d. Malabsorption
Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease? a. Abdominal pain b. Pattern of remission/exacerbations c. Diarrhea d. Malabsorption
d. Malabsorption
A patient wants to know which malignant skin lesion is the most serious. The correct response is: a. Basal cell carcinoma b. Squamous cell carcinoma c. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) d. Malignant melanoma
d. Malignant melanoma
A 30-year-old female has a history of frequent candidiasis. The areas most likely affected include (select all that apply): a. Plantar surface of the foot b. Eyes c. Ears d. Mucous membranes e. Vagina
d. Mucous membranes e. Vagina
The incidence of fractures of the pelvis is highest in: a. Preadolescent boys b. Adolescent boys c. Adolescent girls d. Older adults
d. Older adults
A 13-year-old female is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and treatment of an osteosarcoma in her left distal femur. Which statement best describes osteosarcoma? a. Myelogenic, develops in red bone marrow only b. Benign, develops in spongy bone tissue c. Collagenic, originates in the periosteum d. Osteogenic, most often develops in the bone marrow
d. Osteogenic, most often develops in the bone marrow
A 13-year-old female presents with pain at night, cough, and dyspnea. Testing reveals a metastasizing malignant bone tumor. The most likely type of tumor is: a. Nonossifying fibroma b. Chondrosarcoma c. Ewing sarcoma d. Osteosarcoma
d. Osteosarcoma
Which layer forms the fascicles in skeletal muscle? a. Tendon sheath b. Endomysium c. Epimysium d. Perimysium
d. Perimysium
In reviewing the history of the patient with osteosarcoma, the nurse might also expect the patient to have: a. Rhabdomyosarcoma b. Ewing sarcoma c. Fibroma d. Retinoblastoma
d. Retinoblastoma
A nurse is preparing to teach about myofibrils. Which information should the nurse include? The structure of the contractile subunit of the myofibril is called the: a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum b. Actin c. Motor endplate d. Sarcomere
d. Sarcomere
A 9-year-old male presents with severe erythematous bullous lesions that are believed to be an adverse response to a medication. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a. Pemphigus b. Acne vulgaris c. Lupus erythematosus d. Stevens-Johnson syndrome
d. Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Ewing sarcoma originates from: a. Osteoblasts b. Epithelial cells c. The spleen d. The bone marrow
d. The bone marrow
In burn injury patients, the rule of nines and the Lund and Browder chart are used to estimate: a. Depth of burn injury b. Possibility of infection c. Degree of systemic involvement d. Total body surface area burned
d. Total body surface area burned
The pancreas produces which substance to prevent the premature activation of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas? a. Bicarbonate b. Carboxypeptidase c. Secretin d. Trypsin inhibitor
d. Trypsin inhibitor