patho final

released from the adrenal glands-increases sodium and water reabsorption

aldosterone

___ regulates the circulating volume of water in the body and can be regulated by hormones including ___ and ___

aldosterone and ADH

global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. what is almost aways a manifestation of a global brain injury

altered level of consciousness

a 66-year-old female client has presented to the emergency department because of several months of intermittently bloody stool which has recently become worse. The woman has since been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal bleed secondary to overuse of non-steroidal anti-imflammatory drugs that she takes for her arthritis. the health care team would realize that which situation is most likely

she will have iron-deficiency anemia due to depletion of iron stores

beta cells are destroyed

type 1 diabetes

a patient has polyphagia, polydipsia and fruity breath

type 2 diabetes

cardiac output is used to measure the efficiency of the heart as a pump. what is the equation used to express CO

CO= SV x HR

a nurse at a long term care facility provides care for an 85 year-old man who has had recent transient ischemic attacks. which statement best identifies future complications associated with TIA's

TIA's resolve rapidly but may place the client at an increased risk for stroke

urine refluxing from the bladder to the ureters

VUR

the physiologic response to the activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

_____ contraction and increased blood pressure

which client is at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy

a 44 year old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications

the nurse knows that which client is most likely to exhibit clinical manifestations of chronic fatigue

a client with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis who has been admitted to the hospital for exacerbation of the disease process

the nurse is caring for a client who has just experienced an acute myocardial infarction. which type of shock is this client likely to experience.

cardiogenic

the nurse is conducting a community education program on concussions. the nurse will include that the brain is protected from external physical forces by which part of the nervous system

cerebrospinal fluid

which conditions predispose a person with sickle cell anemia to develop sickling of hemoglobin

decreased oxygen saturation

a 16 year old boy has enlarged lymph nodes and a sore throat. his girlfriend was recently diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. while educating this teenager the nurse emphasizes that infectious mononucleosis is caused by a pathogen and usually transmitted via

epstein-barr virus, saliva

a patient is cold and clammy, diaphoretic, dizzy and lightheaded

give the patient a concentrated carbohydrate

a nurse caring for a client admitted with a complete blood count that shows a low RBC count, low hemoglobin and low hematocrit levels. which question should the nurse ask to help determine a possible cause for these findings

have you noticed any dark or bloody stools recently

a high school student sustained a concussion during a football game. the school nurse will educate the family about post-concussion syndrome and ask them to watch for and report which manifestations of its presence

headaches and poor concentration

in a patient with ___ the nurse will prioritize assessment of the cardiovascular system

hyperkalemia

a patient is nervous, anxious, hot and has multiple episodes of diarrhea

hyperthyroidism

Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which of the following disorders was the player's most likely cause of death?

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

in a patient with ___ the nurse will prioritize assessment of the muscular system

hypocalcemia

in a patient with ___ the nurse will prioritize assessment of the neurological system

hyponatremia

a patient is tired, fatigued, cold and constipated

hypothyroidism

nephrotic antibiotics can cause

intra renal

an older adult who reported increasing fatigue has completed a series of fecal occult blood tests that indicate the presence of blood in the stool. which health problem will most likely accompany this client's gastrointestinal bleed

iron-deficiency anemia

A client's emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been examined by the physician and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (CLOT BUSTER MEDICATION) has been administered to the client. What was this client's most likely diagnosis?

ischemic stroke

activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

low blood pressure

which description sums up the basic pathophysiology of heart failure that the nurse would include when educating a client

low cardiac output due to reduced pumping ability

the nurse is caring for a patient with renal failure experiencing dyspnea and a respiratory rate of 24. the patient is tachycardiac and hypotensive. the arterial blood gas reflects a ph of 7.10 and HCO3 of 18 mEq/L, CO2 of 38. how do you interpret these findings. what IV medication could you expect the provider to order

metabolic acidosis, ________

a patient is hyperventilating and hypothermic

myxedema coma

obstructing enlarged prostate can cause

post renal

hypovolemic shock could cause

prerenal

intestinal absorbed and activated by the kidneys

vitamin d

a baseball player was hit in the head with a bat during practice. in the emergency department, the physician tells the family that he has "coup" injury. how will the nurse explain this to the family so they can understand

your son has a contusion of the brain at the site where the bat hit his head

a patient presents with dyspnea and localized lower extremity bilateral pitting edema. you check the patient's blood work and note that the albumin levels in their blood are low. you ask the patient about their medical history and the patient tells you they have a history of hypertension and diabetes 1. you know that edema is an accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces. this is NOT usually caused by 2. The patient asks "why are my feet so swollen" the best explanation is 3. how would decreased plasma protein impact the movement of flud 4. how would the patient's hypertension impact the movement of fluid 5. which dietary intervention would you suggest to prevent the progression of fluid accumulation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Your patient is complaining of pain, itchiness, and hives. she was out for a run in the woods yesterday when she fell and scarped her legs and forearm on some branches and a tree stump. You can see red hives across her chest and neck, her wounds have scant sanguineous drainage and appear to have debris logged in the scrapes. 1. your primary nursing assessment will be to asses her 2. your patient may have come in contact with poison ivy, the itchiness and hives would be an example of 3. the patient asks about what a hypersensitivity is, you would respond with 4. the breaking open of her skin is a break in her immunity, specifically her 5. the open scrapes on her arms and legs are likely to heal by

1. 2. 3. 4. first line defense 5.

an adult has hydrocephalus. when the patient asks the nurse what caused this, how should the nurse respond. Hydrocephalus in adults is most often caused by

defective CSF reabsorption

insulin resistance

give the patient insulin

The next patient's ABG reveals a ph 7.55, serum HCO3 37, and CO2 of 35. the patient reports that he has been taking Alka-Seltzer four times daily for the past 2 weeks for an upset stomach. upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes hyperactive reflexes, tetany, and mental confusion. you suspect the patient may be experiencing

metabolic alkalosis

which factor represents the amount of blood that the heart must pump with each beat and is determined by the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers and the actions of the heart prior to cardiac contraction

preload

as the nurse is preforming s physical assessment of a client, the client begins to have seizure activity including loss of consciousness ad limb jerking. the nurses priority is to

protect the client from injury

the next patients ABG results reveal pH 7.25, CO2 60, O2 50 and HCO3 24. the patient is a 57 year old female with unknown medical history that was found unresponsive with minimal, shallow, respiratory effect. she is currently bradycardiac and hypotensive. You suspect she may be experiencing

respiratory acidosis

the final arterial blood gas results reveal ph 7.60, CO2 25, o2 100, HCO3 24. the patient is a 35 year old male feeling lightheaded and dizzy. he is tachypneic and diaphoretic. you suspect the patient may be experiencing

respiratory alkalosis