patho phys ch 15

A student states, "It seems like helper T cells do a lot more than just 'help' the cellular immunity process". Which response listed below best conveys an aspect of the role of CD4+ helper T cells in immunity?

"Helper T cells play a major role in stimulating and regulating the whole process."

A nurse is teaching a new mother diagnosed with HIV about the transfer of the infection to her newborn. The mother begins to cry and states, "It's too late, the lab tests on my baby are already positive for HIV." How should the nurse respond?

"Just because the test is positive for HIV does not mean your baby is infected with the virus."

A client stepped on a nail at work. The emergency room physician prescribes a tetanus "booster" shot. The client asks the nurse, "If I have already been vaccinated for tetanus why do I need to have another shot?" How should the nurse respond?

"The booster shot will stimulate your immune system's memory, causing an immediate rise in antibodies to protect you from an infection."

A client with infectious mononucleosis asks the nurse why the lymph nodes are enlarged. Which statement is the nurse's appropriate response?

"Your lymph nodes trap and destroy viruses."

The nurse is administering a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination to a pediatric client. When the nurse explains immunity to the mother, which type of immunity will she explain that this vaccination provides?

Active artificial immunity

A client is brought to the physician's office with a raised, red macular rash on the trunk and arms accompanied by a fever. A diagnosis of measles is made. Which type of immunity does this disease process provide?

Active natural immunity

Select the type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow.

B lymphocytes

A blood smear is being examined and a stain has been added that will identify granulocytes. Which cell types will be visible with the stain? Select all that apply.

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil

A nurse who works in a long-term care facility has observed the high incidence of infectious illnesses among the older adults who reside there. What is the best explanation for a diminished immune capacity in older adults?

Decreased numbers and responsiveness of T lymphocytes

Select the statement that best describes the effectiveness of vaccination in the older adult population.

Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.

The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what?

Fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection

A lactation nurse visits a new mother after delivery of her first child and encourages the mother to breast-feed her infant, even for a short time. Which statement made by the nurse correctly explains the importance of breast-feeding?

For several months, colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to diseases to which the mother has immunity.

A client diagnosed with sepsis has a critically low neutrophil count. The nurse expects which drug or drug class to be used to stimulate white blood cell production?

Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) such as filgrastim

A client receives an interleukin-2 (IL-2) infusion to treat cancer. Which response explains how this cytokine will affect the growth of cancer cells?

IL-2 stimulates growth of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is the most abundant of circulating antibodies?

IgG

Three days ago, a mother delivered her full-term infant who had been identified as having an in utero infection. The infant is receiving antibiotic and phototherapy, and the mother is breast-feeding. Which types of immunoglobulins could most reasonably be expected to predominate in the infant's immune system?

IgG, IgA, IgM

A nurse is evaluating lab results of a client newly diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. Which immunoglobulin will elevate during the early stage of the infection?

IgM

A nurse is teaching a group of seniors about the decline of the immune system due to aging. Which topic should be included in the teaching plan regarding the immune response of older adults? Select all that apply.

Increase in susceptibility to infections Higher incidence of cancer Weakened response to vaccinations

A nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome with thymic hypoplasia. Which immune response would the nurse anticipate in this child?

Increased risk of infection

Select the phases that make up the reaction of the complement system.

Initial activation, amplification of inflammation, membrane attack response

An obstetrics nurse is counseling an expectant mother. The mother is concerned about letting people hold her baby once the baby is born, fearing that the infant will get sick. What should the nurse explain to the mother?

Maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta and protect the newborn early in life.

A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and a now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response?

Memory T cells

Which type of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk?

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A child has a congenital condition in which the thymus gland is absent. What should the nurse include in the education of care of this client to the parents?

Observe and report signs and symptoms of infection.

A client who has a diagnosis of an autoimmune disease asks his nurse why it is that their immune system does not attack all of the cells that make up his body. Which of the following aspects of pathogen recognition in the innate immune system listed below would underlie the nurse's response?

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ensure cells are correctly identified.

Which of the following helps the innate immune system differentiate between body cells and foreign substances?

Pattern recognition receptors identify structures not shared by body tissues.

A nursing instructor is explaining the role of a macrophage to a group of nursing students. Which roles of the macrophage should be included in the teaching plan? Select all that apply.

Phagocytosis Antigen presentation Activation of lymphocytes Destruction of malignant cells

Cytokines mediate the actions of many cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are the actions of cytokines described?

Pleiotropic and redundant

The nurse is planning care for a client with a diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency. What is a priority intervention to incorporate into the plan?

Protecting the client from infection

A client is being evaluated for atopic dermatitis possibly caused by a latex-related allergic reaction. The nurse will review which lab results to determine if an allergy is present?

Serum IgE

The first physical line of defense in innate immunity is:

Skin and mucous membranes

A client has been identified as having an excess of macrophage inhibitory factor, causing the client to have inhibited movement and activity of macrophages. Which process should the health care team expect to remain unaffected?

Specificity and memory of the immune response

Which statement explains how T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes differ?

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.

The nurse knows that the cells primarily programmed to remove the invading organisms and remember the antigen to respond rapidly during the next exposure are:

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.

In an attempt to best explain the innate immune system to a class of first-year nursing students, the instructor should describe what characteristic?

The response of the innate immune system is rapid, usually within minutes to hours, and prevents the establishment of infection and deeper tissue penetration of microorganisms.

The nurse is explaining to a colleague the basis of a client's allergy to dust. What statement by the nurse most accurately describes antigens in this situation?

They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

A newly diagnosed HIV-positive adolescent has blood work drawn that includes a CD8+ T-cell count. The nurse knows that which functions of CD8+ T cells listed below will assist the adolescent's immune system in fighting off the viral attack? Select all that apply.

Trigger intracellular programmed death Release of destructive enzymes

A mother is diagnosed with a bacterial infection and is worried that her newborn infant will also contract the infection. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the client?

Your newborn has maternal IgG antibodies that were transferred through the placenta before birth, providing some protection from infection.

A client is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. The nurse teaches the client about the body's natural defenses and identifies which of the following as most likely to be fighting the antigen?

antibodies

Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response are known as:

antigens

The nurse is explaining the quality of pleiotropism that is possessed by many cytokines. The quality of pleiotropism implies that such cytokines:

are able to act on different types of cells

A client experiencing severe neck pain and fever comes to the emergency room and is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Knowing that the client's immune system is fighting the infection, the infectious disease nurse correctly identifies which pathway as the activation of the complement system?

classical

Of the pathways available to recognize microbes and activate the complement system, which one requires the presence of an antibody?

classical

The nurse knows high incidences of infectious illnesses among the older adults who reside in a long-term care facility are most likely to have diminished immune capacity because of:

decreased numbers and responsiveness of T lymphocytes.

Which cells block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides within the mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tract?

epithelial

Immunologically active sites on antigens are recognized as:

epitopes

A 10 year old child with strep throat asks the nurse, "Why are there large bumps [lymph nodes] on my neck when my throat gets sore?" The nurse replies that lymph nodes:

help your body fight off infections by allowing special cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] to move through the lymph chain and engulf and destroy germs.

The most important function of the thymus is:

immune cell production and maturation.

A hospital client with a diagnosis of sepsis is in need of a specific response to microorganisms and a long-lasting immunity to the pathogens in question. Which component of the client's immune system is most able to meet these criteria?

lymphocytes

The nurse knows which component is needed for long-lasting immunity in a client with a diagnosis of sepsis without the causative agent identified?

lymphocytes

A woman experiences a viral infection while pregnant. Which type of immunity does an infant have at birth against this infection?

passive

Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid structure located high in the left abdominal cavity?

spleen

The nurse knows a drug in a category identified as a colony-stimulating factor (CSF) helps:

to stimulate bone marrow to produce large numbers of mature cells such as platelets and erythrocytes.