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PATHO UNIT 2 (Chapters 7-12)

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Location: Posterior Pituitary (in brain)

Hormone: 1) Oxytocin- Main target: Breast- milk ejection; labor and delivery; behavior 2) Vasopressin (ADH)- Main target: Kidney -Water reabsorption

Location: Thyroid Gland

Hormone: 1) Triiodothyronine and thyroxine- Main Target: Many tissues- Metabolism, growth, and development 2) Calcitonin- Main Target: bone- Plasma calcium levels (minimal effect in humans)

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 76) Suzie wants to protect virgin forests from destruction. She climbs a tree to prevent loggers from cutting the oldest tree in the forest. Suzie did not eat for twelve hours until a friend, Jammie, took over the vigilance. Match the correct levels of blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration and relative membrane insulin receptor concentration for a skeletal muscle cell 20 hours into Jammie's fast and one hour after Suzie had eaten a peanut butter and banana sandwich and a bowl of sweet potato soup. Plasma Glucose: 90 mg/dl; 125 mg/dl Plasma Insulin: 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L) Relative membrane insulin receptor concentration: increasing (high); decreasing (low) Fasting (Jammie) Satiety (Suzie) Plasma Glucose Plasma Insulin Relative Membrane Insulin Receptor Levels

: Fasting (Jammie) Satiety (Suzie) Plasma Glucose 90 mg/dl 125 mg/dl Plasma Insulin 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L) Relative Membrane Insulin Receptor Levels increasing (high) decreasing (low) Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 224) The amplitude of an action potential depends in part on the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid. Stanley Student has carefully impaled a neuron with an intracellular electrode. He tests the role of extracellular sodium by changing the concentration in the bathing fluid and recording an action potential after each change. The data he generated are shown in the table, where amplitude listed is the peak amplitude of the action potential; make an appropriate graph. Conc. Sodium (mOsM) Amp. (mV) 100 90 120 91 140 92 160 94 180 96 200 100

: Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 75) Assume the following: The total area of cell membrane in a single fat cell is 104 mm2, there is one insulin receptor per 1 mm2 of membrane, and 1 mm2 of cell membrane contains 106 phospholipid molecules. (1) How many insulin receptors are in a fat cell? (2) How many phospholipids molecules are in a fat cell? (3) How many phospholipid molecules are there for each insulin receptor? (4) What general principle of hormone action does your answer support?

: 1. 1 receptor/1 mm2 × 104 mm2/cell = 104 receptors per cell. 2. 104 mm2/cell × 106 phospholipids/mm2 = 1010 phospholipid molecules per cell. 3. (1010 phospholipids/cell) / (104 receptors/cell) = 106 phospholipid molecules per insulin receptor. 4. Hormones exert their effects at very low concentrations (therefore it is not surprising that the hormone receptors, through which the hormones act, are also in low concentration). Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Describe the classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland. Are these steps practical for identifying the sources of all the hormones we know of today? Explain.

: 1. Remove the suspected gland, and observe the animal. 2. Restore the gland or administer a gland extract, and observe the animal. 3. Add a gland or gland extract to a normal animal, and observe the animal for excessive response. 4. Purify gland extracts and isolate the substance. There are many hormones that are secreted from cells that are not part of a discrete gland and therefore not removable without causing problems beyond loss of the hormone. Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 69) The following statement contains three parts that are either TRUE or FALSE. You must address ALL THREE parts of the statement explaining either why it is TRUE or why it is FALSE. Neurohormones from the anterior pituitary are called "trophic" because their release is stimulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

: 1. The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland; it does not release neurohormones because its cells are not neurons. 2. The word trophic is used incorrectly; the term refers to a hormone that causes another gland to release hormone. 3. Anterior pituitary hormones are in fact triggered by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 227) Draw graphs showing the effect on action potentials in a cell following effective doses of each of the listed neurotoxins. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any abnormality is due to the toxin. Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may be different from normal. 1. puffer fish poison (blocks voltage-gated sodium channel activation) 2. tetraethylammonium (blocks voltage-gated potassium channels) 3. ouabain (blocks sodium-potassium pumps) 4. sea anemone toxin (blocks voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation)

: 1. no action potential; membrane potential would show a stimulus pulse that reaches threshold, however 2. prolonged action potential, as repolarization is slowed in absence of potassium efflux; peak may be higher as well 3. normal action potential 4. prolonged action potential, as sodium influx lasts longer; peak may be higher as well Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 189) Name two ways a cell changes its membrane permeability to ions. (Hint: One way is relatively slow.)

: 1. opens or closes existing channels 2. inserts or removes membrane channels Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 130) Name the two factors that influence the membrane potential.

: 1. the concentration gradients of ions across the membrane 2. the membrane permeability to those ions Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) You are walking to class, pondering the intricacies of physiology, when you trip over an uneven place in the sidewalk, and fall. Unhurt but embarrassed and angry, you jump up and glance around to see if anyone is watching. From your knowledge of neuroanatomy and function, explain how the following areas of the brain might be involved in this scenario: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. limbic system

: A. The cerebrum is involved in conscious perception and voluntary motor control. Various sensory areas of the cortex will detect the mis-step, falling, and landing on the ground. Motor areas will initiate standing up and brushing yourself off. B. The cerebellum receives a copy of the motor output from the cerebrum that controls spinal motor neurons, and also sensory input. The cerebellum compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement. Obviously the cerebellum was unable to prevent you from falling; however, your return to an upright position may be executed smoothly thanks to this brain area. C. The limbic system is involved in emotion. This is where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 78) Your studies of the neuromuscular junction reveal that the excitatory neurotransmitter opens a channel permeable to all three cations. Calculate the equilibrium potential for each cation. In which direction will each cation move when the channel is open? Does movement of ions promote muscle depolarization? Explain your answer.

: ENa+ = 61 × log 450/50 = 58 mV. EK+ = 61 × log 20/420 = -81 mV. EMg++ = 61 × log 60/10 = 47 mV. Sodium and magnesium will enter the cell, potassium will exit. Exit of potassium opposes depolarization, but presumably there will be a net gain in intracellular positive charge sufficient to depolarize the cell. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) There are three divisions of the brain. Make a table and place each of the six regions of the brain in one of the three divisions.

: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Midbrain Cerebellum Diencephalon Pons Medulla Oblongata Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken words) to the motor cortex. Discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this pathway. Describe their location and the communication problems that can occur if there is damage to either area.

: eye → visual cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex ear → auditory cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person cannot understand sensory input (spoken or visual). The resulting condition is receptive aphasia, nonsensical speech that the speaker is unaware of. Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person is unable to respond using normal syntax. The resulting condition, expressive aphasia, is difficult to deal with because people who have it understand sensory input and can respond, but their statements contain the right words in random order and they are unable to correct it. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.18

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 217) Create diagrams (of the cells) and graphs (of the potentials) to illustrate the two different situations described below in a multipolar neuron with a threshold voltage of 15 mV above resting potential. In each, indicate decrement of graded potentials (by drawing the same GP at different points as it spreads along the neuron), as well as summation. Situation 1: There are three simultaneously active synapses on the multipolar neuron, two producing EPSPs and one an IPSP. At least one of the EPSPs is larger than 15 mV at the synapse. The neuron does NOT generate an action potential. Situation 2: There are two simultaneously active synapses, one producing an EPSP and the other an IPSP. The neuron generates an action potential.

: (Note to instructor: It is best to have demonstrated this in class or on a handout at some time prior to the exam.) Diagrams and graphs should resemble those in Figure 8.7 in the chapter, except that the number of synaptic inputs shown will be greater (see Fig. 8.24), and a set of graphs should be drawn for each input. Diagrams of a multipolar neuron with the different synapses indicated should be produced. There should be a total of three to five synapses, depending on whether or not the student assumes the three synapses described for situation 1 are different from those for situation 2. The graph of summation should resemble Figure 8.24c,d. In situation 1, the student should choose amplitudes that sum to a value below +15 mV (the PSP that was 15 mV at the synapse is smaller when it reaches the trigger zone). In situation 2, the student should choose amplitudes that sum to a value equal to or above +15 mV. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 213) Compare and contrast the communication mechanisms between the nervous and endocrine systems. In other words, how do neurons and neurotransmitters signal to their postsynaptic cells, compared to the way endocrine glands and hormones communicate with their target cells?

: (Note to instructor: Students must have already completed the endocrine chapter(s) in order to answer this.) Neurotransmitters usually do not enter the cell, thus must combine with receptors on the membrane, using mechanisms similar to the amino acid-derivative hormones. Similarities include opening channels in the postsynaptic cell membrane, leading to depolarization of the neuron. In endocrine target cells, the arrival of the stimulus begins a different sequence of events, such as triggering an enzyme cascade, and second messenger systems. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once). A. dendrites B. axon C. cell body 106) contribute(s) most to membrane surface area of cell

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) The rising phase of the action potential is due to A) Na+ flow into the cell only. B) Na+ flow out of the cell only. C) K+ flow out of the cell only. D) K+ flow into the cell only. E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, but it also protects the brain from potentially therapeutic chemicals that may reduce the size of brain tumors by killing cancer cells, alleviate depression, and aid in patient recovery from stroke or spinal cord injury. Two methods are currently being rigorously researched to get these helpful chemicals past the blood-brain barrier. The two methods are termed "molecular Trojan Horse" and osmotic "blood-brain barrier disruption." Based on their names, hypothesize how these methods might allow chemicals to pass through the blood-brain barrier.

: (Note to instructor: You may have to explain enough of the legend of the Trojan Horse for this to be a fair question.) The molecular Trojan Horse method delivers specific substances to the brain by attaching them to a protein that is normally able to cross the barrier. The therapeutic chemicals are ferried across by piggybacking a substance that can cross the barrier. Once across the barrier, these substances can reach almost every neuron through the blood vessels that nourish the brain. The blood-brain barrier disruption method is a technique that uses a concentrated mannitol (sugar) solution. Because this solution is more concentrated than the endothelial cells of the capillaries that make up the blood-brain barrier, these cells will experience shrinkage (Chapter 5, hypertonicity). When these cells decrease in volume the tight junctions that exist between them are temporarily opened and chemicals in that area can pass through the blood-brain barrier. In actual patients who experimentally undergo this therapy, an infusion of this solution, via a catheter, temporarily opens the tight junction by osmotically disrupting the endothelial cells that make up the blood-brain barrier. Immediately after the mannitol solution, the patients receive the chemotherapy treatment intra-arterially through the same catheter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 170) Products from the cell body of a neuron are transported to the axon terminals by ________.

: (anterograde) axoplasmic transport Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 41) unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the A) choroid plexus. B) arachnoid villi. C) frontal sinuses. D) pia mater. E) ventricles.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is partly attributed to a difference in A) lipid solubility. B) the type of receptor involved. C) ATP-dependence of drug transport. D) whether or not the drug mimics the hormone melatonin.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) pituitary gland. C) choroid plexus. D) pons. E) brain stem.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 75) When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your ficus tree, eventually he learns to leave the tree alone. This type of learning is called A) associative. B) nonassociative. C) habituation. D) sensitization.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 54) parietal lobe

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) suprachiamatic nucleus. D) hypothalamus. E) corpus callosum.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed people. A) concentrated on the left B) concentrated on the right C) equally distributed between the left and right D) randomly located with respect to the left or right

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Which type of synapse is most prevalent in the nervous system? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS usually act by opening ________ channels. A) Na+ B) K+ C) Cl- D) H+ E) Ca2+

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 152) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how are neurotransmitters affected? A) More molecules are released into the synapse. B) Different molecules are released into the synapse. C) Fewer molecules are released into the synapse. D) There is no effect-all signals are identical.

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found. A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system 91) ependymal cells

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

: adrenal cortex Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 96) cells that create a selectively permeable epithelial layer to separate fluid compartments of the CNS

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are forms of ________ transport. A) fast B) slow C) Neither of these

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) A damaged neuron has a better chance of survival and repair if the ________ is/are undamaged. A) cell body B) axon C) dendrites D) Schwann cells E) axon and dendrites

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine 25) anterior pituitary

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary 16) lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Which is the correctly written Nernst equation? A) 61/z × log [ion]out / [ion]in B) 61/z × log [ion]in / [ion]out C) log 61/z × [ion]in / [ion]out D) log 61/z × [ion]out / [ion]in

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside? A) potassium B) sodium C) chloride D) calcium E) More than one of the answers is correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) In the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open, A) Cl- ions enter the cell. B) Cl- ions leave the cell. C) the cell becomes depolarized. D) Cl- ions enter the cell and the cell becomes depolarized. E) Cl- ions leave the cell and the cell becomes depolarized.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The term hyperkalemia specifically indicates too much potassium in which fluid compartment? A) blood B) intracellular C) interstitial D) extracellular E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once). A. graded potential B. action potential C. both 110) may be hyperpolarizing

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) All of the following must occur before a second action potential can begin, EXCEPT A) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments. B) the Na+ inactivation gate must open and the Na+ activation gate must close. C) the absolute refractory period must occur. D) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments; the Na+ inactivation gate must open; and the Na+ activation gate must close. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 143) How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-gated sodium channels remained inactivated? A) It would be longer than normal. B) It would be shorter than normal. C) It would be the same whether the channels remained inactivated or not. D) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. A) faster B) slower C) equal

: A Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 9 The Central Nervous System 1) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were A) jellyfish and sea anemones. B) flatworms and sea urchins. C) segmented worms and sea horses. D) mollusks and sea stars. E) fish and sea monkeys.

: A Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it. A. chemoreceptor B. mechanoreceptor 75) oxygen

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor? A) oxygen B) cell stretch C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) vibration

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it. A. chemoreceptor B. mechanoreceptor 76) pH

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) A decrease in ones perception of a stimulus whose intensity has not changed due to higher neural inhibition is A) habituation. B) convergence. C) divergence. D) adaptation.

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Phasic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to parameters that the body must continuously assess. D) once threshold is reached by a stimulus will always generate action potentials.

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines. A) synthesized in advance and stored, not B) not peptides C) not effective in small amounts D) secreted into the blood, not E) secreted by cells, not

: A Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 163) The basis of neural integration is A) addition of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space. B) command signals from central pattern generators. C) spontaneous activity in pacemaker neurons. D) the area under the curve of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space.

: A Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) In the lever system that characterizes the interaction between bones and muscle, the bones act as the ________ whereas the joints form the ________. A) lever, fulcrums B) fulcrum, levers C) lever, pulleys D) fulcrum, pulleys

: A Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) In order for the bicep muscle to shorten, the force applied by the muscle must be ________ the load applied at the hand. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

: A Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The brain and spinal cord together compose the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic division system. C) somatic motor division of the nervous system. D) peripheral nervous system. E) visceral nervous system.

: A Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The origin is the end of the skeletal muscle that attaches to the A) more stationary bone. B) more mobile bone. C) tendon. D) ligament.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) A motor unit consists of A) one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls. B) one skeletal muscle fiber and all the neurons that control that fiber. C) one skeletal muscle fiber and the neuron that controls that fiber. D) one axon terminal branch and the myofibrils it controls.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The H zone contains A) thick filaments. B) thin filaments only. C) actin only. D) thick and thin filaments.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The function of the titin protein is to A) stabilize the position of the contractile filaments. B) pull Z lines together during contraction. C) interact with actin during contraction. D) release calcium during contraction. E) cover the myosin binding site on the actin molecule.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) ________ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments. A) Actin B) Tropomyosin C) Troponin D) Myosin E) Titin

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 59) The band with the most overlap between thick and thin filaments, which unevenly scatters light leading to its' dark appearance.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the structures with the accurate description. A. muscle fiber B. fascicle C. sarcolemma D. myofibril E. t-tubules 53) a single muscle cell

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) As ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin head immediately A) detaches from actin. B) initiates binding with actin. C) tightens its bond to actin. D) swivels.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 83) The force generated by a single muscle fiber can be increased by A) increasing frequency of action potentials only. B) increasing muscle length beyond optimal only. C) increasing the asynchrony of recruitment only. D) increasing frequency of action potentials and increasing muscle length beyond optimal only.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) The factor(s) that determine the duration of a twitch in various types of fibers is the speed of the A) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm only. B) hydrolysis of ATP only. C) movement of Na+ across their membranes only. D) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm and hydrolysis of ATP. E) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm and hydrolysis of ATP and movement of Na+ across their membranes.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) The cause of skeletal muscle fatigue during extended submaximal exercise is primarily a(n) A) depletion of glycogen stores. B) depletion of creatine stores. C) increased inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration. D) depletion of K+ stores.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Which fibers generate more force? A) fast-twitch fibers B) slow-twitch fibers

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Which fibers fatigue sooner? A) fast-twitch fibers B) slow-twitch fibers

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 85) An important difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle is the A) numerous gap junctions in single-unit smooth muscle, which allow many cells to work together as a sheet. B) longer actin and myosin filaments in multiunit smooth muscle, which allow coordination of contraction. C) ability of single-unit fibers to change into multiunit fibers when advantageous. D) closely controlled individual fibers in single-unit smooth muscle to allow fine control and graded contractions by selective activation.

: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The calcium release channel in the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is opened by increases in phospholipase C activity is the A) inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel. B) ryanodine receptor. C) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor. D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. E) Ca2+-ATPase.

: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Chronic pain is A) only pathological. B) only treated by analgesic drugs. C) only the result of short-term changes in the nervous system. D) pathological and treated by analgesic drugs.

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Beta-endorphin is produced from the same prohormone as A) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). B) insulin. C) aldosterone. D) thyroxine. E) glucagon.

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) In addition to temperature, cold receptors respond to A) menthol. B) capsaicin. C) alcohol. D) water.

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific receptor to its typical stimulus. A. free nerve ending B. Merkel receptor C. Meissner's corpuscle D. Ruffini corpuscle E. Pacinian corpuscle 83) temperature

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 24) Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 33) It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 28) The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the A) sympathetic division. B) parasympathetic division. C) craniosacral division. D) intramural division. E) somatomotor division.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 51) pupil dilation

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

: adrenal medulla Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 53) decreased activity in digestive tract

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 54) fat breakdown

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 29) It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 31) The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the following with its description. A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 20) released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Sweat glands contain A) cholinergic receptors. B) alpha receptors. C) beta receptors. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 49) The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor. A) agonist B) antagonist

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 56) blocks secretion of adrenal catecholamines

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 58) blocks sweating

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include all of these EXCEPT A) hunger. B) pounding heart. C) sweating palms. D) increased blood pressure. E) pupillary dilation.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 80) cerebral cortex

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) basal ganglia

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) limbic system

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A) limbic system. B) basal nuclei. C) corpus callosum. D) reticular system. E) pons.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pituitary gland D) brain stem E) medulla

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) pons. E) cerebellum.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 50) receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 76) contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The majority of hormones in the body are A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) amino acid-derived hormones. D) neurohormones. E) All of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body.

: A Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably A) a steroid. B) a peptide. C) testosterone. D) estrogen. E) aldosterone.

: A Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The motor end plate is A) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. B) the same as the neuromuscular junction. C) the same as the synaptic cleft. D) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. E) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

: A Section Title: The Motor Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 48) sensory fibers enter this part of the "H"

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) ventral horn

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 63) Which tissues contain both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, and how does this relate to their autonomic control?

: A list is provided in Figure 11.5 in the chapter. For most target organs listed, acetylcholine and (nor)epinephrine have opposite effects on the target organ. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 89) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.

: A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, samples the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space at the lower end of the spinal cord. This procedure is performed to sample the chemical environment of the brain and test for infection. An infection is indicated by proteins or blood cells found in the sample. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 173) Months after the accident, your amputee uncle's phantom limb pain subsides. One afternoon he is sleeping and you see a fly walk across his upper lip. He wakes up and tells you he just had the funniest feeling. It was as if someone was touching his missing index finger. You decide to experiment with your uncle and you blindfold him. As you touch his cheek he tells you that you are touching his cheek and his missing thumb! As you move around his face you map out his fingers and forearm on his face. Hypothesize how this could be possible.

: A map of the somatosensory cortex would show that the area corresponding to the phantom hand and forearm is adjacent to the area corresponding to the face. What has happened is the hand cortex has been invaded by the sensory fibers that normally only activate the face area of the cortex. Since the territory for the hand is vacated (not receiving any stimulation), those facial sensory fibers have begun to activate cells there causing the phantom limb sensation. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 206) A compound action potential is recorded using electrodes on a nerve. How does a nerve differ from an axon? Amplitude and duration of a compound action potential vary according to the stimulus intensity applied to the nerve. Given that there is no such variation in the action potential of a single axon, how can you explain this?

: A nerve consists of many axons. A regular action potential is produced by a single axon, whereas a compound action potential is recorded by equipment from a nerve when multiple axons are producing action potentials, and the voltages add together. Increasing stimulus intensity increases the number of axons contributing to the compound action potential. This is because different axons have different threshold voltages, so increasing the voltage stimulates a larger number of axons. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) In order to contract and relax, muscle cells require energy in the form of ________. The immediate backup energy source is ________ that requires the enzyme ________.

: ATP, phosphocreatine, creatine kinase Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The heavy chain of myosin contains 2 important regions: the first acts as ________ to convert energy into movement whereas the second binds to ________.

: ATPase, actin Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 207) Explain the processes that lead to the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell. Which components are recycled? Which ion is important in triggering exocytosis?

: Action potential arrives in synaptic terminal, and stimulates opening of voltage-regulated calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents. The phospholipids of the vesicle membranes are recycled, either from fusion of vesicles then later formation of new vesicles from the same molecules; or from the kiss-and-run model, in which the vesicle phospholipids are not incorporated into the membrane at all, but remain as vesicles that can be refilled with neurotransmitter. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 182) Compare and contrast action and graded potentials. Your answer should include a definition of each, types, characteristics, ionic basis, functions, and anything else necessary to answer the question.

: Action potentials are stereotyped changes in axon membrane potential that function in long-distance communication between neurons and their target cells. Graded potentials are variable membrane potential changes, usually in dendrites of multipolar neurons, that function in either short-distance communication or changing the probability of an action potential. Action potentials result from opening of voltage-regulated ion channels, which occurs at or above a threshold voltage. Graded potentials are not regenerative and result from the opening of ion channels in response to neurotransmitter or a specific stimulus such as sound or odor, in the case of sensory receptors. The rising phase results from influx of sodium, and the falling phase from efflux of potassium. Other characteristics include the after-hyperpolarization, all-or-none nature, conduction without decrement, independence of amplitude and duration from stimulus strength, refractory period, faster velocity in larger diameter or in myelinated axons. Graded potentials can be depolarizing, if the ion channel is a sodium channel, or hyperpolarizing in the case of potassium or chloride channels. Depolarizations increase the probability that threshold voltage will be attained and an action potential will result. Hyperpolarizations decrease the probability of a resulting action potential. Amplitude and duration are proportional to stimulus intensity, and graded potentials are conducted with decrement. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Glial cells communicate primarily using A) electrical signals only. B) chemical signals only. C) neurotransmitters only. D) neuromodulators only. E) electrical signals and chemical signals.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 203) In a laboratory situation, a nerve can be stimulated by applying voltage from a stimulator. If a stimulus was applied in the middle of a nerve roughly halfway between the cell bodies and the axon terminals, would resulting action potentials travel only from the stimulus point to the axon terminal? Why or why not? How is this similar to or different from the basic characteristics of an action potential discussed in this chapter? What does this tell you about the nature of the axon?

: Action potentials would travel in both directions from the stimulus point, simultaneously toward the cell bodies and toward the axon terminals. This is because the axon segments on each side of the stimulus point are presumably not refractory when the stimulus is delivered, thus there is nothing to prevent the action potentials from traveling in both directions. In normal transmission, the action potential begins where the axon starts, and travels only away from that point, not toward, because the membrane becomes refractory for a period of time after the action potential occurs. Thus, the axon is quite capable of transmitting action potentials in either direction, even though normally it is prevented from doing so. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 61) Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system. Which neurotransmitter binds to each type? For those that bind more than one neurotransmitter, how does the response to the neurotransmitters compare?

: Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors are described in Table 11.2 in the chapter. Most of these receptors are more sensitive to norepinephrine than to epinephrine, but they will all respond to either neurotransmitter. These neurotransmitters are nearly identical structurally, and the response of the target tissue to the binding of either is the same. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 190) If both Na+ and K+ channels are activated by depolarization, why do we see more Na+ flux during the rising phase of an action potential?

: Although both channels are activated by depolarization, the Na+ channels open quickly allowing rapid Na+ entry into the cell. The peak of Na+ permeability coincides with the peak of the action potential, while the K+ channels open more slowly and don't reach their peak ion permeability until the falling phase of the action potential. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 148) Distinguish between adequate stimulus, threshold stimulus, and perceptual threshold.

: An adequate stimulus is the form of energy to which a receptor is most responsive. A threshold stimulus is the minimum depolarization required to trigger an action potential in a sensory neuron. Perceptual threshold is the minimum stimulus required for a person to be aware that peripheral receptors were stimulated, which can be greater than the threshold stimulus for the sensory neuron. Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 178) Briefly explain the gross organization of the nervous system in either paragraph form or using a concept map. Be sure to discuss the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous system and the divisions and branches discussed in the text.

: Answers will vary.There are three divisions: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the enteric nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the integrating center for neural reflexes. The brain is also where thoughts and consciousness are formed. The PNS includes the afferent branch, which monitors the internal and external environment and sends signals to the CNS, and the efferent branch, which carries signals from the CNS to effector cells throughout the body. Within the efferent branch, there is the somatic motor division, which controls skeletal muscle, and the autonomic division. The autonomic division, or visceral nervous system, controls the smooth and cardiac muscles and exo- and endocrine glands. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Explain neural plasticity in the brain, in the context of recovery from injury.

: Areas of the brain involved in a body part that is removed, such as following a limb amputation, are taken over by ingrowth of synaptic connections from nearby areas, rather than the areas disappearing along with the limb.

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 198) Explain the two reasons why graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell. Why don't action potentials lose strength?

: As a depolarization wave moves through the cell, some of the positive charge is lost to the extracellular fluid through leak channels. Additionally there is cytoplasmic resistance. Action potentials do not lose strength because they are regenerated in each patch of membrane. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 170) Describe the action of aspirin and opiates in pain relief. What does your answer suggest about opiates?

: Aspirin inhibits prostaglandins (anti-inflammatory) and slows the transmission of pain signals from the site of injury to the brain. Opiates like morphine act on a special class of receptor molecules in the CNS called opioid receptors. Opiates decrease the secretion of neurotransmitter from the primary sensory neurons and post-synaptic inhibition of secondary sensory neurons. The discovery of the mode of action of opiates, that is, the discovery of specific receptors for opiate drugs, led scientists to search for and discover naturally occurring opiates in the CNS-enkephalins and endorphins. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 196) If potassium channels in a neuron were blocked, would it be possible to produce an action potential? If so, describe the probable appearance of these components of a graph: threshold, rising phase, peak, falling phase, undershoot. If not, explain.

: Assuming sodium channels are functioning normally, there would still be an action potential. Threshold would be unaffected, because it is a property of sodium channels. A peak voltage will be reached when the sodium channels become inactivated; this voltage may be higher than normal since usually there is a partial canceling of the rising voltage as potassium exits. Without a potassium current, the falling phase would be much slower, being dependent on the sodium-potassium pump removing the sodium ions that came in. The undershoot would be absent because it is a result of potassium current. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 215) A lab technician has inadvertently substituted lithium for sodium in a solution of saline for use by students in neurophysiology labs. If a frog nerve was bathed in this solution, what would happen upon stimulation of the nerve?

: Assuming the specificity of the voltage-regulated sodium and potassium channels is absolute, the axons will be unable to generate action potentials. The sodium channels will open and close, but there will be no ionic current through them. The students will still see hyperpolarization, as the potassium efflux should be unaffected by lithium. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 69) Anne Frank wrote a diary about the years she and a few others spent in hiding from the Nazis during World War II. These people lived in the upstairs rooms of a shop, accessible only by a hidden stairway; Anne called these quarters the Secret Annex. One day Nazis raided the shop below, but were unsuccessful in locating the hideaways or finding proof of their presence during this particular raid. Clearly hearing what was occurring downstairs, Anne and her cohorts cowered in silence, for they feared being transported to "death camps." Later, Anne wrote that most of the residents of the Secret Annex experienced diarrhea shortly after this close call. Explain this response by their digestive systems.

: Assuming there is no pathogenic or dietary cause, diarrhea probably resulted from the fight-or-flight reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. Digestive tract secretion and motility are inhibited during a sympathetic response. When the threat had passed and the sympathetic nervous system released the digestive targets from inhibition, there may have been a rebound effect in which the parasympathetic division overstimulated the motility of the tract. Increased motility with decreased time for reabsorption of water can result in diarrhea. It is also thought that the sympathetic response actually stimulates the lower gastrointestinal tract though it inhibits the upper tract. This could also account for the effects. Students may need to consult other sources to answer this question correctly. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.1

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? A) K+ B) H+ C) Ca2+ D) HCO3- E) Na+

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A) oxygen B) glucose C) sodium D) potassium E) fatty acids

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called A) proprioception. B) perception. C) cognition. D) lateralization. E) emotion.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The inability to remember newly acquired information is called A) discombobulation. B) anterograde amnesia. C) short-term amnesia. D) implicit amnesia. E) retrograde amnesia.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Calcium is important in the synapse because it A) is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis. B) signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. C) binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and triggering graded potentials. D) leaves the axon terminal, hyperpolarizing the cell.

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening ________ channels. A) only Na+ B) only Cl- C) only K+ D) only Ca2+ E) Na+ and K+

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) A chemical synapse ALWAYS includes ________. 1. axon terminal 2. presynaptic cell 3. synaptic cleft 4. postsynaptic cell 5. dendrite A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 3, 4

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 160) The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic synapse: 1. Chemically regulated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal. 3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. The correct sequence for these events is A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 C) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 137) Microvilli are present on cells that, because of their function, benefit from an increased membrane surface area. Which structure(s) on a neuron provide a comparable benefit? A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) Neurotransmitters are released from the A) dendrites. B) axon terminals. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 93) highly branched cells that transfer nutrients between blood vessels and neurons

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 138) A home satellite dish receives signals from a satellite, allowing your television to display TV shows. Which part of a neuron is analogous to the satellite dish? A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties 1) The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called A) protrusions. B) processes. C) prostheses. D) projections.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary 19) cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does NOT? A) the electrical charges of the ions B) the permeabilities of the ions C) the solubilities of the ions D) the sizes of the ions E) the temperature

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) K+ enters the neuron. B) K+ leaves the neuron. C) the neuron depolarizes. D) K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. E) K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) In order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become A) higher in amplitude only. B) more frequent only. C) longer-lasting only. D) higher in amplitude and more frequent. E) higher in amplitude and longer-lasting.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Ion channel inactivation is A) closing of the channel in response to decrease in the stimulus. B) closing of the channel even when the stimulus continues. C) any type of channel closing. D) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 148) The inactivation gate A) quickly opens and closes after depolarization. B) is coupled to the movement of the activation gate, but is much slower. C) depends on a change of +100 mV from rest to be signaled to close. D) depends on a loss of Na+ permeability to be triggered. E) depends on a loss of K+ permeability to be triggered.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as A) divergence. B) convergence. C) integration. D) saltatory conduction. E) potentiation.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 150) The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential: 1. sodium channels are inactivated 2. more voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 3. sodium channels regain their normal properties 4. a graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold 5. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs 6. sodium channel activation occurs 7. sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs The proper sequence of these events is A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1. B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 5, 3. C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5. D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5. E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 146) In the first phase of triggering an action potential in a neuron, Na+ ions flow in and A) only trigger a negative feedback loop. B) only trigger a positive feedback loop. C) only activate the sodium/potassium pump. D) trigger a negative feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump. E) trigger a positive feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) Which of the following will best increase the conduction rate of action potentials? A) Increase the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. B) Increase the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. C) Decrease the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. D) Decrease the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 155) Conduction occurs along an axon because A) outflow of K+ triggers the adjacent channels to open. B) inflow of Na+ triggers the adjacent channels to open. C) once Na+ enters the cell, the entire membrane depolarizes simultaneously. D) axonal transport "walks" voltage changes along the membrane.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve A) tracts. B) nets. C) webs. D) cords. E) mazes.

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which of these have the most advanced nervous system? A) flatworms B) segmented worms C) jellyfish D) sea anemones

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it. A. chemoreceptor B. mechanoreceptor 77) stretch

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it. A. chemoreceptor B. mechanoreceptor 78) pressure

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology 1) Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor? A) oxygen B) cell stretch C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) pH

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) A receptor potential is A) an action potential. B) a graded potential. C) the resting membrane potential of a receptor cell. D) always converted to an action potential in sensory receptor cells.

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) The larger the receptive field, the A) stronger the stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor. B) more primary sensory neurons synapse on a secondary sensory neuron. C) fewer primary sensory neurons are involved. D) larger the area of the somatosensory cortex in the brain that perceives the sensation.

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________, which acts as a relay and processing station. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Tonic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to changes in a parameter, not the extent of that change. D) will always decrease to the point where no action potentials are generated.

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) In order for a synapse to be an effective means of cellular communication, slow removal or inactivation of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is important. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs ) A) result in local depolarizations. B) result in local hyperpolarizations. C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions. D) prevent the escape of potassium ions. E) prevent the escape of calcium ions.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) The neurotransmitter thought to be involved in learning and memory is A) norepinephrine. B) glutamate. C) acetylcholine. D) GABA. E) glycine.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.7

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what is most likely to occur? A) An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual. B) Nothing. They will cancel each other out. C) The cell becomes hyperpolarized. D) The cell becomes easier to excite. E) The cell dies.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Spatial summation refers to A) electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space. B) multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously. C) repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other. D) suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra large. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? A) spatial summation B) temporal summation C) inhibition of the impulse D) hyperpolarization E) decrease in speed of impulse transmission

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 161) Arrange the following events in the proper sequence: 1. Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 2. Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 3. Effector organ responds by performing output. 4. Integrating center reaches decision about response. 5. Sensory organ detects change in the environment. A) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 B) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 D) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons. C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.

: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Detailed understanding of the cellular basis of signaling in the nervous system has led to good understanding of consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic nervous system. C) somatic motor division. D) peripheral nervous system. E) enteric nervous system.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the A) visceral and somatic divisions. B) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. C) central and peripheral divisions. D) visceral and enteric divisions. E) somatic and enteric divisions.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that function in controlling A) reproduction. B) digestion. C) excretion, particularly urination. D) the skeletal system. E) the endocrine system.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) For antagonistic muscle groups to move a limb, flexor contraction occurs coincident with A) contraction of the extensor. B) relaxation of the extensor. C) no changes in the extensor. D) contraction of the tendon.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 12 Muscles 1) A flexor is a skeletal muscle whose shortening moves attached bones A) away from one another. B) towards one another. C) medially D) laterally.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) When comparing complete tetanus with unfused (incomplete) tetanus, which is true? A) Complete tetanus involves some relaxation between twitches. B) Complete tetanus involves development of maximum tension. C) Complete tetanus occurs at a lower frequency of stimulation than unfused tetanus. D) Complete tetanus would occur when there is more time between twitch contractions.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Motor units that control skeletal muscles involved with fine motor movements (eye muscles or the hands) have ________ muscle fibers than motor units that control more gross movements (gastrocnemius muscle of the lower leg). A) more B) fewer C) the same number of

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The nervous system avoids muscle fatigue during submaximal contraction by A) always recruiting slow-twitch motor units. B) asynchronous recruitment. C) synchronous recruitment. D) always recruiting fast-twitch motor units.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 5) The function of transverse tubules is to A) store Ca2+ ions inside the muscle fiber. B) rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber. C) ensure a supply of glycogen throughout the muscle sarcoplasm. D) conduct ATP molecules out of the mitochondria throughout the sarcoplasm.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Most of the time, the parallel thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils are connected by ________ that span the space between myosin and actin molecules. A) tropomyosin molecules B) crossbridges C) nebulin molecules D) sarcomeres E) calcium ions

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) Put these events in the correct chronological sequence: 1. End-plate potentials trigger action potentials. 2. Transverse tubules convey potentials into the interior of the cell. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 2, 1, 4, 3 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 58) The lightest color bands of the sarcomere, comprised only of thin filaments.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The I band contains A) thick filaments only. B) thin filaments only. C) myosin only. D) thick and thin filaments.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) The binding of acetylcholine to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction causes the opening of a A) Na+ channel. B) channel for both Na+ and K+. C) calcium channel. D) ryanodine receptor.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) The action potential traveling along the t-tubule is detected by the A) ryanodine receptor. B) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel). C) acetylcholine receptor. D) Ca2+ ATPase.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) The brief period of time between the beginning of the action potential in the muscle and the beginning of contraction is referred to as the A) refractory period. B) latent period. C) relaxation phase. D) depolarization period. E) repolarization period.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) Skeletal muscle fibers with the greatest endurance rely on ________ for energy. A) anaerobic glycolysis B) oxidative phosphorylation C) lactic acid accumulation D) ketone body degradation

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Within a single fiber, the tension developed during a twitch depends upon the A) amplitude of the action potential. B) length of the sarcomeres prior to contraction. C) length of the thick filament. D) duration of the stimulus.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) The tactile receptor whose nerve endings are surrounded by concentric connective tissue layers is the A) Ruffini corpuscle. B) Pacinian corpuscle. C) Meissner's corpuscle. D) Merkel disc. E) root hair plexus.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of receptor with the appropriate description. A. chemoreceptors B. touch receptors C. thermoreceptors D. nociceptors 71) The most studied examples of this type are phasic receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 116) A molecule that prevents substance P from binding to its receptor would A) stimulate a painful sensation. B) reduce the perception of pain. C) alter the perception of hot and cold stimuli. D) interfere with transduction from chemoreceptors. E) heighten the perception of touch.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Sharp, localized (fast) pain is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system along A) large, unmyelinated C fibers. B) small, myelinated A-delta fibers. C) small, unmyelinated C fibers. D) large, myelinated A-beta fibers.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by A) cold stimulation of the A-delta fibers. B) mechanical stimulation of A-beta fibers. C) stimulation of C-fibers. D) tonic activity of the inhibitory neurons in the dorsal horn.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 25) The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 34) It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 52) salivation

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Increased parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to release sweat. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) ________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells. A) All, norepinephrine B) Most, norepinephrine C) All, acetylcholine D) Most, acetylcholine

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 27) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion? A) preganglionic neuron B) postganglionic neuron C) somatic motor neuron D) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron E) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain. A) serotonin B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) glutamate

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 57) blocks urination

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 55) blocks secretion of pancreatic enzymes

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) corpus callosum

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 52) playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the cell membrane becomes less permeable. B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. C) the cell becomes inactive. D) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell. A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus D) mitochondria E) nucleus

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) protein kinases are metabolized. E) steroids are produced.

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) corticospinal tracts

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take? A) ACE inhibitor B) beta blocker C) calcium channel blocker D) diuretic

: B [Beta blockers will cause relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels (prompting dilation and decreased blood pressure). They cause contraction of smooth muscles in the airways, resulting in constriction of the respiratory tree and possibly wheezing and dyspnea.] Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) Describe the physical protection afforded by the cerebrospinal fluid.

: Because the brain floats on CSF there is less weight and, therefore, less pressure on the blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS. The fluid also pads the brain so it is less likely to hit the cranium and risk bruising when there is a blow to the head. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to A) the amplitude of the action potential. B) the length of the axon. C) the total number of action potentials. D) the amplitude of the graded potential.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The ion necessary to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) zinc.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 229) Explain the roles that the AMPA and NMDA receptors play in long-term potentiation.

: Both AMPA and NMDA receptors are located on the postsynaptic cells (dendrites) and require binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate for activation. When glutamate binds to the AMPA receptor, the channel opens and Na enters the cell. This causes depolarization of the immediate postsynaptic cell or dendrite. This depolarization causes Mg2+ ions to be "kicked out" of the NMDA receptor channel; hence, Mg2+ is no longer acting as a channel blocker. If at the same time glutamate is bound to the NMDA receptor then the channel gate is open and Ca2+ enters the cell. The entry of Ca2+ triggers 2nd messenger pathways that results in an increase in the number of glutamate receptors inserted into the post-synaptic membrane. This increases the probability of an increase in the postsynaptic response or depolarization to glutamate that is referred to as long-term potentiation. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Define implicit and explicit memory.

: Both are a type of long-term memory. Implicit or reflexive memory is automatic and does not require conscious effort. Examples are tasks that primarily involve motor skills such as writing or throwing a ball and the memory tasks typically stored at in large part in the cerebellum and the amygdala. Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious attention, using higher-level thinking skills. These memories can be communicated. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 185) Compare and contrast Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

: Both insulate axons by creating myelin. Schwann cells, found in the PNS, are associated with a single axon. One axon may have many Schwann cells wrapped around it leaving small gaps of unmyelinated areas called nodes of Ranvier. Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and form myelin around portions of several axons. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 70) Both alpha-bungarotoxin and curare bind to the same neurotransmitter receptor, but only curare binds reversibly. Which receptor is involved? List some locations for this receptor. Would either toxin be appropriate to use as a paralytic during surgery? Explain your answer. Are all such receptors necessarily affected by a given toxin in the same way? Explain the significance of your answer.

: Both of these toxins bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This type of receptor is located on skeletal muscle and in autonomic ganglia. For a paralytic during surgery, curare would be appropriate but bungarotoxin would not, because the irreversibility of bungarotoxin binding results in permanent paralysis of skeletal muscles. Bungarotoxin binds to the receptors in skeletal muscle but not to those in autonomic ganglia, illustrating a structural difference in the receptors in these two sites. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 65) Describe the general rules for the identity of neurotransmitters secreted by pre- and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division. Be sure to specify the types of receptors, where relevant, and describe the exceptions.

: Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptors within the autonomic ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine onto adrenergic receptors. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors. Exceptions include sympathetic postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine, and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons that secrete substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, adenosine, nitric oxide, or ATP. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 167) Explain brain plasticity, and give an advantage and a disadvantage of this process.

: Brain plasticity is the reorganization of synapses according to how much different parts of the brain are used. An advantage is that people who lose a sensation, such as vision, may develop greater sensation in another area, such as the fingertips of a blind person who uses Braille to read. A disadvantage is that the process is imperfect, and sensations may persist from a body part that is no longer there, such as phantom pain from an amputated limb. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 74) In a laboratory experiment, adding curare, which binds to acetylcholine receptors, to the solution around a muscle decreases the size of the end-plate potential. Adding prostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase blocker, increases the size of the end-plate potential. Explain why.

: By binding to acetylcholine receptors, curare prevents the binding of acetylcholine. Curare does not open the receptor channels. An end-plate potential results from the opening of several ACh receptor channels. Thus, if the receptor is blocked, any end-plate potential that is produced would be smaller. Prostigmine blocks the enzyme that stops ACh action by degrading the neurotransmitter. Interfering with this enzyme prolongs the action of ACh, thus more receptor channels open and the end-plate potential is larger. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the A) ventricle. B) neural tube. C) neural plate. D) ependyma. E) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) The peripheral nervous system develops from the A) neural plate. B) neural tube. C) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The pons develops from the A) forebrain. B) midbrain. C) hindbrain.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the ________ lobes. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) amygdala E) cerebellar

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called A) training. B) consolidation. C) long-term potentiation. D) synchronicity. E) synaptic plasticity.

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) To increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic cell would have to A) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude). B) send action potentials with longer durations. C) send action potentials with higher frequency. D) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 167) Inhibition of neural activity can result from A) presynaptic events only. B) postsynaptic events only. C) presynaptic events and postsynaptic events.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 153) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how is the postsynaptic cell affected? A) Neurotransmitter release increases, but does not change the graded potentials that follow. B) Neurotransmitter release does not change, thus the postsynaptic cell behaves the same way it always behaves. C) Neurotransmitter release increases, thereby increasing the frequency or magnitude of graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell. D) Neurotransmitter release does not change, but voltages applied to the postsynaptic cell increase.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) The site of information integration in the nervous system is the A) chemical synapse. B) electrical synapse. C) trigger zone. D) dendritic membrane. E) axon terminal.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the A) cell bodies. B) axons. C) dendrites. D) somata. E) None of the answers are correct.