pathology final

List 5 important causes of edema

10)_liver failure_________ 11)_nephrotic syndrome________ 12)_malnutrition________ 13)_heart failure________ 14)_lymphatic obstruction

True or false about Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

11. Transmitted by contaminated food. _F____ 12. Reactivation of latent VZV causes shingles ___T____

13. Tumor suppressor genes

13. Tumor suppressor genes

Name 4 autoimmune diseases

13.___Lupus______ 14.___Grave Disease______ 15.___ Pernicious anemia_____ 16.____autoimmune hemolytic anemia_____

True or false about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

17. Caused by the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) __T____ 18. Characterized by profound suppression of T cell-mediated immunity, leading to opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic disorders. ___T____ 19. Transmitted by cough droplets. ___F_____ 20. Causes immunodeficiency by destruction of target B cells. _F____

How many variations of the CF gene are there?

1700

List 3 Modifiable Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis:

20. _hypertension__________ 21. __smoking_________ 22.__diabetes mellitus

True or False about Herpes Simplex Virus

4) Replicates in skin and mucous membranes at the site of initial inoculation and causes vesicles__T___ 5) Spreads to sensory neuron ganglia to establish latent infections_T____ 6) Never reactivates___F___

Name two antigen presenting cells

4) dendritic cells and 5) macrophages

Which of the following statements is false?

50% of lung cancers occur in nonsmokers Smoking related lung cancer may arise by a stepwise accumulation of driver mutations. A precursor lesion for squamous cell carcinoma is squamous dysplasia. A precursor lesion for invasive adenocarcinoma is adenocarcinoma in situ.Usually central or usually peripheral

List three major causes of morbidity and death in developed countries:

6.___Myocardial infarction_______ 7.____Pulmonary Embolism (PE)______ 8.___Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)______

True or False about Cytomegalovirus

8. Remains latent in host leukocytes__T_____ 9. In infants born to moms who become infected in pregnancy, CMV can cause intrauterine growth retardation, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, encephalitis, deafness and mental retardation.__T___ 10. Microscopic findings include cellular enlargement, large intranuclear inclusions surrounded by a clear halo.___T___

14. A type of inflammation containing numerous neutrophils is characteristic of _______ inflammation

A ACute

13) Which of the following is always due to severe, irreversible injury?

A) Necrosis

15. Which of the following are effects of hypertension?

A. Accelerates development of atherosclerosis. B. Potentiates aortic dissection and cerebrovascular hemorrhage. C. Potentiates hyaline arteriolosclerosis and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis. D. All of the above.

19. Consequences of Atherosclerotic Disease include:

A. Atherosclerotic stenosis leading to ischemia B. Vascular thrombosis (such as myocardial infarction) due to plaque erosion, frank rupture, or hemorrhage. C. Vasoconstriction at sites of plaque formation due to endothelial dysfunction (with loss of nitric oxide production that promotes vasorelaxation) or to products elaborated by aggregated platelets or inflammatory cells. D. Vessel wall weakening followed by aneurysm formation and possible rupture (see the Aneurysms and Dissection section). E. All of the above.

14. Underlying causes in secondary hypertension include all of the following except:

A. Diabetes

1) What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A. Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, Loss of function

20) The increase in the size of cells in response to increased workload is called :

A. Hypertrophy

26. Cystic Medial Degeneration is due to:

A. In Marfan syndrome, absence of fibrillin and progressive loss of elastic tissue matrix B. In Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, defective collagen III synthesis C. In scurvy, defective collagen cross-linking . D. Loss of medial smooth muscle cells due to ischemia due to atherosclerosis or hypertension. (Loss of normal ECM synthesis and increased production of amorphous ground substance (glycosaminoglycan)). E. All of the above.

16. The following are important roles of macrophages except:

A. Produce collagen to create scars.

17. What enzyme allows cancer cells to penetrate the basement membrane?

A.Type IV collagenase

6) Which of the following does not normally contain lymphoid tissue?

B. Brain

8. Which of the following is not characteristic of Type II Sensitivity Reactions

B. Immune complex mediated.

10) Mutational inactivation of which of the following genes can render tumor cells resistant to apoptosis?

B. P53

false about prions

B.In disease, Prion protein folds normally and causes other Prion proteins to fold normally

1) Which of the following is not considered a chronic obstructive lung disease?

C) Acute pneumonia

29. Pathogenic mechanisms vasculitides include all of the following except:

C. Aspirin ingestion

18. Diminished blood supply can act as a trigger of:

C. Atrophy

7) Which of the following is characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity reactions:

C. Caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils.

Characteristics of reversible cell injury include all of the following except:

C. Fibrosis

20. Degree of differentiation of a malignant tumor is the _____ of the tumor.

C. Grade

14) What type of necrosis is seen in this brain section?

C. Liquefactive

11) Cell change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type refers to:

C. Metaplasia

5)Which statement is false:

C. Mutations of the P53 tumor suppressor gene prevent cancer

9) Which of the following is characteristic of metastatic calcification?

C. Occurs in normal tissues

15. Which of the following is a commonly mutated oncogene?

C. RAS

Which molecule on the surface of lymphocytes serves as the receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

CD4

HIV attackes

CD4 positive T cells

Legionnaire's disease

Can be treated with Erythromycin

A 55-year-old woman who has diabetes mellitus complains of genital itching. Examination shows whitish plaques on the mucosa of the vulva and vagina. Which of the following infectious agents most likely caused these changes?

Candida albicans

Which of the following risk factors is most often encountered in patients with urothelial carcinoma?

Cigarette smoking

is a dimorphic fungal infection most common in the Southwest and San Joaquin Valley. It is referred to as "Valley Fever".

Coccidiodomyocosis

What infection causes characteristic intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions?

Cytomegalovirus

10. Which of the following is characteristic of Lupus erythematosus?

D. A and B.

2) Which of the following is characteristic of T cells:

D. All of the above.

1)All of the following are part of innate immunity except:

D. Antibodies.

3) All of the following are true about viruses except:

D. Identified in tissue with a gram stain

5) General features of acute Inflammation include all of the features listed below except:

D. Manifested by vascular changes, edema and a predominantly lymphocytic inflammation.

12. Which of the following is not true of Type IV Hypersensitivity

D. Mediated by mast cells

19. Increase in size of cells secondary to cellular swelling is called:

D. None of the above

8) Which of the following is associated with caseous necrosis?

D. Tuberculosis

15. All of the following are morphologic features of chronic inflammation except:

D. Vascular changes, edema, and predominantly neutrophilic infiltration.

9) Which statements are correct:

D: A and B A: Hyperemia is an active process due to arteriolar dilation B: Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired blood flow

27. Which statement is true concerning emboli:

D: All of the above

24.Which is not part of Virchows triad

D: Decreased vascular pressure

What function do the proteins encoded by BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes serve?

DNA repair enzymes

Dystrophic calcification

Depositions of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis

7) Under the light microscope, which of the following are signs of reversible cell injury?

E) A and C, cellular swelling and fatty change

18. Which is true about granulomatous inflammation:

E. All of the above

25.Which of the following inherited conditions lead to hypercoagulability?

E. All of the above

Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli include:

E. All of the above

16. Which of the following is not a feature of cancer?

E. Circumscription and lack of invasion

16. Major risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except:

E. Gout

17) Fragmentation of dying nucleus is called

E. Karyorrhexis

26. Which statement about embolisms is correct:

E: All of the above

Diseases caused by a mutation involving elements of fibroconnective tissue include:

Ehlers Danlos Marfan

Which hormone released by the kidney stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoeitin

Which of the following statements is false

Essential Hypertension is due to a known underlying cause. Hypotension (low pressure) may lead to inadequate organ perfusion—causing dysfunction or tissue death. Hypertension (high pressure) can cause significant vessel and end-organ damage: coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, renal failure, retinal hemorrhages and aortic dissection. A dissection occurs when blood enters the arterial wall itself, dissecting between the layers

Apotosis is usually due to ischemia Necrosis is programmed cell death.

F

9) Which of the following diseases is an example of a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction?

F. All of the above

14. All of the following may be associated with cancer except:

F. Apoptosis

1) Which of the following is not an infectious agent?

F. Poison Ivy

3) Which statement is false about the major histocompatibility complex?

G. None of the above. They are all true.

12) Which of the following is not a cause of cell Injury?

H. Proliferation of keratinocytes

13. Blood volume is affected by all of the following except:

HDL Cholesterol level, peripheral resistance

What virus spreads to sensory neuron ganglia to establish latent infections?

HSV

A 60-year-old man is being treated for cancer with several cytotoxic drugs, including cyclophosphamide. He developed hematuria and later died. At autopsy, cystitis is noted. Which specific form of cystitis did this patient most likely develop?

Hemorrhagic cystitis

Which of the following infectious agents causes condyloma acuminatum of the penis?

Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11

Which is false about sickle cell anemia?

Hydration and oxygen can precipitate a sickle cell crisis Inherited structural abnormality in hemoglobin. In sickle cell anemia there is a mutation that results in the formation of Hemoglobin C instead of hemoglobin A. People who are heterozygous for hemoglobin S are protected against malaria. Sickled red blood cells can result in small vessel obstruction.

Causes of cell Injury include

I. All of the above

Hypertrophy is

Increased cell and organ size, in response to increased workload, induced by growth factors.

A 50-year-old woman sees her physician because she has noticed a bloody discharge from the left nipple. Upon physical examination, there are no palpable masses in the breast. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this discharge?

Intraductal papilloma

Which of the following is false about hereditary spherocytosis?

Is associated with schistocytes autosomal dominant, defective red cell membranes, enlarged spleen

Which of the following genital lesions is associated with a greater than expected risk of carcinoma of the vulva?

Lichen sclerosus

What is coded on chromosome 6 and also called the HLA (human leukocyte antigen complex)?

Major Histocompatiblity Complex

Which of the following is false?

Morbidity and death due to aneurysms and dissections can be secondary to dissolution of thrombi. Aneurysms are abnormal vascular dilations. A dissection occurs when blood enters the arterial wall itself, dissecting between the layers Embolism from a mural thrombus can result in morbidity and death.

Which of the following is a malignant tumor of the salivary glands?

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

12. Oncogenes

Mutated or overexpressed versions of normal proto-oncogenes. Promote increased growth.

What infectious organism is transmitted person to person as an aerosol and is characterized by caseating granulomas?

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

A papillary urinary bladder tumor composed of multilayered hyperchromatic transitional epithelium shows significant nuclear atypia. This type of tumor is best classified as which of the following?

Papillary urothelial carcinoma, high grade

Which of the following are effects of hypertension?

Potentiates atherosclerosis Potentiates aortic dissection Potentiates cerebrovascular hemorrhage

Which of the following is false regarding PrP

PrP usually not found in neurons In disease, PrP folds abnormally and causes other PrP to fold abnormally Transmitted by surgery, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, or ingestion Cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by

Proteinuria Edema Hypoalbuminemia

a commonly mutated oncogene is

RAS

Seminomas tend to metastasize first to which of the following sites?

Retroperitoneal para-aortic lymph nodes

A physical examination of a 5-year-old girl shows a grape-like polypoid mass protruding from the vagina. Histologic examination reveals that the mass has a myxoid stroma that contains small oval-shaped cells. Some of these cells have pink cytoplasm and resemble tennis rackets. These cells reacted positively upon immunohistochemical staining with the antibodies to desmin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Rhabdomyosarcoma

List 3 different types of shock and provide a clinical cause of each:

Septic shock. Gram negative sepsis. Hypovolemic shock. Hemorrhage. Cardiogenic shock. Heart failure.

The most significant findings in Parkinson's disease are due to problems with

Substantia nigra in the brain

Of the activities listed below, which one is not recommended when risk of exposure to hantaviruses is possible?

Sweeping and cleaning enclosed areas contaminated with deer mice droppings

10. True or False In the healing process, cytokines and growth factors promote recruitment of fibroblasts and fibrosis (collagen deposition)

T

12) A precursor lesion for squamous cell carcinoma is squamous dysplasia

T

17. True or False Eosinophilia can be seen in parasitic infections

T

True or False 11. An exudate has a high protein content 12. A transudate has a low protein content

T

is a mycobacterial infection, characterized by caseating granulomas and cavitation

TB

10. Hypotension (low pressure) may lead to inadequate organ perfusion—causing dysfunction or tissue death. 11.Hypertension (high pressure) can cause significant vessel and endorgan damage: coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, renal failure, retinal hemorrhages and aortic dissection. 12._Essential Hypertension is due to an underlying cause.

TTF

The most significant findings in Alzheimer's Disease are due to problems with

The hippoccampus

Which is true about thymomas

Thymomas are tumors of thymic epithelial cells

Which of the following are seen in Crohn Disease and not in Ulcerative colitis:

Transmural inflammation of the small intestine

Which of the following is false:

Unexpected cardiac death within one hour of symptoms is called bradycardia. Systemic (left-sided heart disease) is manifested by left ventricular hypertrophy and is caused by systemic hypertension. Cor pulmonale (right-sided heart disease) is manifested by right ventricular hypertrophy and is caused by emphysema and pulmonary hypertension. Rheumatic valve disease is a complication of Streptococcus infection.

31. In ___________ the valves of superficial lower extremity veins are incompetent resulting in vascular stasis, persistent edema and dermatitis

Varicose veins

Which growth factor is the most potent promoter of angiogenesis in the granulation tissue?

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Vasculitis is classified according to ______ site, lesion histology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis

Vessel

Which of the following is not considered an obstructive lung disease?

acute pneumonia chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis

Characterized by gland formation and mucin production

adenocarcinoma

Which of the following lung tumors usually has a peripheral location?

adenocarcinoma

35. An example of a malignant vascular tumor that frequently metastasizes is

angiosarcoma

Causes of hypopituitarism include all of the following except

anorexia radiation, apoplexy, ischemia

Which of the following is false about oncocytoma

arises from transitional epithelium benign neoplasm, gross features- mahogany brown color, central stellate scar, circumscription

Which of the following breast lesions is associated with the highest risk of mammary cancer?

atypical ductal hyperplasia

Which of the following is classified as a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

bee sting allergy

Which of the following are heavy metals that act as environmental polllutants?

cadmium and lead

Metastatic calcification

calcification of normal tissue; increased serum calcium or phosphorus

Lead poisoning interferes with the metabolism and deposition of which mineralcausing "lead lines"

calcium

Which one of the following lung tumors has the best prognosis?

carcinoid tumor

15. Squamous cell carcinoma

central

small cell carcinoma

central

pyknossis

condensation of chromatin (nucleus shrinks)

Which of the following is manifested by diminished cardiac output, diminished organ perfusion and accumulation of blood in the venous system?

congestive heart failure

Ehlers Dalos Syndrome is a disorder of

connective tissues

Cushing syndrome is characterized by excess of which hormone?

cortisol

What disease is caused by a mutation involving a chloride and water channel?

cystic fibrosis

19. What is this skin lesion on a shoulder, developed after injury and repair, called?

d. Keloid

13. Which growth factor (s) is/are the most potent promotor of angiogenesis in the granulation tissue?

d. Vascular endothelial growth factors

Underlying causes in secondary hypertension include all of the following except:

diabetes coarction of aorta, renal artery stenosis, thyroid disorders

karyolysis

dissolution of nucleus

Comedocarcinoma of the breast is a type of which of the following carcinomas?

ductal carcinoma in situ

Which of the following is not a myocardial ischemic syndrome?

endocarditis angina pectoris, myocardial infection, chronic ischemis heart disease

Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except

fever hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus

Thrombin generates fibrin by cleaving

fibrinogen

Antigen-antibody reaction in vasculitis is characterized by which form of necrosis of the arterial wall?

fibrinoid necrosis

karyorrhexis

fragmentation of nucleus

Which of the following are classified as a Type II hypersensitiity reaction?

graves disease

36. An example of a benign vascular tumor is

hemangioma

Sickle cell disease is due to a variant of

hemoglobin

Where is alcohol metabolized?

hepatocytes

A woman had thyroid surgery and all of her 4 parathyroid glands were inadvertently removed.What did the woman have since then?

hypocalcemia

Which of the following controls the release of pituitary hormones?

hypothalamus

all of the following are true about viruses except

identified in tissue with gram stain intracellular parasites, nucleic acid genome surrounded by protein, cellular inclusion

Vasculitis is ______ of the vessel

inflammation

Penile carcinomas tend to metastasize first to which of the following nodes?

inguinal lymph nodes

Which of the following is true about Barrett Esophagus?

intestinal metaplasia within the esophageal mucosa

33. A vascular tumor due to HHV-8 that affects HIV positive patients is

kaposi sarcoma

A vaccination for the human papillomavirus is expected to reduce the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of all of the following sites except:

lung

Which of the following is malignant?

lymphoma lipoma, hemangioma, fibroma

Which of the following are antigen presenting cells?

macrophages and reticular cells

Major causes of morbidity and death in the United States include all of the following except:

malaria myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following except

marasmus family history, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking

A plasma cell neoplasm is called

mulitple myeloma

A 60-year-old woman had a mastectomy for advanced cancer in her left breast, followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. She developed edema of the left arm. This edema is caused by

obstruction of lymph flow

what is false about severe vitamin b12 deficiency?

often caused by chronic blood loss beefy red tongue, hypersegmented neutrophils, degenerative nerve disease

A 25-year-old woman had a workup for infertility. During the laparoscopic examination, the gynecologist found foci of endometriosis. Such foci may be seen on which of the following sites?

ovary, fallopian tube, cervix

Which of the following is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?

oxytocin and ADH

Which of the following is not a characteristic finding in systemic lupus erythematosus?

palmar fibromatosis Antinuclear antibodies Antiphospholipid antibodies damage to organs by the formation of immune complexes

Which of the following stains is positive in squamous cell carcinoma

pancytokeratin

What cell secretes hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

parietal cell

Usually central or usually peripheral? 14. Adenocarcinoma

peripheral

Blood volume is affected by all of the following except:

peripheral resistance sodium load, aldosterone and angiotensin, natriuretic peptides

Uptake of bacteria into the cytoplasm of neutrophils is called

phagocytosis

What infection is characterized by "crushed ping pong" forms, as seen by silver stain?

pneumocystitis

Which of the following is not an infectious agent?

poison ivy prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites

Which of the following is not a type of shock?

postprandial septic, hypovolemic, anaphylactic

is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by noncaseating granulomas.

sarcoidosis

A testis was removed from a 30-year-old man because it contained a well-circumscribed homogeneous neoplasm. The tumor most likely is

seminoma

All of the following are symptoms of anemia except:

slow heart rate pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath

Characterized by keratin formation

squamous cell carcinoma

In cancer, the size of the primary lesion, its spread to lymph nodes, and whether or not there are metastases arefactors that affect the

stage

13) A precursor lesion for invasive adenocarcinoma is adenocarcinoma in situ

t

23. Aneurysms are abnormal vascular dilations.___T____ 24. A dissection occurs when blood enters the arterial wall itself, dissecting between the layers__T___ 25. Morbidity and death due to aneurysms and dissections can be secondary to all of the following:___F____ • Rupture • Impingement on adjacent structures • Dissolution of thrombi • Occlusion of proximal vessels by extrinsic pressure or superimposed thrombosis • Embolism from a mural thrombus

ttf

Which of the following is associated with short stature?

turners syndrome

What type of angina occurs at rest

unstable

32. Esophageal _______ are due to portal vein hypertension secondary to cirrhosis

varices

Hashimoto Thyroiditis most often affects

women