Pathology-Q2

Phagocytosis

(Neutrophils) engulfing microorganisms; ingest invading bacteria and cellular debris

Inflammation Process (Steps 1 &2)

1. Bacteria/pathogen enters wound 2.Platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at wound site

3 Purposes of Inflammation

1. Destroy and remove the injurious agent from the body 2. Limit the extension of this injurious agent in the body 3. To serve as the mechanism for allowing the body to repair itself and return back to normal

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

1. Heat (calor) 2. Redness (rubor) 3. Pain (dolor) 4. Swelling (tumor) 5. Altered function

3 Main Regressive Tissue Changes

1. Infiltration 2.Degeneration 3.Atrophy

Causes of Inflammation

1. Living Agents 2. Chemical Irritants 3. Physical Irritants 4. Immunological Reactions

Pyogenic Bacteria

1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Streptococcus pyogenes 3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4. Neisseria gonorrhea

Inflammation Process (Steps 3 &4)

3. Mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodilation & vascular constriction. Delivery of blood, plasma & cells to injured area increases 4. Neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens

Inflammation Process (Steps 5 & 6)

5. Neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis 6. Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair

Immunological Reactions

Action of antibodies which a person has produced acting upon their own tissues- autoimmune disease

Furuncle (boil)

An abscess located in the deeper layers of the skin

Coal Dust

Anthracosis

Melanosis

Any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs (freckles/moles)

Cloudy Swelling (Cellular Swelling)

Appearance cells take on when they are somewhat swollen and contain an abnormal amount of water.

Abscess

Area of pus surrounded by a wall of inflammatory tissue

Pyogenic

Bacteria which cause suppuration pyo= pus gen= producing

Endogenous Pigmentations

Bilirubin Melanin Hemoglobin

Inflammation

Body's response to injury; Inflammation is not a disease but a defense mechanism

Cotton Dust/Mill Fever/Brown Lung

Byssinosis

Causes of Carbuncle

Caused by bacteria staphylococcus, streptococcus pyogenes, and MRSA. Enters body by piercing through hair follicle, highly contagious and can be deadly if enters bloodstream

Exogenous Pigmentations

Coal Dust Stone Dust Cotton Dust

Pigmentation

Coloring matter is from a normal pigment present in the body (called endogenous)

Calcification

Condition which calcium is deposited within the tissues of the body with no attempt at bone formation (vascular walls during arteriosclerosis)

Purulent/Suppurative

Containing pus or an infection that is producing pus. Pus consists of dead bacteria, white blood cells, and tissue debris.

Atrophy

Decrease in size of a once normal body part

Degeneration

Deterioration of cells within the body due to changes which occur within the cytoplasm of the cells and affects their normal function (fatty degeneration-Liver)

Cellular Response

Diapedesis & Phagocytosis

Special Embalming Treatments

Disinfect Simple cosmetics Excision of necrotic tissue Surface compressions (autopsy gel-shrink wrap) Hypodermic injection Deep Wound filling Waxing

Vesicle

Elevation on the skin containing fluid, (blister)

Pustule

Elevation on the skin containing pus, (pimple)

Exogenous

Enters from outside the body

Systemic Indicators of Inflammation

Fever Leukocytosis

Cicatrix

Fibrous connective tissue fill in gaps resulting in formation of a scar (cicatrix) Cicatrix's have no: -Blood vessels -Hair follicles -Oil/sweat glands -Nerve endings

Exudates

Fluid that collects around an inflammation site

Physiological Atrophy

Gets bigger than smaller Ex. Mammary glands produce milk for breastfeeding enlarging breasts but after breastfeeding stops, breast return to smaller size. Ex. Uterus during pregnancy grows, after pregnancy returns to normal size

Physical Irritants

Heat, cold, electricity, radiation, trauma (bone fracture, ecchymosis-bruise, cut, gunshot)

Inflammation Process (Step 7-End)

Inflammatory response continues until the foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired

Endogenous

Inside the body

Bilirubin

Jaundice/Icterus- orange to yellowish pigment present in bile; results in bile pigment spilling over into bloodstream, bilirubin collects in tissues causes discoloration in skin/white of eyes

Macrophage

Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells; These are what start the repair process

Ulcer

Localized area of necrosis on the skin or mucous membrane

Asbestos

Mesothelioma and lung cancer

MRSA

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus; an infectious disease caused by a pathogen that is resistant to many antibiotics

Living Agents

Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses- referred to as infection

Melanin

Normal brownish coloring matter present in skin

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying substance with RBC. Example- post-mortem stain results from hemolysis of red blood cells

Pneumoconiosis

Prolonged inhalation of dust

Suppuration

Pus formation

Necrobiosis

Refers to the physiologic or natural death of cells as they complete their life cycles.

Repair

Replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue

Regeneration

Replacement of damaged tissue with identical tissue -Connective and Epithelial tissue regenerate fairly well -Muscles regenerate poorly -Nerve tissue the least; if nerve cell body is damaged it will never regenerate, but may over time if cell body wasn't severely damaged

Pathological Atrophy

Result of various functional and structural problems in different organs in the body 1. Inadequate Nutrition 2.Inadequate Nervous Stimulation 3.Disuse

Stone Dust

Silicosis

Infiltration

Some sort of substance has infiltrated tissues of the body and accumulated in abnormal amounts

Chemical Irritants

Strong acids or alkalis can cause damage to body tissue

Carbuncle

Two or more communicating furuncles, often accompanied by symptoms such as fever, leukocytosis, weakness, fatigue

Embalming Considerations

Use PPE Universal Precautions

VRSA

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has become resistant to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin.

Regressive Tissue Changes

Various pathological processes indicating a disturbance in cell metabolism are called

Shingles Vesicles

Vesicles (blisters) from Shingles

Diapedesis

WBC (white blood cells) pass through capillary walls

Autoimmune Disease

a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and organs of a person's own body

Amyloid Disease (Amyloidosis)

waxy, starch-like substance is deposited in the tissues. Metabolic disorder involving proteins.