pathophysiology Endocrine
Which of the following symptoms is associated with hyponatremia in a patient with SIADH? a) Confusion b) Hyperactivity c) Insomnia d) Increased appetite
Answer: a) Confusion Rationale: Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels, can cause confusion. This can also be caused by fluid on the brain, another potential symptom of SIADH.
Which of the following could be a cause of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? a) Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary b) Overhydration c) High levels of ADH d) Low blood pressure
Answer: a) Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary Rationale: Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary, which are responsible for the production and storage of ADH, can lead to DI. This can be due to head injuries, infections, or other medical conditions.
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of Hypothyroidism? A. Confusion B. Enlarged pituitary (primary) C. Elevated levels of TSH D. Increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity
Answer: A. Confusion, B. Enlarged pituitary (primary), C. Elevated levels of TSH Rationale: Confusion, enlarged pituitary (in primary Hypothyroidism), and elevated levels of TSH are clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism typically causes decreased sweat and sebaceous gland activity.
What is a common cause of increased cortisol production? A. Consumption of glucocorticoid medications such as prednisone B. Consumption of insulin C. Physical exercise D. Consumption of vitamin supplements
Answer: A. Consumption of glucocorticoid medications such as prednisone Rationale: Glucocorticoid medications such as prednisone can increase the production of cortisol in the body. Other causes can include the pituitary gland producing too much ACTH, which causes more cortisol to be produced.
Select all the clinical manifestations of Hyperthyroidism: A. Normal or enlarged thyroid (goiter) B. High calcium levels (hypercalcemia) C. Hypermetabolism D. Tachycardia E. Weight gain
Answer: A. Normal or enlarged thyroid (goiter), B. High calcium levels (hypercalcemia), C. Hypermetabolism, D. Tachycardia Rationale: All of the options except for weight gain are clinical manifestations of Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism typically causes weight loss, not weight gain.
Select all the clinical manifestations of Grave's Disease: A. Ophthalmopathy B. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball) C. Dermopathy D. Pretibial myxedema (Graves dermopathy) E. Hypopigmentation
Answer: A. Ophthalmopathy, B. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), C. Dermopathy, D. Pretibial myxedema (Graves dermopathy) Rationale: All of the options except for hypopigmentation are clinical manifestations of Grave's Disease. Hypopigmentation is not typically associated with Grave's Disease.
What is the primary function of aldosterone? A. Regulates blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) B. Controls the sleep-wake cycle C. Regulates body temperature D. Controls appetite and satiety
Answer: A. Regulates blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Rationale: Aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion.
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium and potassium levels in the body? A. Sodium retention and potassium excretion B. Sodium excretion and potassium retention C. Both sodium and potassium retention D. Both sodium and potassium excretion
Answer: A. Sodium retention and potassium excretion Rationale: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys. This helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.
Which of the following is a cause of secondary Hypothyroidism? A. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) B. Pituitary problem C. Loss of TRH D. Iodine deficiency
Answer: A. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), B. Pituitary problem, C. Loss of TRH Rationale: Secondary Hypothyroidism can be caused by a problem with something other than the thyroid, such as a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or a pituitary problem that results in loss of TRH or TSH.
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of Hypothyroidism? A. Increased metabolic rate B. Dry, flakey skin and brittle hair C. Increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity D. Myxedema
Answer: B. Dry, flakey skin and brittle hair, D. Myxedema Rationale: Dry, flakey skin and brittle hair, and myxedema are clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism typically causes a decreased metabolic rate and decreased sweat and sebaceous gland activity.
hat is the primary cause of Hyperthyroidism? A. Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 B. Grave's disease C. Hyposecretion of Calcitonin D. Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: B. Grave's disease Rationale: Grave's disease, an autoimmune disease, is one of the primary causes of Hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by the excessive secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
What is a common symptom of Addison's Disease? A. Hyperglycemia B. Hypoglycemia C. Weight gain D. Increased body hair
Answer: B. Hypoglycemia Rationale: Addison's Disease, which is characterized by a hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol, often presents with symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue and weakness, low sodium (leading to salt cravings), low blood pressure, reproductive changes, and electrolyte imbalances.
Which of the following is not a treatment for endocrine disorders? A. Replace the missing hormones B. Increase the number of hormones being secreted C. Use of radioactive iodine to kill the thyroid gland D. Decrease the number of hormones being secreted
Answer: B. Increase the number of hormones being secreted Rationale: Increasing the number of hormones being secreted is not a common treatment for endocrine disorders. Treatments often aim to replace the missing hormones or decrease the number of hormones being secreted. For example, radioactive iodine may be used to kill the thyroid gland in cases of hyperthyroidism.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of secondary Hypothyroidism? A. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) B. Pituitary problem C. Loss of TRH D. Excessive iodine intake
Answer: D. Excessive iodine intake Rationale: Excessive iodine intake is not a cause of secondary Hypothyroidism. It can cause primary Hypothyroidism.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of Hypothyroidism? A. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) B. Surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism C. Iodine deficiency D. Excessive iodine intake
Answer: D. Excessive iodine intake Rationale: While both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine intake can affect thyroid function, the causes of Hypothyroidism listed here include Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease), surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism, and iodine deficiency.
A patient with SIADH is at risk for which of the following? a) Hypernatremia b) Hyponatremia c) Hyperkalemia d) Hypokalemia
Answer: b) Hyponatremia Rationale: SIADH leads to water retention, which can dilute the sodium in the body, leading to hyponatremia.
Where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) stored and secreted? a) The anterior pituitary b) The posterior pituitary c) The hypothalamus d) The adrenal gland
Answer: b) The posterior pituitary Rationale: ADH is stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
What is the effect of Hypothyroidism on skin and hair? A. It causes oily skin and strong hair B. It causes dry, flakey skin and brittle hair C. It has no effect on skin and hair D. It causes increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity
Answer: B. It causes dry, flakey skin and brittle hair Rationale: Hypothyroidism typically causes dry, flakey skin and brittle hair.
What is the effect of Calcitonin on the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the GI tract? A. Increases absorption B. Decreases absorption C. Has no effect on absorption D. Only affects the absorption of calcium
Answer: B. Decreases absorption Rationale: Calcitonin may decrease calcium and phosphorus absorption in the GI tract.
How does Calcitonin affect serum phosphate levels? A. Increases serum phosphate levels B. Decreases serum phosphate levels C. Has no effect on serum phosphate levels D. Fluctuates serum phosphate levels
Answer: B. Decreases serum phosphate levels Rationale: Calcitonin lowers serum phosphate levels.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of Hyperthyroidism? A. Grave's disease B. Toxic multinodular goiter C. Solitary toxic adenoma D. Hypothyroidism
Answer: D. Hypothyroidism Rationale: Hypothyroidism is a condition where there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, it is not a cause of Hyperthyroidism.
Which of the following statements about Hypothyroidism is FALSE? A. Hypothyroidism is characterized by deficient production of thyroid hormones. B. In Hypothyroidism, there is decreased TH production and decreased TSH production. C. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) can cause Hypothyroidism. D. Iodine deficiency can lead to Hypothyroidism.
Answer: B. In Hypothyroidism, there is decreased TH production and decreased TSH production Rationale: In Hypothyroidism, there is decreased TH production and increased TSH production, not decreased TSH production.
Which of the following is not a cause of Addison's Disease? A. Autoimmune disease that attacks the adrenal gland B. Cancer C. Tuberculosis D. Overproduction of cortisol
Answer: D. Overproduction of cortisol Rationale: Addison's Disease is characterized by a hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol, not an overproduction. Causes can include an autoimmune disease that attacks the adrenal gland, cancer, and tuberculosis.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of primary Hypothyroidism? A. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) B. Surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism C. Iodine deficiency D. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Answer: D. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Rationale: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is not a cause of primary Hypothyroidism. It can cause secondary Hypothyroidism due to injury to the hypothalamus.
Which of the following is not a symptom of Cushing's Disease/Syndrome? A. Weight gain in the trunk, moon face, and buffalo hump B. Hypoglycemia C. Hypertension D. Excessive body hair, especially in women
Answer: B. Hypoglycemia Rationale: Cushing's Disease/Syndrome is characterized by an increase in cortisol production, which leads to hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Other symptoms include weight gain in the trunk, moon face, buffalo hump, hypertension, and excessive body hair, especially in women.
Which of the following statements about the negative feedback control of cortisol is incorrect? A. High cortisol levels decrease the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). B. The hypothalamus releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to high cortisol levels. C. The pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). D. The adrenal cortex releases cortisol in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Answer: B. The hypothalamus releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to high cortisol levels. Rationale: The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), not adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It's the pituitary gland that releases ACTH in response to CRH. High cortisol levels actually decrease the release of CRH, not increase it.
Which of the following hormones is undersecreted in Addison's Disease? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Aldosterone and cortisol D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Answer: C. Aldosterone and cortisol Rationale: Addison's Disease is characterized by a hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol, not insulin, glucagon, or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This can lead to various symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue and weakness, low sodium (leading to salt cravings), low blood pressure, reproductive changes, and electrolyte imbalances.
Which of the following is not a symptom of Addison's Disease? A. Hypoglycemia B. Fatigue and weakness C. Hyperglycemia D. Low blood pressure
Answer: C. Hyperglycemia Rationale: Addison's Disease, which is characterized by a hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol, often presents with symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue and weakness, low sodium (leading to salt cravings), low blood pressure, reproductive changes, and electrolyte imbalances. It does not cause hyperglycemia.
What is a common manifestation of Grave's Disease? A. Hypometabolism B. Bradycardia C. Weight gain D. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball)
Answer: D. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball) Rationale: Exophthalmos, or protrusion of the eyeball, is a common manifestation of Grave's Disease.
What is the primary characteristic of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)? a) Decreased levels of ADH b) Increased levels of ADH c) Decreased levels of aldosterone d) Increased levels of aldosterone
Answer: b) Increased levels of ADH Rationale: SIADH is characterized by increased levels of ADH, which leads to water retention and hyponatremia.
Which of the following is a common cause of hyperthyroidism? a) Iodine deficiency b) Grave's disease c) Hashimoto disease d) Surgical treatment for hypothyroidism Answer: b) Grave's disease
Rationale: Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder that is a common cause of hyperthyroidism. It results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). On the other hand, iodine deficiency, Hashimoto disease, and surgical treatment for hyperthyroidism are associated with hypothyroidism.
Which condition is associated with decreased metabolic rate and confusion? a) Hypothyroidism b) Hyperthyroidism c) Both d) Neither Answer: a) Hypothyroidism
Rationale: Hypothyroidism is characterized by a decreased metabolic rate and can lead to confusion. This is due to the deficient production of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, is associated with an increased metabolic rate.
Which of the following statements about Grave's Disease is FALSE? A. Grave's Disease is the cause of 50-80% of hyperthyroidism cases. B. In Grave's Disease, thyroid receptor antibodies enhance the negative feedback system. C. Stimulation of TSH receptors in the gland results in hyperplasia in Grave's Disease. D. Grave's Disease leads to increased synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Answer: B. In Grave's Disease, thyroid receptor antibodies enhance the negative feedback system Rationale: In Grave's Disease, thyroid receptor antibodies override the negative feedback system, not enhance it.
What is the effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels? A. Decreases blood glucose levels B. Increases blood glucose levels C. Has no effect on blood glucose levels D. Fluctuates blood glucose levels
Answer: B. Increases blood glucose levels Rationale: Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone," is known for increasing blood glucose levels and metabolizing sugars faster.
What is the primary function of cortisol? A. Regulates sleep-wake cycle B. Increases blood glucose levels and metabolizes sugars faster C. Controls appetite and satiety D. Regulates body temperature
Answer: B. Increases blood glucose levels and metabolizes sugars faster Rationale: Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone," increases blood glucose levels and metabolizes sugars faster. It also breaks down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and regulates electrolytes.
How does cortisol respond to stress? A. Decreases metabolism of sugars B. Increases blood glucose levels and metabolizes sugars faster C. Decreases blood glucose levels D. Has no effect on stress
Answer: B. Increases blood glucose levels and metabolizes sugars faster Rationale: In response to stress, cortisol increases blood glucose levels and metabolizes sugars faster. This provides the body with the energy it needs to respond to stress.
What is the effect of Grave's Disease on the thyroid gland? A. It causes the thyroid gland to shrink B. It causes the thyroid gland to remain normal or enlarge (goiter) C. It has no effect on the thyroid gland D. It causes the thyroid gland to harden
Answer: B. It causes the thyroid gland to remain normal or enlarge (goiter) Rationale: Grave's Disease can cause the thyroid gland to remain normal or enlarge, a condition known as goiter.
What is the effect of Hyperthyroidism on the thyroid gland? A. It causes the thyroid gland to shrink B. It causes the thyroid gland to remain normal or enlarge (goiter) C. It has no effect on the thyroid gland D. It causes the thyroid gland to harden
Answer: B. It causes the thyroid gland to remain normal or enlarge (goiter) Rationale: Hyperthyroidism can cause the thyroid gland to remain normal or enlarge, a condition known as goiter.
What is the effect of secondary Hypothyroidism on TRH? A. It increases the production of TRH B. It decreases the production of TRH C. It has no effect on the production of TRH D. It fluctuates the production of TRH
Answer: B. It decreases the production of TRH Rationale: Secondary Hypothyroidism can be caused by a loss of TRH, which means it decreases the production of TRH.
What is the effect of secondary Hypothyroidism on TSH? A. It increases the production of TSH B. It decreases the production of TSH C. It has no effect on the production of TSH D. It fluctuates the production of TSH
Answer: B. It decreases the production of TSH Rationale: Secondary Hypothyroidism can be caused by a loss of TSH, which means it decreases the production of TSH.
What is the effect of Hypothyroidism on TSH levels? A. It decreases TSH levels B. It increases TSH levels C. It has no effect on TSH levels D. It fluctuates TSH levels
Answer: B. It increases TSH levels Rationale: Hypothyroidism typically causes elevated levels of TSH.
What is the effect of primary Hypothyroidism on TSH production? A. It decreases TSH production B. It increases TSH production C. It has no effect on TSH production D. It fluctuates TSH production
Answer: B. It increases TSH production Rationale: Primary Hypothyroidism is characterized by decreased TH production and increased TSH production.
What is the effect of Hyperthyroidism on calcium levels? A. It decreases calcium levels B. It increases calcium levels (hypercalcemia) C. It has no effect on calcium levels D. It fluctuates calcium levels
Answer: B. It increases calcium levels (hypercalcemia) Rationale: Hyperthyroidism can cause high calcium levels, a condition known as hypercalcemia.
What is the effect of Hyperthyroidism on metabolic rate? A. It decreases metabolic rate B. It increases metabolic rate C. It has no effect on metabolic rate D. It fluctuates metabolic rate
Answer: B. It increases metabolic rate Rationale: Hyperthyroidism causes hypermetabolism, which means it increases the metabolic rate.
What is the effect of Grave's Disease on TSH receptors in the thyroid gland? A. It inhibits the stimulation of TSH receptors B. It stimulates the TSH receptors C. It has no effect on TSH receptors D. It destroys the TSH receptors
Answer: B. It stimulates the TSH receptors Rationale: In Grave's Disease, thyroid receptor antibodies override the negative feedback system, and the stimulation of TSH receptors in the gland results in hyperplasia and increased synthesis of thyroid hormones
What is the process of cortisol release in the body? A. The pituitary gland releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the hypothalamus releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the adrenal cortex releases cortisol. B. The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the adrenal cortex releases cortisol. C. The adrenal cortex releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the hypothalamus releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the pituitary gland releases cortisol. D. The adrenal cortex releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the hypothalamus releases cortisol.
Answer: B. The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the adrenal cortex releases cortisol. Rationale: The process of cortisol release in the body involves the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which triggers the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypernatremia in a patient with DI? a) Confusion b) Hyperactivity c) Insomnia d) Increased appetite
Answer: a) Confusion Rationale: Hypernatremia, or high sodium levels, can cause confusion. This can also be caused by fluid loss, another potential symptom of DI.
Which of the following is not a function of cortisol? A. Breaks down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins B. Regulates electrolytes C. Increases insulin production D. Increases blood glucose levels
Answer: C. Increases insulin production Rationale: Cortisol is known for increasing blood glucose levels, breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and regulating electrolytes. It does not increase insulin production.
Which of the following hormones is not released by the adrenal cortex? A. Cortisol B. Aldosterone C. Insulin D. Sex hormones
Answer: C. Insulin Rationale: The adrenal cortex releases cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.
What is the effect of Grave's Disease on the synthesis of thyroid hormones? A. It decreases the synthesis of thyroid hormones. B. It has no effect on the synthesis of thyroid hormones. C. It increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones. D. It fluctuates the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Answer: C. It increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones Rationale: Grave's Disease leads to increased synthesis of thyroid hormones due to the stimulation of TSH receptors in the gland resulting in hyperplasia.
What is the primary function of Calcitonin? A. Increases serum calcium levels B. Increases serum phosphate levels C. Lowers serum calcium levels D. Has no effect on serum calcium or phosphate levels
Answer: C. Lowers serum calcium levels Rationale: Calcitonin lowers serum calcium by opposing bone-resorbing effects of PTH, prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.
What is a common manifestation of Grave's Disease on the skin? A. Hypopigmentation B. Hyperpigmentation C. Pretibial myxedema (Graves dermopathy) D. Vitiligo
Answer: C. Pretibial myxedema (Graves dermopathy) Rationale: Pretibial myxedema, or Graves dermopathy, is a common skin manifestation of Grave's Disease. It is characterized by subcutaneous swelling on the anterior portions of the legs and indurated and erythematous skin.
Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)? A. Regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism in all cells B. Maintains growth hormone secretion, skeletal maturation C. Stimulates insulin production D. Affects respiratory rate and oxygen utilization
Answer: C. Stimulates insulin production Rationale: Thyroid hormones act as an insulin antagonist, not a stimulator. They regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism in all cells, maintain growth hormone secretion and skeletal maturation, and affect respiratory rate and oxygen utilization.
What role do thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) play in the cardiovascular system? A. They decrease cardiac rate, force, and output B. They have no effect on the cardiovascular system C. They increase cardiac rate, force, and output D. They only affect cardiac rate
Answer: C. They increase cardiac rate, force, and output Rationale: Thyroid hormones maintain cardiac rate, force, and output, which means they increase these parameters, not decrease or have no effect.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between thyroid hormones and other bodily functions is FALSE? A. Thyroid hormones regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism in all cells. B. Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate of all cells. C. Thyroid hormones decrease body heat production. D. Thyroid hormones act as an insulin antagonist.
Answer: C. Thyroid hormones decrease body heat production Rationale: Thyroid hormones actually regulate body heat production, they do not decrease it.
Which of the following is a cause of secondary Hypothyroidism? A. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) B. Surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism C. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) D. Iodine deficiency
Answer: C. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Rationale: Secondary Hypothyroidism can be caused by a problem with something other than the thyroid, such as a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) that results in loss of TRH.
What is a common symptom of Cushing's Disease/Syndrome? A. Weight loss B. Hypoglycemia C. Weight gain in the trunk, moon face, and buffalo hump D. Decreased body hair
Answer: C. Weight gain in the trunk, moon face, and buffalo hump Rationale: Cushing's Disease/Syndrome, which is characterized by an increase in cortisol production, often presents with symptoms such as weight gain in the trunk, moon face, and buffalo hump. Other symptoms can include fragile skin, reproductive issues, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and excessive body hair, especially in women.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of primary Hypothyroidism? A. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) B. Surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism C. Iodine deficiency D. Excessive iodine intake
Answer: D. Excessive iodine intake Rationale: Excessive iodine intake is not a cause of primary Hypothyroidism. It can cause primary Hypothyroidism.
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of Grave's Disease? A. Ophthalmopathy B. Exophthalmos C. Dermopathy D. Hypopigmentation E. Pretibial myxedema
Answer: D. Hypopigmentation Rationale: Hypopigmentation is not typically associated with Grave's Disease. The common manifestations include ophthalmopathy, exophthalmos, and dermopathy.
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of Hypothyroidism? A. Decreased metabolic rate B. Confusion C. Enlarged pituitary (primary) D. Increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity
Answer: D. Increased sweat and sebaceous gland activity Rationale: Hypothyroidism typically causes decreased sweat and sebaceous gland activity, not increased.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of secondary Hypothyroidism? A. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) B. Pituitary problem C. Loss of TRH D. Iodine deficiency
Answer: D. Iodine deficiency Rationale: Iodine deficiency is not a cause of secondary Hypothyroidism. It can cause primary Hypothyroidism
A patient with hypothyroidism presents with myxedema, characterized by puffy appearance. What is the underlying cause of this symptom? a) Accumulation of hyaluronic acid between the dermis and other tissues. b) Overproduction of thyroid hormones. c) Deficiency in iodine. d) Overactivity of the sebaceous glands.
Answer: a) Accumulation of hyaluronic acid between the dermis and other tissues. Rationale: Myxedema, a symptom of hypothyroidism, is caused by the accumulation of hyaluronic acid (which binds with water) between the dermis and other tissues, leading to a puffy appearance. It is not caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones, iodine deficiency, or overactivity of the sebaceous glands. These are associated with other aspects of thyroid disorders but not specifically with myxedema.
In the context of thyroid disorders, what is the significance of the negative feedback system that involves TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone), TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)? a) It helps to maintain a constant level of thyroid hormones in the body. b) It stimulates the overproduction of thyroid hormones. c) It is responsible for the development of goiter. d) It leads to the underproduction of thyroid hormones.
Answer: a) It helps to maintain a constant level of thyroid hormones in the body. Rationale: The negative feedback system involving TRH, TSH, and thyroid hormones is crucial for maintaining a constant level of thyroid hormones in the body. When the levels of thyroid hormones are high, the production of TRH and TSH is inhibited, which in turn reduces the production of thyroid hormones. Conversely, when the levels of thyroid hormones are low, the production of TRH and TSH is stimulated, leading to an increase in the production of thyroid hormones.
Which condition can be caused by ADH being produced somewhere else in the body? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Rationale: SIADH can be caused by ADH being produced somewhere else in the body, such as by certain types of cancerous tumors.
Which condition is associated with a risk of hyponatremia? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Rationale: SIADH is characterized by increased levels of ADH, which leads to water retention and dilution of sodium in the body, resulting in hyponatremia.
Which condition is associated with increased levels of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Rationale: SIADH is characterized by increased levels of ADH, which leads to water retention and hyponatremia.
Which condition is characterized by increased levels of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Rationale: SIADH is characterized by increased levels of ADH, which leads to water retention and hyponatremia. On the other hand, DI is characterized by decreased levels of ADH, leading to excessive urination and thirst.
Which condition is associated with symptoms such as weight gain (fluid overload), edema, and hypertension (hypervolemia)? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Rationale: Symptoms of SIADH are related to fluid retention and include weight gain (fluid overload), edema, and hypertension (hypervolemia). DI, on the other hand, is associated with symptoms related to fluid loss such as polyuria and extreme thirst.
Which of the following best describes the sequence of events in the production and action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? a) TRH is released by the hypothalamus -> TRH stimulates the release of TSH -> TSH is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary -> TSH acts in the thyroid -> TSH releases stored thyroid hormone -> TSH increases iodine uptake -> This leads to an increase in thyroid hormone synthesis -> TSH also increases the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins -> Finally, TSH promotes the growth of the thyroid. b) TSH is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary -> TRH is released by the hypothalamus -> TRH stimulates the release of TSH -> TSH acts in the thyroid -> TSH releases stored thyroid hormone -> TSH increases iodine uptake -> This leads to an increase in thyroid hormone synthesis -> TSH also increases the synthesis and secretion of prostagla
Answer: a) TRH is released by the hypothalamus -> TRH stimulates the release of TSH -> TSH is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary -> TSH acts in the thyroid -> TSH releases stored thyroid hormone -> TSH increases iodine uptake -> This leads to an increase in thyroid hormone synthesis -> TSH also increases the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins -> Finally, TSH promotes the growth of the thyroid.
Which hormone stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)? a) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) b) Thyroxine (T4) c) Triiodothyronine (T3) d) Insulin
Answer: a) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Rationale: TRH is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of TSH.
What is the primary characteristic of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? a) Increased levels of ADH b) Decreased levels of ADH c) Increased levels of aldosterone d) Decreased levels of aldosterone
Answer: b) Decreased levels of ADH Rationale: Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by decreased levels of ADH, which leads to excessive urination and thirst1.
Which condition can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary, head injuries, or certain medications? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor D
Answer: b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Rationale: DI can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary, head injuries, problems with the kidneys not responding to ADH, or certain medications. SIADH, on the other hand, can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus, ADH being produced somewhere else, cancerous tumors (such as lung cancer), infections, or medication side effects.
Which condition can be caused by a problem with the kidneys not responding to ADH? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Rationale: DI can be caused by problems with the kidneys not responding to ADH. This is known as nephrogenic DI.
A patient with which condition is likely to experience polyuria and nocturia? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Rationale: DI is characterized by decreased levels of ADH, leading to excessive urination (polyuria)
A patient with which condition is likely to experience polyuria and extreme thirst? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Rationale: DI is characterized by decreased levels of ADH, leading to excessive urination (polyuria) and thirst. On the other hand, SIADH is characterized by increased levels of ADH, which leads to water retention and symptoms such as weight gain and edema.
Which condition is associated with decreased levels of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? a) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) c) Both SIADH and DI d) Neither SIADH nor DI
Answer: b) Diabetes Insipidus (DI) Rationale: DI is characterized by decreased levels of ADH, leading to excessive urination and thirst.
A patient with hyperthyroidism is found to have high levels of serum calcium (hypercalcemia). Which of the following could be a possible explanation? a) Increased synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins due to TSH. b) Disruption of the osteoclast/osteoblast balance due to excess T3. c) Overproduction of calcitonin. d) Deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Answer: b) Disruption of the osteoclast/osteoblast balance due to excess T3. Rationale: In hyperthyroidism, the excess of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) can disrupt the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, leading to increased bone resorption and subsequently, hypercalcemia. The other options are not typically associated with hypercalcemia in hyperthyroidism.
Which condition is associated with an increase in the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins? a) Hypothyroidism b) Hyperthyroidism c) Both d) Neither
Answer: b) Hyperthyroidism Rationale: The increase in the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins is associated with hyperthyroidism. This is due to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is associated with a decrease in thyroid hormone production.
A patient presents with weight loss, tachycardia, and an enlarged thyroid. These symptoms are most likely indicative of: a) Hypothyroidism b) Hyperthyroidism c) Both d) Neither
Answer: b) Hyperthyroidism Rationale: Weight loss, tachycardia, and an enlarged thyroid (goiter) are clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism due to increased metabolic rate and overproduction of thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is typically associated with weight gain, bradycardia (slow heart rate), and dry skin.
What is the effect of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) on iodine uptake in the thyroid gland? a) It decreases iodine uptake. b) It increases iodine uptake. c) It has no effect on iodine uptake. d) It initially increases iodine uptake, then decreases it.
Answer: b) It increases iodine uptake. Rationale: TSH acts in the thyroid to increase iodine uptake, which is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? a) It promotes water excretion. b) It promotes water retention. c) It promotes sodium retention. d) It promotes sodium excretion.
Answer: b) It promotes water retention. Rationale: ADH stops fluid loss by causing renal tubules to reabsorb water. An increase in ADH leads to increased water retention.
What happens when there is a decrease in Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? a) There is an increase in water retention. b) There is an increase in water excretion. c) There is an increase in sodium retention. d) There is an increase in sodium excretion.
Answer: b) There is an increase in water excretion. Rationale: A decrease in ADH leads to decreased water retention, which results in increased water excretion.
Which hormone is responsible for increasing the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins in the thyroid gland? a) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) b) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c) Thyroxine (T4) d) Triiodothyronine (T3)
Answer: b) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Rationale: TSH acts in the thyroid to increase the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins.
Where is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) synthesized and stored? a) Hypothalamus b) Posterior pituitary c) Anterior pituitary d) Thyroid gland
Answer: c) Anterior pituitary Rationale: TSH is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary.
Which hormone is associated with lowering serum calcium by opposing bone-resorbing effects of PTH, prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity? a) Thyroxine (T4) b) Triiodothyronine (T3) c) Calcitonin d) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Answer: c) Calcitonin Rationale: Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. It lowers serum calcium levels by opposing the bone-resorbing effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH), prostaglandins, and calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic activity. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Why is a patient with SIADH at risk for seizures? a) Due to hypertension b) Due to tachycardia c) Due to hyponatremia d) Due to edema
Answer: c) Due to hyponatremia Rationale: Severe hyponatremia can lead to seizures as sodium plays a key role in nerve function
A patient presents with exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball) and pretibial myxedema (swelling on the anterior portions of the legs). These symptoms are most likely indicative of: a) Hypothyroidism b) Hyperthyroidism c) Grave's disease d) Hashimoto disease
Answer: c) Grave's disease Rationale: Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema are specific clinical manifestations of Grave's disease, which is a common cause of hyperthyroidism. These symptoms are not typically associated with hypothyroidism or Hashimoto disease.
Which of the following statements about the role of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is incorrect? a) It is synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary. b) It acts in the thyroid to release stored thyroid hormone. c) It decreases iodine uptake in the thyroid. d) It promotes the growth of the thyroid.
Answer: c) It decreases iodine uptake in the thyroid. Rationale: TSH actually increases iodine uptake in the thyroid, which is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The other options correctly describe the role of TSH.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the production of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)? a) It synthesizes and stores TSH. b) It releases TSH directly into the bloodstream. c) It produces Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates the release of TSH. d) It has no role in the production of TSH.
Answer: c) It produces Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates the release of TSH. Rationale: The hypothalamus releases TRH, which then stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH.
Which of the following is not a function of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)? a) Regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism in all cells. b) Maintains cardiac rate, force, and output. c) Lowers serum calcium by opposing bone-resorbing effects of PTH. d) Stimulates lipid turnover, free fatty acid release, and cholesterol synthesis.
Answer: c) Lowers serum calcium by opposing bone-resorbing effects of PTH. Rationale: The function described in option c is actually associated with calcitonin, not T4 or T3. The other options correctly describe the functions of T4 and T3.
Where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) produced? a) The anterior pituitary b) The posterior pituitary c) The hypothalamus d) The adrenal gland
Answer: c) The hypothalamus Rationale: ADH is produced by the hypothalamus.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? a) Excessive thirst b) Frequent urination c) Weight gain d) Dehydration
Answer: c) Weight gain Rationale: Weight gain is not a typical symptom of DI. The condition is characterized by excessive thirst and frequent urination, which can lead to dehydration if not properly managed.
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)? a) Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary b) Head injuries c) Problem with the kidneys not responding to ADH d) Dehydration
Answer: d) Dehydration Rationale: Dehydration typically leads to appropriate secretion of ADH to conserve water. It is not a common cause of DI, which involves decreased secretion of ADH1.
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of SIADH? a) Damage to the hypothalamus b) ADH being produced somewhere else c) Cancerous tumor (lung cancer) d) Dehydration
Answer: d) Dehydration Rationale: Dehydration typically leads to appropriate secretion of ADH to conserve water. It is not a common cause of SIADH, which involves inappropriate secretion of ADH.
A patient with Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is likely to experience which of the following symptoms? a) Weight loss b) Hypotension c) Bradycardia d) Excessive thirst and frequent urination
Answer: d) Excessive thirst and frequent urination Rationale: People with Diabetes Insipidus pee large volumes of urine several times a day and drink large amounts of water because they feel constantly thirsty1.
A patient with Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is likely to experience which of the following? a) Weight loss b) Hypertension c) Bradycardia d) Extreme thirst
Answer: d) Extreme thirst Rationale: Extreme thirst is a common symptom of DI due to the excessive loss of water through urination.
A patient with Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is likely to experience which of the following? a) Weight loss b) Hypertension c) Bradycardia d) Polyuria
Answer: d) Polyuria Rationale: Polyuria, or excessive urination, is a common symptom of DI. This is due to the decreased levels of ADH, which leads to decreased reabsorption of water in the kidneys.
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)? a) Weight gain (fluid overload) b) Edema c) Hypertension (hypervolemia) d) Polyuria
Answer: d) Polyuria Rationale: SIADH is characterized by oliguria (reduced urine output), not polyuria (increased urine output). The other options are common symptoms of SIADH.
Which of the following is NOT a function of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)? a) Regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism in all cells b) Regulates metabolic rate of all cells c) Acts as an insulin antagonist d) Stimulates the release of growth hormone
Answer: d) Stimulates the release of growth hormone Rationale: T4 and T3 do not stimulate the release of growth hormone. Instead, they maintain growth hormone secretion and skeletal maturation.
A patient with SIADH is likely to experience which of the following symptoms? a) Weight loss b) Hypotension c) Bradycardia d) Tachycardia
Answer: d) Tachycardia Rationale: Tachycardia, or a fast heart rate, can occur in SIADH as the body tries to circulate extra fluid.
Which of the following statements about the effects of thyroid hormones on the body is incorrect? a) They regulate the metabolic rate of all cells. b) They stimulate lipid turnover, free fatty acid release, and cholesterol synthesis. c) They increase the secretion of the gastrointestinal tract. d) They increase serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption.
Answer: d) They increase serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption. Rationale: While thyroid hormones do have wide-ranging effects on the body, including regulating metabolic rate, stimulating lipid turnover, and increasing GI secretion, they do not directly increase serum calcium levels by promoting bone resorption. This is a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH), not thyroid hormones. However, in conditions of hyperthyroidism, the excess of thyroid hormones can disrupt the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, leading to increased bone resorption and subsequently, hypercalcemia.
Which of the following is a symptom of SIADH? a) Weight loss b) Hypotension c) Bradycardia d) Weight gain (fluid overload)
Answer: d) Weight gain (fluid overload) Rationale: Symptoms of SIADH are related to fluid retention and include weight gain due to fluid overload.
Which of the following is a symptom of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)? a) Weight loss b) Hypotension c) Bradycardia d) Weight gain (fluid overload)
Answer: d) Weight gain (fluid overload) Rationale: Symptoms of SIADH are related to fluid retention and include weight gain due to fluid overload.
Which of the following is a symptom of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)? a) Weight loss. b) Hypotension. c) Bradycardia. d) Weight gain (fluid overload).
Answer: d) Weight gain (fluid overload). Rationale: Symptoms of SIADH are related to fluid retention and include weight gain due to fluid overload.