Pathophysiology Exam 1: Neoplasia

Metastasis

-cells in primary tumor develop ability to escape & travel in blood or lymph -secondary site has same tumor cells as primary site -secondary deposits: metastatic tumors

Carcinogenesis

-initiation: initial mutation occurs -promotion: mutated cells are stimulated to divide -progression: tumor cells compete w/ each other & develop more mutations making them more aggressive

Leukemia

-neoplasms arise from blood & forming tissues -precursors of WBCs in bone marrow proliferate & crowd out normal blood forming cells -enter into bloodstream & circulate peripheral blood

Neoplasm

-proliferate to form new tissue (irreversible) -do Not wait for signals that new tissue is needed -ignore signals to stop dividing & do NOT undergo apoptosis -often do NOT mature

Prognosis

-smaller more localized tumor = better prognosis -staging: describes extent of spread -grading: appearance of cells microscopically

Angioma

benign vascular tumor

Clinical manifestations

evidence of mass, pain, obstruction, hemorrhage, pathological fractures, cachexia (muscle weakness) & infection

Proto-oncogenes

gene that regulates normal growth function in cells -can mutate & convert into an oncogene -oncogene: stimulates excessive cell growth (gene that causes cancer)

Lymphoma

malignancy of lymphoid tissue

Melanoma

malignancy of melanocytes

Cancer

malignant neoplasm

Neoplasia

new growth & an overgrowth of a tissue, abnormal -benign or melignant

Oncology

study of tumors

Pediatric Neoplasms

-ending in "blastoma" repressible primitive embryonic tissue -ex. retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma

Benign Tumors

Characteristics -contain cells that look like normal tissue cells -slow growing -may perform normal function of the tissue Anatomy -retain tissue structure -generally localized

Malignant

Characteristics -loss of differentiation & absence of normal tissue organization (anaplasia) -marked variabiability of size & shape (pleomorphic) -potential to spread/divide rapidly throughout the body -invades surrounding tissue -do NOT perform normal functions

Sarcomas

malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue & supporting tissue

Patterns of Spread of Malignant Tumors

-direct extension: invade surrounding tissues -within body cavities (seeding): penetrating wall of an organ, move into body cavity & spread throughout area -lymphatic spread: invade lymphatic vessels & lymph nodes, tumor can enter blood -hematogenous spread: starts at thin wall capillaries/veins, eventually leads to R atrium then lungs

Carcinogens

-factors causing cancer -UV, X-Ray, gamma radiation lead to DNA mutations -chemical carcinogens: directly damage DNA ex. tobacco -Viral cause-viruses: can transform cells interact w/ chromosomal DNA ex.HPV -genetic factors: ex. BRCA1 & BRCA2

Diagnostic Test

-tissue biopsy or blood smears (cytology) -screening tests: PAP smear, mammography & colonoscopy -Tumor marker tests: chemicals made by tumor cells detected in blood

Neoplasm-Neoplastic Mass

Tumor

Meningioma

benign brain tumor

Lipoma

benign fatty tumor

Adenoma

benign glandular tumor

Myoma

benign muscle tumor

Glioma

benign or malignant of the glial cells

Carcinomas

malignant tumors of the skin & epithelial lining of GI, respiratory tract & glandular tissue -squamous cell carcinoma: skin surface -basal cell carcinoma: deep layer of skin becomes neoplastic -adeno(gland) carcinoma of pancreas -transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

Treatment

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti/hormone therapy, immunotherapy & combination therapy