Pathophysiology practicing for NCLEX exam 1
d.
When cells use energy to move ions agains an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called what? a. passive transport b. neutral transport c. cotransport d. active transport
a
During the acute inflammatory response, there is a period called the transient phase, where there is increase vascular permeability. What is considered the principal mediator of the immediate transient phase? a. histamine b. arachidonic acid c. fibroblasts d. cytokines
d
A man presents to the emergency department after being out in below zero weather all night. He asks the nurse why the health care team is concerned about his toes and feet. How would the nurse respond? a. Cold causes injury to the cells in the body by injuring the blood vessels, making them leak into the surrounding tissue b. After being out in the cold all night your toes and feel are frozen and it will be very painful to warm them again, and the health care team is concerned he might be a drug addict c. It is obvious that you are a homeless person, and we were wondering how often this has happened to you before and when it will happen again d. Your toes and feet are frozen, and there is a concern about the formation of blood clots as we warm them again
a, b, c, d
A nurse prepares an educational event for a group of single parents. The nurse is going to talk about drugs and the damage they can case to the body. The nurse would know to include which of these? (Select all that apply.) a. acetaminophen and aspirin b. immunosuppressant drugs c. alcohol and cigarettes d. vitamin supplements and antineoplastic drugs
b
A yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in neurons and may be a sign of a cellular stress is a. Icterus b. Lipofuscin c. Carbon d. Melanin
c
All wounds are considered contaminated at the time the wound occurs. Usually the natural defenses in our bodies can deal with the invading microorganisms at the time the wound occurs; however, there are times when a wound is badly contaminated and host defenses are overwhelmed. What happens to the healing process when host defenses are overwhelmed by infectious agents? a. the inflammatory response is shortened and does not complete destruction of the invading organisms b. fibroblast production becomes malignant because of hypersensitization by invading organisms c. the formation of granulation tissue is impaired d. collagen fibers cannot draw tissues together
b
An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, while an immune response that is excessive can lead to condition from allergic responses all the way to autoimmune diseases. Which of these is not an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system? a. multiple sclerosis b. Hungtington disease c. systemic lupus d. fibromyalgia
b
Biologic agents differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell? a. Gram negative bacilli excrete elaborate exotoxins that interfere with cellular production of ATP b. Gram negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability c. Gram- negative bacilli enter the cell and disrupt its ability to replicate d. Gram negative bacilli cannot cause herm to the cell; only gram positive bacilli can harm the cell
b
Both innate and adaptive immunity have cells that produce cytokines. Cytokines mediate the actions of many cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are the actions of cytokines described? a. rapid and self-limiting b. pleiotropic and redundant c. cell specific and targeted d. dendritic and morphologic
d
Cell-mediated immunity is involved in resistance to infectious diseases caused by bacteria and some viruses. It is also involved in cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Which of these does not cause a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction? a. latex b. poison ivy c. X ray dye d. blood transfusion
a, c, d
Cells in multicellular organism need to communicate with one another to coordinate their function and control their growth. The human body has several means of transmitting information between cells; what are they? (select all that apply.) a. direct communication between adjacent cells b. express communication between cells c. autocrine and paracrine signaling d. endocrine or synaptic signaling
b, c
In both the innate and adaptive immune systems, cells communicate information about invading organisms by the secretion of chemical mediators. Which are these mediators? (select all that apply.) a. virulence factors b. chemokine c. colony-stimulating factors d. coxiella
a
Clinical manifestations of radiation injury result from acute cell injury, dose-dependent changes in the blood vessels that supply the irradiated tissues, and fibrotic tissue replacement. What are these clinical manifestations? a. radiation cystitis, dermatitis, and diarrhea from enteritis b. dermatitis, diarrhea from enteritis, and hunger c. diarrhea from enteritis, hunger, and muscle spasms d. radiation cystitis, diarrhea from enteritis, and muscle spasms
c.
Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers. Although muscle fibers predominate, substantial amounts of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers are also present. What happens during muscle contraction a. When activated by GTP, the crossbridges swivel in a fixed arc, much like the orgs of a boat, as they become attached to the actin filament b. During contraction, each cross bridge undergoes its own cycle of movement forming a bridge attachment and releasing it; the same sequence of movement repeats itself when the cross bride reattaches to the same cell c. The thick myosin and thin actin filaments slide over each other, causing shortening of the muscle fiber d. Calcium- Calmodulin complexes produce the sliding of the filaments that form cross-bridges wit the thin actin filaments
b.
Endocrine glands are epithelial structures that have had their connection with the surface obliterated during development. How are these glands describes a. ductile and produce secretions b.ductless and produce secretions c. ductile and release their glandular products by exocytosis d. ductless and release their glandular products by exocytosis
a.
Groups of cells that are closely associated instructor and have common or similar functions are call tissues. What are the types of tissue in the human body? a. connective and muscle tissue b. binding and connecting tissue c. nerve and exothelium tissue d. endothelium and muscle tissue
b
Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular hear disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy? a. when the body increase its major organs during times of malnutrition b. when one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss c. When the body controls myocardial growth by stimulating actin expression to enlarge the heart d. When the body stimulates gene expression to begin a progressive decrease in left ventricular muscle mass
c.
In Tay-Sachs disease, an autosomal recessive disorder, hexosaminidase A, which is the lysosomal enzyme needed for degrading the GM2 ganglioside found in nerve cell membranes, is deficient. Although GM2 ganglioside accumulates in many tissues where does it does it do the most harm? a. brain and retinas b. retinas and heart c. nervous system and retinas d. nervous system and brain
b
In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by what? a. Patches of pink, leathery pigmentation that replace normal skin after a sunburn b. extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun c. White, scaly patches of skin that appear on African American people after they have a sunburn d. Photosensitivity and a decreased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun
a
Inflammation can be either local or systemic. What are the most prominent system manifestations of inflammation? a. fever, leukocytes or leukopenia, and the acute-phase response b. fever, leukocytosis or leukopenia, and the transition-phase response c. widening pulse pressure, thrombocytopenia, and the recovery-phase response d. widening pulse pressure, thrombocytopenia, and the latent-phase response
a
Many molecular mechanisms mediate cellular adaptation. Some are factors produced by other cells and some by the cells themselves. These mechanisms depend largely on signals transmitted by chemical messengers that exert their effects by altering the function of a gene. Many adaptive cellular responses alter the expression of "differentiation" genes. What can cells do because of this? a. A cell is able to change size or form without compromising its normal function b. A cell incorporates its change in function and passes this change on to other cells like it c. A cell is able to pass its change on to a "housekeeping" cell d. A cell dies once the stimulus to change has been removed
a
Mechanical forces that produce tissue trauma would be classified as which type of cellular injury? a. physical agent b. chemical agent c. biologic agents d. nutritional factors
d
Mercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today? a. Amalgam fillings in the teeth b. Mercury from thermometers and blood pressure machines c. Mercury found in paint that was made before 1990 d. Fish such as tuna and swordfish
b, c
Metabolism changes when an individual has a fever. What are the primary sources of energy during a fever? (select all that apply.) a. carbohydrates b. protein c. fats d. glycogen
c
Metastatic calcification takes place in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia). Anything that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate places such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. What are the major causes of hypercalcemia? a. Diabetes mellitus and page disease b. Hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D intoxication c. hyperparathyroidism and immobilization d. immobilization and hypoparathyroidism
a
Natural killer cells are specialized lymphocytes that are one of the major parts of which immunity? a. innate b. adaptive c. humoral d. cell mediated
c
One of the self-regulatory actions of the immune system is to identify self-antigens and be nonreactive to them. What is this ability of the immune system defined as? a. antigen specificity b. non-reactivity c. tolerance d. antigen diversity
a
Passive immunity is immunity that is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example passive immunity? a. an injection of y-glubulin b. an immunization c. exposure to poison ivy d. allergy shots
a
Small amounts of lead accumulate to reach toxic levels in the human body. Lead is found a major concern in the pediatric population. What would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being tested for lead poisoning? a. keep your child away from peeling paint b. keep your child away from anything ceramic c. Do not let your child read newspapers d. Do not let your child tour a mine on a school field trip
b
Smooth muscle contractions are typically characterized as: a. voluntary b. involuntary c. somatic d. motor based
b.
Some messengers , such as thyroid hormone and steroid hormones, do not bind to membrane receptors but move directly across the lipid layer of the cell membrane and are carried to the cell nucleus. What do they do at the cell nucleus? a. Transiently open or close ion channels b. influence DNA activity c. stabilize cell function d. decrease transcription of mRNA
c
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature? a. spleen b. liver c. thymus d. pancreas
a
Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response are known as: a. antigens b. antibodies c. MHC proteins d. cytokines
c.
The Krebs cycle provides a common pathway for the metabolism of nutrients by the body. The Krebs cycle forms two pyruvate molecules. Each of the two pyruvate molecules formed in the cytoplasm from one molecule of glucose yields anther molecule of what? a. FAD b. NADH + H+ c. ATP d. H2O
A
The cardinal signs of inflammation include swelling, pain, redness, and heat. What is the fifth cardinal sign of inflammation? a. loss of function b. altered level of consciousness c. sepsis d. fever
a.
The cell membrane is also called what? a. plasma membrane b.nuclear membranes c. receptor membrane d. bilayer membrane
b, c, e
The cells that are associated with allergic disorders and the inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitive reactions are known as what? (select all that apply) a. macrophages b. eosinophils c. mast cells d. neutrophils e. basophils
a
The daughter of a 79- year old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy, but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before that was some other infection. How come she seems to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's best response? a. As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger. b. about the time we are 75 or76 years old, our immune system quits working c. your mother just seems to be prone to getting infections d. your mother gets infections frequently because she wants attention from you
b.
The golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the ER. What is one purpose of the Golgi complex? a. produce bile b. receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism c. produce excretory granules d. produce small carbohydrate molecules
d
The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what? a. fetal reaction to an infection acquired at birth b. maternal reaction to an infection in the fetus c. maternal exposure to an infection in a sexual partner d. fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection
d.
The mitochondria are literally the "poor plants" of the cell because they transform organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell. What do the mitochondria do? a. make energy b. form proteasomes c. need DNA from other sources to replicate d. produce ATP from carbon sources
b
The results of recent research suggest that a key role in the origin of some diseases is played by inflammation. For which of these diseases is it thought that inflammation has a role in its beginnings? a. osteoporosis b. rheumatoid arthritis c. osteogenesis imperfecta d. hydronephrosis
a, b, c
What are the three main parts of a typical cell? (select all that apply) a. nucleus b. cell membrane c. cytoplasm d. vacuole e. cell wall
A.
There are two forms of endoplasmic reticulum found in a cell. They are the rough and the smooth ER. What does the rough ER do in a cell? a. produces proteins b. Combines protein with other components of the cytoplasm c. exports protein from the cell d. destroys ribosomes
b, e
These are many cells that make up the passive and adaptive immune systems. Which cells are responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immunity? (select all that apply.) a. phagocytes b. T lymphocytes c. dendritic cells d. natural killer cells e. B lymphocytes
b
When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environment conditions, most cells are able to refer to a smaller size and a lower, more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival. This decrease in cell size is known as: a. hypertrophy b. atrophy c. metaplasia d. dysplasia e. hyperplasia
d
Which cells block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides within the mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tract? a. immune b. lymphatic c. leukocytes d. epithelial
c
Which immunoglobulin is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made a newborn a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d. IgD
c
While presenting a talk to the parents of preschoolers at a local day care center, the nurse is asked about electrical injury to the body. She would know to include what in her response? a. In electrical injuries, the body acts as a deflector of the electrical current b. In electrical injuries, the body acts as a magnifier of the electrical current c. the most severe damage is caused by lighting and high voltage wires d. When a person touches an electrical source the current passes through the body and exits to another receptor
b
inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Th immune system is thought to play a role of the reasons chronic inflammation may persist for days to months to years. Why is the risk of scarring and deformity greater in chronic inflammation than it is in acute inflammation? a. chronic inflammation is the persistent destruction of healthy tissue b. fibroblasts instead of exudates proliferate in chronic inflammation c. typically, agents that evoke chronic inflammation are infections or irritants that penetrate deeply and spread rapidly d. chronic inflammation is often the result of allergic reactions
b, c, d
the human body has non dividing cells that have left the cell cycle and are not capable of mitotic division once an infant is born. What are the nondividing cells? (select all that apply.) a. mucous cells b. neurons c. skeletal muscle cells d. cardiac muscle cells
