PD BIO MID II - (Lesson 14: ALL Immune) finalized

5 major classes of immunoglobulins

1. IgG 2. IgA 3. IgM 4. IgD 5. IgE

Myasthenia gravis and Multiple sclerosis

Both of these autoimmune disorders attacks the cells of the muscular or nervous system

IgM

First antibody (Ig) to be released during the immune response. Causes foreign cells to agglutinate found in blood, lymph

What creates immunity?

Immune memory

Why and how does inflammation occur?

Inflammation occurs as a result of tissue injury. When tissues are injured they release chemicals that stimulate mast cells, which release histamine. Then, the process of vasodialation brings blood into the area, which increases phagocyte activity. Swelling occurs, which produces pain.

What is the third line of defense? What does it include?

Specific defenses. It includes: 1. The immune system 2. Lymphocytes 3. Immunoglobin (antibodies)

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity ?

T-cells

Virus

Tiny infectious agents, consisting of a small piece of genetic material and a protein coat. When in contact with a living cell they take it over and use the cell's organelles to make more of them. Antibiotics don't generally work on these agents.

Which one of the following is not one of the antibody classes? a. IgD b. IgB c. IgE d. IgA e. IgG

b. IgB

What does the spleen filter?

blood

Which of the following statements about HIV is true? a. latex condoms are 100% effective in blocking transmission of HIV b. most individuals who progress to Phase II of HIV infection remain in phase II and never progress to phase III (aids) c. HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response d. anti-HIV medications such as AZT and maraviroc can cure HIV infection

c. HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine? a. IgM b. IgA c. IgE d. IgD e. IgG

c. IgE

Which of the following does not belong with the others? a. lupus erythematosus b. rheumatoid arthritis c. anaphylactic shock d. type 1 diabetes mellitus

c. anaphylactic shock

Each of the following processes helps combat infection except _____________ . a. inflammation b. fever c. autoimmunity d. antibody production

c. autoimmunity

In which of the following ways is bacteria similar to human cells? a. bacteria cells have cell walls b. bacteria cells have a single, circular chromosome c. bacterial cells use ATP to fuel cellular respiration d. bacterial cells lack mitochondria

c. bacterial cells use ATP to fuel cellular respiration

Which one of the following is not one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? a. pain b. swelling c. fever d. redness e. heat

c. fever

Which of the following pathogenic agents cause a self-propagating misfolding of proteins in nerve cells? a. bacteria b. prions c. viruses d. helminths (worms)

c. prions

Lymph flows ____________ . a. both toward and away from the heart b. away from the heart only c. toward the heart only d. in a circular pattern within the tissues e. into the capillaries

c. toward the heart only

Antibodies are generated ______________. a. in response to clot formation b. by macrophages located in lymph nodes c. within thymus tissue d. by B cells e. from stem cells before they differentiate

d. by B cells

Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body _______________. a. interferons b. phagocytosis c. the complement system d. cell-mediated immunity e. the inflammatory response

d. cell-mediated immunity

The body's temperature-regulating "thermostat" that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the ___________ . a. pineal gland b. medulla oblongata c. thalamus d. hypothalamus e. cerebellum

d. hypothalamus

Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called ___________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. a. histamine b. interleukins c. pyrogens d. interferon e. kinins

d. interferons

_____ are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat. a. adenoiuds b. platelets c. thymus d. lymphocytes e. red blood cells

d. lymphocytes

Physical and chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens include ______________. a. defecation b. resident bacteria c. tears d. earwax e. all of the above are correct

e. all of the above are correct

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by ____________. a. the adhesion junction in the skin preventing bacteria from entering b. the production of antibodies c. releasing macrophages on the skin surface d. producing alkaline secretions e. having keratin in the uppermost layer

e. having keratin in the uppermost layer

Histamine is released by neutrophils to induce an inflammation response when tissues become damaged. T or F

false

Where are the adenoid (aka pharyngeal) tonsils found?

near the opening of the nasal cavity in the upper pharynx

Where are the lingual tonsils found?

on the back of the tongue

The B cells multiply and produce what kind of cells?

plasma cells, and memory cells

The immune system can be classified as either (2 classes)

specific, or non-specific

Where are the palatine tonsils found?

surrounding the opening of the pharynx

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

the spleen

What are 3 important characteristics of the immune system?

1. It recognizes and targets specific pathogens of foreign substances 2. It has a memory--the capability to store information from past exposures 3. It protects the entire body; the resulting immunity is not limited to the site of infection.

What does the immune system target?

Antigens

IgE immunoglobulins

Less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood. Also located on mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and provides protection against parasitic worms. they are elevated in people who exhibit allergic reactions; binding to mast, and basophils stimulating the release of histamine.

Pathogen

Living organisms that cause disease

What are the basic components of the lymphatic system?

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and the thymus gland

What is the second line of defense in the body? What does it include?

Non-specific defenses: Phagocytes Inflammation Natural Killer Cells The Complement System Interferons fever

What is the first line of defense in the body? What does it include?

Physical or chemical barriers: Natural body products and barriers to entry through the expulsion or neutralizing of pathogens. This includes: skin, tears/saliva/earwax, mucus, digestive and vaginal acids, vomiting, urination, defecation, and resident bacteria.

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms that don't have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Most are harmless, many are beneficial.

What is the underlying cause of autoimmune disorders?

The underlying cause is the body's inability to recognize "self" from "non-self."

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity _______________________. a. involves the administering of preformed antibodies b. causes long-term immunity c. results in the production of memory cells d. results in the production of antibodies e. is not effective against a preexisting condition

a. involves the administering of preformed antibodies

Compared to active immunization, passive immunization _____________________ . a. provides immediate protection b. is longer lasting c. creates a large number of memory cells d. may occasionally cause the disease it is intended to prevent

a. provides immediate protection

An antibody response to the second exposure to antigen differs from the response to the initial antigen encounter in that ________________. a. the response is more rapid, longer-lasting and is larger by comparison to the initial encounter b. T cells rather than B cells produce antibodies as a memory response c. far less antibody is produced then during the second encounter d. antibodies can only be produced during the second exposure e. the onset of antibody response is much slower during the second exposure but is longer lasting

a. the response is more rapid, longer-lasting and is larger by comparison to the initial encounter

Which of the following statements about viruses is true? a. viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce b. viruses are very small bacteria c. viral infections can generally be controlled with antibiotics d. viruses are composed of protein on ly

a. viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce

The primary immune response is _______________ . a. faster than the secondary immune response b. longer lasting than the secondary immune response c. less effective than the secondary immune response d. due to the presence of memory cells

c. less effective than the secondary immune response

Which of the following is a benefit of resident bacteria? a. resident bacteria cause the stomach to be acidic b. resident bacteria produce antiviral compounds that prevent viral infections c. resident bacteria can out-compete harmful bacteria and lower the incidence of infection d. resident bacteria digest cellulose within the human digestive tract

c. resident bacteria can out-compete harmful bacteria and lower the incidence of infection

What do plasma cells do?

they produce antibodies

Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. T or F

true

Fever is systemic response triggered by pyrogens. T or F

true

Indicators of "self" to our immune system are referred to as MHC proteins. T or F

true

Lymph in the right arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. T or F

true

Prions are infections proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold ______________ . T or F

true

The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. T or F

true

Lymphatic vessels distribution are similar to what other distribution structure?

veins

What are the three lines of defenses in the body?

1. Physical or chemical barriers. 2. Non-specific defenses 3. Specific defenses

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

1. maintains the volume of blood in the cardiovascular system 2. transports fats and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed from the digestive system to the cardiovascular system. 3. defends the body against infection.

Non specific immunity contains the first two lines of defense, what happens in out second line of defense?

1. phagocytosis 2. inflammation 3. fever 4. protective proteins - interferons: released by cells infected by a virus, prevent surround cells form being infected also activate NK cells complement: circulate inactive in the blood, attach to bacteria and put holes into it

IgD immunoglobulins

About 0.2% of all antibodies in the blood. Also in lymph and on the surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors. Involved in activation of B cells. they play a role as an antigen receptor in lymphocytic activation and suppression

IgA immunoglobulins

About 10% to 15% of all antibodies in the blood. Mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions. Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection. Provides localized protection against bacteria and viruses on mucous membranes.

IgM immunoglobulins

About 5% to 10% of all antibodies in the blood. Also in lymph. First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen. Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes. In blood plasma, the anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the ABO blood groups, which bind to A and B antigens during incompatible blood transfusion are also IgM antibodies.

IgG immunoglobulins

About 80% of all antibodies in the blood. Also in lymph and the intestines. Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system. Only class of antibody to cross the placenta from mother to fetus, thereby conferring considerable immune protection in newborns for 6-12 months.

IgA

Antibody (Ig) that neutralizes infectious pathogens. It is mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions.

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgM d. IgE e. IgG

a. IgA

With immediate hypersensitivity, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is ________________ . a. IgE b. IgG c. IgD d. IgM e. IgA

a. IgE

The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placenta barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is _______ . a. IgG b. IgD c. IgA d. IgM e. IgE

a. IgG

The following are steps in phagocytosis: (1) bacterium is digested by lysosomal enzymes, (2) phagocyte approaches bacterium, (3) phagocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome, and (4) phagocyte engulfs bacterium, forming a phagocytic vesicle. In which order do these occur? a. 4- 2- 3- 1 b. 2- 4- 3- 1 c. 2- 3- 4- 1 d. 4- 1- 3- 2

b. 2- 4- 3- 1

Which one of the following is not one of the non specific body defenses? a. the inflammatory response b. antibody production c. fever d. intact skin e. natural killer cells

b. antibody production

B cells develop immunocompetence in the ___________ . a. thyroid gland b. bone marrow c. lymph nodes d. spleen e. thymus gland

b. bone marrow

The advantage of having memory cells in our specific defenses is __________________ . a. that they remain in active, ready state following exposure to an antigen b. if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells c. they produce antibodies and can become phagocytic d. they prevent viruses from entering the body a second time e. they prevent production of other proteins so that antibodies can be produced

b. if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells

Antibodies are classified by size, location and function, and __________ represents the most common type of immunoglobin. a. IgD b. IgG c. IgA d. IgM eMHC

b. igG

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from _______________. a. phagocytes b. mast cells c. macrophages d. neutrophils e. B cells

b. mast cells

Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the _______________ . a. inferior vena cava b. thoracic duct c. left subclavian artery d. right lymphatic duct e. aorta

b. thoracic duct

In which of the following choices is the cell correctly matched with its function? a. eosinophil: produced antibodies b. B lymphocyte: directly attacks foreign cells c. basophil: secretes histamine d. T lymphocyte: phagocytizes bacteria

c. basophil: releases histamine

Digeorge syndrome is a congenital disease that results in a poorly developed, non-functioning thymus gland. which of the following would be likely a problem experienced by a baby with digeorge syndrome? a. lack of B cells b. lack of antibodies c. lack of T cells d. lack of macrophages

c. lack of T cells

Consider the following group of diseases: hepatitis, chicken pox, wars, and measles. what do these diseases have in common? a. they are all caused by bacteria b. they are readily treated with antibiotics c. they are all caused by viruses d. they are common in patients infected with HIV

c. they are all caused by virus

Which of the following increases the likelihood of successful organ transplant? a. matching the ABO blood group antigens b. matching the MHC tissue antigens c. administration of immunosuppressive drugs d. all of the above

d. all of the above

IgA __________________ . a. is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy b. can fix complement c. is involved in allergies d. is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva e. is the most abundant in blood plasma

d. is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva

Which of the following would result in passive immunity _______________ . a. past occurrence of an infection or disease b. vaccination c. production of memory cells d. movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child e. stimulation of T cells and B cells by antigen

d. movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver? a. thymus gland b. peyer's patches c. tonsils d. spleen e. tonsils

d. spleen

Which one of the following is not a mechanism that aids lymph return? a. pressure changes within the thorax b. presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels c. milking action of skeletal muscles d. the pumping action of the heart e. smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels

d. the pumping action of the heart

Which of the followng best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime? a. the B cells of these individuals destroy their T cells b. these individuals do not produce enough white blood cells c. the immune system has a hard time identifying the viruses that cause the colds d. the viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure e. the viruses that cause these colds constantly produce new antibodies, which cause the symptoms

d. the viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure

Which of the following is true regarding prion diseases? a. they are caused by a deadly type of virus b. they can readily be treated with antibiotics c. they can be prevented by vaccinations d. they cause accumulation of misfolded proteins in brain cells

d. they cause accumulation of misfolded proteins in brain cells

The type of cells responsible for producing and releasing antibodies is _________________ . a. T lymphocytes b. red bone marrow c. macrophages d. natural killer cells e. B lymphocytes

e. B lymphocytes

A mild fever is part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body by ______________ . a. increasing the metabolic rate of body cells b. speeding up defense reactions c. creating an inhospitable internal environment for pathogenic bacteria d. increasing the rate of tissue repair e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Vaccines contain ______________ . a. T cells programmed to attack the pathogen b. antibodies of the pathogen c. lymphokines d. memory cells against the pathogen e. antigens of the pathogen

e. antigens of the pathogen

The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called ________________________. a. arterial blood b. interstitial fluid c. plasma d. venous blood e. lymph

e. lymph

The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called ___________________ . a. artificially acquired passive immunity b. artificially acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired active immunity d. artificially acquired natural immunity e. naturally acquired passive immunity

e. naturally acquired passive immunity

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is ____________ . a. phagocytes b. inflammatory response c. natural killer cells d. fever e. skin and mucous membranes

e. skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following is true regarding lymph nodes? a. they are located only in the digestive tract and neck b. lymph flows from the lymph vessels to the urinary system c. they remove microorganisms and abnormal cells from lymph and return them to blood circulation d. macrophages but not lymphocytes can be found within lymph nodes e. they filter lymph fluid

e. they filter lymph fluid

The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the ______________ . a. spleen b. tonsils c. peyer's patches d. appendix e. thymus

e. thymus

Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat? a. thymus gland b. axillary lymph nodes c. peyer's patches d. cervical lymph nodes e. tonsils

e. tonsils

There are three major immunoglobulin classes : IgM, IgA, and IgD. T or F

false

The axillary lymph nodes are found where, and drain and cleanse lymph from where?

found in the armpit, drain and cleanse the upper extremities, shoulders, and breast area

The inguinal lymph nodes are found where, and drain and cleanse lymph from where?

found in the groin area, and drain and cleanse the lower extremities, and external genitalia

From where does the cervical lymph nodes drain and cleanse lymph?

the head and neck

Which tonsils are most often removed?

the palatine tonsils

What does the thoracic duct drain?

the rest of the body

What does the Right lymphatic duct drain?

the right arm and right side of the head, and thorax

Where does the thoracic duct, and right lymphatic duct empty into?

the subclavian veins