PE 140- Timeline in Physical Education

Charles Beck

(1825) The first known Physical Education teacher in the United States German - heavily influenced by European systems

Catherine Beecher

(1837 Founded the Western Female Institute Created a Beecher system of calisthenics This focused on "appropriate" physical activities for girls

Invention of baseball

(1839) Abner DoubleDay- The invention of baseball changed the way American's viewed their free time. Ideologies back then were largely Puritan based of work hard, pray hard. In the beginning of physical education there was a large religious opposition. Sport changed some of the values that American's held dear and added a play hard aspect to our society.

Emergence of College Sports

(1850-1900) Sudden growth was largely through efforts of STUDENTS, and was largely opposed by faculty and administration. Winning became really important and there were now rules concerning eligibility, paying players, etc. (James Hogan - Yale football) This sport caught fire in popularity. The game was known to attract a lot of people, students and had a high rate of injury and cheating. These factors lead to intervention of school and national officials to start setting rules and regulations for physical contests.

1st YMCA in US

(1851) Boston, Massachusetts YMCA movement began in England in 1844. The YMCA's was devoted to 'character education and physical activity', 1- Mind, 2-Body, 3-Spirit. Led to the development of teacher training schools.

1st college PE Department

(1861) Amherst College developed by Edward Hitchcock in 1861. The focus of physical education had a scientific approach which was integral in the formation of today's physical education

1st state to require PE

(1866) The State of California A monumental event in physical education and competition. Many states were soon to follow. Illinois became first state to require DAILY PE

Invention of Football

(1879) American Football is traced to 1879 Walter Camp at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut Derived from Rugby Became very popular, very quickly

1st Faculty Athletic Committee

(1881) Princeton / Harvard would follow in 1882 Formed in response to overwhelming need to control student behavior and expectations Among the issues: Eligibility rules (there were none), winning at any cost, missed class time, use of professional athletes, students gambling on their own games.

AAHPERD

(1885) American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance Can be traced to Adelphi Conference called by William G. Anderson Began the formalization of PE teaching in the United States and develops standards and guidelines for the field by professionals in the field

Invention of softball

(1887) Chicago, Illinois Derived from the game of baseball, but was cheaper, needed less equipment and took less space. Well adapted for larger cities.

Boston Conference

(1889) Called by Catherine Beecher Came to be known as "Battle of the Systems" -what system should we be using? Why PE? How? Pivotal in the development of American PE

Invention of basketball

(1891) James Naismith, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts The game was created in order to meet the indoor physical education needs during the winter months

PE recognized as curricular field by American Education Association

(1891) This made physical education a curricular subject. It allowed for the formalization of the ideas taught and the training of those who governed and taught within the field

The "New PE"

(1893) International Congress on Education brought together educators from Europe and North America. Examined the relationship of physical training to complete education Began to see less regimented calisthenics and more play, dance, sport, recreation, etc

1st Public Golf Course in the US

(1895) Van Cortlandt Golf Course, New York City Largely credited for the vast immigration during this time period which brought new sports to America Immigration and Sports brought together different cultures which really is what started the idea of physical education in the first place. The sharing of ideas, games, and theories have helped develop physical education as we see it today.

Invention of Volleyball

(1896) William Morgan, Holyoke, Massachusetts This game was also created to meet the physical fitness needs while indoors during in climate weather.

Clark Hetherington

(1910) Authored "Fundamental Education," which highlighted 4 major objectives for PE 1. Physical Development 2. Motor Development 3. Mental Development 4. Social Development These principles are considered to have guided the formation of modern physical education, and are still the driving force today

Invention of Kickball

(1917) The origin of kickball has been traced back to around 1917 Originally called Kick Softball Thought to have been created by Nicholas C. Seuss in Ohio This game was created to help young children learn the rules and basic principles of baseball/softball

Brown vs Board of Education

(1954) The US Supreme Court upheld the decision that eliminated "separate but equal" status for American Schools This decision started the Civil Rights Movement, and ended segregation in schools This decision also paved the way for students of all races to compete in athletic competition and physical education

Public Law 90-170

(1967) Ensured funds for research and training in field of adaptive PE. This helped change the school of thought for those with disabilities. Individuals and educators alike began to focus on teaching children with disabilities the importance of physical fitness and movement

Title IX

(1972) The inclusion of this title in the Public Law 92-318 allowed equal participation and funding regardless of gender This Title paved the way for females in the field of physical education and sport in general! Explosion of female contests following the enactment of Title IX

Public Law 94-142

(1975) Law requiring the Education of All Handicapped Children Now called IDEA This law required all public schools to teach all children in order to receive federal funding Overall this certainly changed the view of physical education. The mindset would be a more holistic approach rather than just physical fitness

President's Council on Youth Fitness

(Founded in 1955- Eisenhower) The goal was to encourage children to become active and be healthy Recommends REGULAR physical activity for ALL Americans

NCAA Formed

(March 31, 1906) Intervention in college football lead by President Theodore Roosevelt due to the high numbers of injuries and deaths Guidelines and rules were becoming an obvious need of physical education and competition. Formed to regulate play and prevent and to institutionalize sport.

Adelphi Conference

(November 27th, 1885) Conference called by William G. Anderson, a physical training instructor at Adelphi Academy. Concerned with his own training and preparation he invited people from a variety of disciplines (teachers, doctors, physical training instructors, college presidents, clergy, media), creating a forum for people to discuss how to teach physical education and training. This conference lead to the development of the AAPE (Association for Advancement of Physical Education). Would become what is now known as the AAHPERD

Laissez-Faire (Effective when))

*followers are highly skilled, experienced, educated. *followers have pride in their work & are self-driven *are trust-worthy and experienced *outside experts are being utilized

Transportation and Communication

-1830 = 23 miles of rail track -1880 = 90,000 miles of rail track Allowed for extensive travel -Invention of telegraph (1840's) - Instant Communication Newspapers - Had separate pages devoted to sport

Lassez-Faire (Negatives)

-Can lead to lack of productivity, cohesiveness -Lower employee satisfaction

Education

-Colleges and universities played fundamental role in physical education and fitness -More children were attending schools

Paternalistic (Negatives)

-Leader could start to play favorites in decisions -Tend to exclude those who are less loyal

Democratic Leadership (Negatives)

-Time-consuming -Incomplete projects -Communication failures

Intellectual Climate

-as people became more educated, they began to CHALLENGE IDEAS

Immigration

-brought with them new games and attitudes -mainly settled in cities, uniting with different immigrant groups (1820-1890)

Transactional Leadership (Negatives)

-concerned more with process than forward-thinking -don't fix potential problems, instead react

Industrialization

-increased wealth -better development of equipment and facilities

Urbanization

-shift from rural to urban populations -new activities for enjoyment in urban setting Was fishing, hunting, etc

Authoritarian Style (Negatives)

1-way, downward communication Controls discussion, little or no dialogue Could create climate of fear

4 Major Objectives

1. Physical Development 2. Motor Development 3. Mental Development 4. Social Development

Democratic Leader

Act as father figure Takes care of subordinates Concern for workers leads to trust and loyalty Workers expected to become totally committed to leader and what leader believes Solid relationships between co-workers & leader

Paternalistic

Act as father figure Takes care of subordinates Concern for workers leads to trust and loyalty Workers expected to become totally committed to leader and what leader believes Solid relationships between co-workers & leader

Decline of Religious Opposition

Body and physical pursuits were no longer incompatible w/ Christian life

Laissez-Faire

Decision-making rights/power given to worker "Hands-off" approach Delegates, but provides little or no direction Offers support/guidance only when requested

Transformational Leadership

Identifies needed change and creates vision through inspiration Executes change through committed members Appeal to followers' sense of identity Inspire members to take greater ownership Has an impact on followers Built on trust, admiration, loyalty and respect

Charles Beck Influencers

Jahn System (German gymnastics) - most of his influence Per Henrich Ling (Swedish gymnastics) - therapeutic; 'medical gymnastics' Catherine Beecher System (designed for women); less vigorous; archery, swimming, calisthenics w/ music, horseback riding Dio Lewis System - combined gymnastic systems w/ Beecher system Edward Hitchcock - known for measurement testing Dudley Sargent - combined all 5 systems; known for developing exercise machines

Transactional Leadership

Motivates through rewards and punishments Leader identifies needs of followers and rewards in exchange for performance Punish poor work or negative outcomes Focus on efficiency through established routines

Section 204 of Public Law 108-25

Required schools to establish a local wellness policy by 2006-07 school year

Authoritarian Style

Strict, close supervision "keep people in line" Regulates policies and procedures Maintains efficiency by ordering and dictating Inflexible

Edward Hitchcock

The first president of the AAHPERD in 1885 (AAPE at the time) Also founded the first college department of physical education at Amherst College in 1861 The department was first call the Department of Hygiene and Physical Culture His system of Physical Education focused on training the body overtime