Peace and Conflict - Different definitions of peace, and Galtung's peace formula
How is violence measured (Galtung's formula)?
physical or psychological harm, so either physical forces or by structure within society causing injury damage or death
What is an example of trauma?
retributive and restorative justice like that given by the International Criminal Court, who have convicted leaders responsible for war crimes in the conflict in the DRC
What is negative peace?
the absence of active, organised violence conflict (by state and non-state groups)
what is peace?
the absence of violent complex (in simple terms)
where does negative peace fall in the stages of conflict resolution?
the first couple of stages - it helps in analysing a country's stability
What are two examples of working towards positive peace?
- political equality in Somalia meant giving all clans a voice and reintegrating former cooperative militants into society - the Good Friday Agreement 1998 created a power sharing executive involving all political parties
What is positive peace?
A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a cease-fire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression.
How can harmony be measured (for Galtung's formula)?
It is the hardest to measure, but essentially the idea that all individuals, regardless of race, ethnicity, caste, religion, gender, sexual orientation
What are Galtung's two types of peace?
Negative and positive peace
what is an example equity (for Galtung's formula)?
Northern Ireland Assembly 1998 after the Good Friday Agreement, was a part of a system of power sharing and the peace process that reformed NI's police force
What was Galtung's suggested peace formula?
more equity and harmony meant a more peaceful society
What are two examples of violence?
The Minsk Protocol 2014 was agreed during the Ukraine conflict between political parties, where a ceasefire was monitored by IGO Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE - independent international observers) Decommission of weapons by Irish Republican Army 2005 was confirmed by an independent commission
what does a positive peace plan look for?
more sustainable solutions and the
What are two examples of working towards harmony?
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions - expose wrongdoings and promote forgiveness Sierra Leone (2004), Liberia, Colombia (2015) all established these Also SA post-apartheid constitution, which involved laws and constitutions created or adapted to protect against discrimination and prejudice
how can equity be measured (for Galtung's formula)?
it operates on the basis of equality, meaning adult citizens should have the right to vote and participate in political systems, and economic equality and access to resources is also important equality before the law is important too - no one is above the law
why does is determining if somewhere is peaceful more than ?
because it is a lot more complicated than that - there are several types of peace
Why can you not just look at negative peace as a measure of overall peace?
because it is a very surface level view of peace, where more intricate factors are not considered
How is trauma measured?
by emotional shock following stress of conflict or violence it can lead to long-term distress, harm, bitterness, grievance, which if left unresolved are likely to re-cause conflict