Peace - Study Guide
What are the conditions for Augustine's just war?
Just war if it was self defense, punished aggression (not revenge), undertaken by authorities or last resort
What is liberal peace?
Liberal peace theory - democracy ensures that domestic politics within states are peaceful and with free trade states do not then go to war with each other following the law of IR that dem states don't fight each other leading to a peaceful international order. Liberal, internationalist, idealist, and pacifist movements have been associated with humanitarianism, the formation of international institutions like the UN, international law, democracy, free trade, and forms of economic redistribution. They have also led to popular mobilization and to non-violent resistance as a method for their attainment.
What ideas are associated with Kant's idea of perpetual peace?
(1) No conclusion of Peace shall be held to be valid as such, when it has been made with the secret reservation of the material for a future War. (2) No State having an existence by itself—whether it be small or large—shall be acquirable by another State through inheritance, exchange, purchase or donation. (3) Standing Armies shall be entirely abolished in the course of time. (4) No National Debts shall be contracted in connection with the external affairs of the State. (5) No State shall intermeddle by force with the Constitution or Government of another State. (6) No State at war with another shall adopt such modes of hostility as would necessarily render mutual confidence impossible in a future Peace . . . He added to this the requirements that: - The Civil Constitution in every State shall be Republican [meaning democratic]. - The Right of Nations shall be founded on a Federation of Free States. - The Rights of men as Citizens of the world in a cosmo-political system, shall be restricted to conditions of universal Hospitality. - He called for international organizations to promote world peace and for states to adopt democracy and human rights
What is the difference between peacekeeping, peacebuilding and statebuilding?
A peacekeeping operation refers to the mobilisation of United Nations' Blue Helmets (peacekeepers), who are deployed in post-conflict zones after a ceasefire has been proclaimed. A peacekeeping operation requires the agreement of the local polity. UN mandates are often given under chapter 6 (no use of force, no weapons) or 7 (can shoot for self-defense) of the UN Charter. The goal of a peacekeeping operation is to observe that all parties that were involved in the conflict behave peacefully and do not retaliate violence, and therefore focuses on negative peace (the mere absence of conflict and violence). A peacebuilding mission is quite different. It does not involve "soldiers" but peacebuilders who design strategies to build sustainable Peace after a conflict. These missions can include community dialogue, Peace talks, Peace education in local schools, etc. A peacebuilding mission has a normative aspect and focuses on positive peace, such as the advancement of "social justice" and the instauration of "liberal democracies" with "free elections", etc. Peacebuilding is closely related to statebuilding. Statebuilding is aimed at producing regional and international stability while reforming the state The aim of statebuilding is to create prosperous and stable liberal states framed by a 'good governance' agenda, via externalized strategies of intervention.
Why was the Versailles peace treaty flawed?
As it transpired Versailles was regarded as a victor's peace, and this was its fatal flaw. The peace that had been created at Versailles was deeply flawed in practice, and was made even more fragile by the financial crises of the late 1920s that created socio-economic difficulty at a time when radical ideologies were making themselves widely felt.
What are the advantages of negative peace?
Basic and easily achieved
What is positive peace?
Broader understanding of peace includes both the lack of open violence between and within states and the aim of creating the conditions for society to live without fear or poverty. Social justice, equality, human rights, and sustainability. positive: broad (complex but sustainable, Europe after WW2), post enlightenment, believe conflict and war are learned behaviors, opposite of inherency view, human beings are the main focus instead of the state, conflict can be mutually and consensually resolved, goes deeper into how conflicts are addressed
What is the liberal democratic peace thesis?
Democratic states do not go to war with each other, though they might fight non-democracies
What are the key components of the 'international architecture' after WW2?
Free trade, self-determination, decolonization,and the disarmament of aggressive states. Peace came to engender the rejection of interstate war, the provision of humanitarian resources, development, financial regulation and adjustment, and human rights. The International Military Tribunal, set up by the Allies in 1945 to try Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg, provided another important strand of the international architecture of peace. The tribunal had three main jurisdictions, one of which was 'crimes against peace'. Crimes against humanity and war crimes were the most recognized of its jurisdictions, however. The Allies defined a crime against peace as one that involved planning, preparing, or initiating an aggressive war. This soon led to a new wave of legal development with respect to crimes against humanity. The new peace system was further buttressed by both security guarantees and economic redistribution.
What is the role of political elites and the common people in negative peace? Positive peace?
In negative peace, the political elite decide what peace is for them and they try to achieve it but in positive peace it is more about the general peace for the common people than the elite
How successful have peacebuilding & statebuilding been in recent years?
It has had some success in reducing violence and inducing some compliance with liberal norms, institutions, law, and markets. Yet there have been few outright 'successes' to speak of.
What is the significance of the UN document Responsibility to Protect?
It implied that sovereignty entailed responsibility to citizens, and if a state undermined the human rights of its citizens, committed acts of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing, the international community might intervene. The international community, led by the UN and key donors, designed these policies to achieve economic stability, prosperity, and to guarantee human rights as well as the rule of law.
What is hybrid peace? What are its advantages? Disadvantages?
Local patterns of politics based on contextual social, cultural, and historical norms, identities, and material resources influence hybrid peace along with western/northern peace thinking related to democracy, rule of law, human rights, and a vibrant civil society. What is emerging is neither strictly a liberal nor a local form of peace, but a hybrid, formed through political contestation involving a range of actors, their preferences, and security interests. In some cases, a negative hybrid peace may be emerging, as in Afghanistan where warlords and external peacebuilders make very uncomfortable company, but in others there is the possibility of more positive hybrid forms, as in Timor Leste or Sierra Leone, where local customary law and governance may be slowly aligning with the modern state. A hybrid peace may represent an evolution beyond a positive peace.
What was the impact of industrialization on war?
Massive industrialization had also amplified the capacity at the disposal of states and imperial powers to make war.
What is negative peace?
Narrow (basic but insecure, failed peace after WWI), structural issues are not addressed, reason why ceasefires don't last, for short peace, violence is a part of human nature, conservative and old fashioned view of politics
Does the author consider war a natural state or intrinsic to human nature?
No he believes that war and violence are a learned behavior
Who promotes civil peace?
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
How does realism understand peace?
Realists have a narrow view of peace and to them it was the mere absence of violence. But structural violence may be present.
What are the disadvantages of negative peace?
Short term
What is the paradox of the victor's peace?
Sometimes war is conducted in effort to achieve peace. Sometimes peace is of exclusive benefit to one or other group. Can't have peace without war.
Why does the author say negative peace is compatible with a conservative interpretation?
That is because if conflict is rooted in human nature then little can be done about it other than through the use of force. Security in these terms means the preservation of a pre-existing hierarchy of states, their territorial sovereignty and a balance of power between them. This was the attitude towards war and conflict from ancient times until Enlightenment. Peace was just a stalemate between rulers and absolute victory in wars. Humans are pawns of the powerful.
What does the case of Northern Ireland teach us?
That the second generation approach (focused on the rights and needs of citizens instead of the state) can be successful. In any society a peace process should meet political, social, and economic needs and rights. However it failed for Israel.
What is the civil peace? What are its advantages? Disadvantages?
The civil peace tradition in which civil society organizations, NGOs, and domestic and transnational social movements seek to uncover and rectify historical injustice or processes that engender the risk of war (contributing to a positive peace). every individual in society has the capacity to mobilize for peace from a variety of different perspectives, whether for disarmament, for international cooperation, or against violence, discrimination, and oppression. It relates to the historical phenomena of social direct action for political, economic, and identity reasons, of citizen advocacy and mobilization, in the attainment or defence of basic human rights and values. It is also related to pacifism. Without the civil peace and its social forms of mobilization, international and constitutional frameworks would not be able to connect with ordinary people in order to represent their interests, identities, needs, and aspirations.
What is Marxism's position on peace?
The concept of peace has also been enriched by Marxist thinking about oppression, power and class struggle, exploitation, and revolutionary change, driven, partly at least, by grassroots actors. This has given rise to understandings of peace that include social justice and emancipation, with important implications for the poor, women, and children. (The idea of violent revolutionary change, associated with some variants of Marxism, presents a conundrum for peace.) Classless society. Marx criticized the structural oppression that capitalism and the old feudal system represented, supporting the provision of better conditions and rights for workers. He was, however, ambivalent about whether peaceful or revolutionary means were necessary.
What is constitutional peace? What are its advantages? Disadvantages?
The constitutional peace in which democracy and free trade are taken to be fundamental qualities of any peaceful state's constitution (contributing to a positive peace); The idea that peace could be constructed through law, institutions, rights, and prosperity, rather than enforced or merely preserved by military power, emerged slowly during and after the Enlightenment as an advance on the victor's peace. Free trade is an important component of constitutional peace.
What is structural violence?
The indirect violence that is created by oppressive structures of government, of law, bureaucracy, trade, resource distribution, social class, or because of poverty or environmental problems. Sometimes structural violence can occur even in relatively peaceful societies.
What is institutional peace? What are its advantages? Disadvantages?
The institutional peace, in which international institutions, such as the UN, international financial institutions (e.g. the Bretton Woods institutions), state donors, act to maintain peace and order according to a mutually agreed framework of international law (contributing to a positive peace); The institutional peace aims to anchor states within a specific set of values and a shared legal context through which they agree multilaterally how to behave. They also agree to police and enforce that behaviour on the part of 'renegade' states. Some commentators, like E. H. Carr, who was a British delegate at the Versailles conference, believed the emerging institutional peace to be utopian and implausible.
What is the neoliberal peace? What are its disadvantages? Disadvantages?
The liberal peace framework has aimed to reform or create neoliberal democracies open for international trade rather than social democracies to support their citizens' welfare. This is despite the huge volume of evidence about the importance of poverty and inequality in maintaining conflict and its many stratifications. Peaceful societies are generally more equal, as are peaceful regions.
What are the limitations of Kant's perpetual peace?
The problem with Kant's assumption that states act to maximize the interests of their own peoples (where they treat them as means rather than ends) is that states and elites may exploit their people instead. The line between contributing to peace or following a nationalist or elite interest was, and is, finely drawn. - Emergence of nationalism. - Constitutional peace has been characterised as a christian enterprise - Democracy may still fight wars with non democracies - Constitutional peace was inadequate at getting other states to evolve into democracies. In practice the application of the constitutional peace has often been blocked by actors who do not want to share power and who oppose domestic legal structures that might outlaw their authoritarian or corrupt activities Like with hitler and mussolini.
12. What is the victor's peace?
The victor's peace in which a negative peace is imposed by a victor in war; The victor's peace has evolved from the historical view that peace emerges from a military victory. This form of negative peace is coercive and often unjust but it may be orderly, for at least as long as the victor survives. It may even provide the basis for a more sophisticated version to emerge. It has long been thought to be the oldest understanding of peace, foreshadowing the Darwinian notion of the survival of the fittest and implying war and violence was humanity's natural condition. In these terms, any limited peace was merely an interlude until the next armed confrontation over territory and resources arose. Peace it imposed was likely to survive any challenges, but for no longer than its power lasted. The model of peace implied by such a formulation is inherently limited, based upon military control or occupation, on colonialism or imperialism. At best it leads to a basic form of order created through domination, or alliances and a balance of power whereby states and leaders perceive war as too costly to win because of their opponent's strength. Such thinking is well described by the formulation of a 'negative peace'.
What does it mean that civil society actors are 'norm entrepreneurs'?
They privilege democracy, human rights, and forms of development in their micro-level interventions in society as well as in the realm of international relations. They contribute to a local, grassroots peace, based upon local community consent and legitimacy in the context of a global, transnational civil society of networks between civil society organizations
What do governments generally think about war and peace?
Violence is a political and economic tool. They impose their own version of peace on their citizens and other states'. War and peace are closely related: military force is deployed to make peace