Pearson Educational Research Mills and Gay Final Exam

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Which of the following is an example of a ratio​ variable?

Weight

When reading a​ study, what are the best indicators of what type of basic mixed methods design was​ employed?

The sequence and weight of the data collection

Simultaneous replication involves​ testing:

a number of participants with the same problem at the same location and same time.

The main method of data collection in narrative research​ is:

Interviews

A good restory​ should:

present the events in chronological order.

One difference in research plans between qualitative and quantitative research is​ that:

qualitative researchers do not start with specific hypotheses.

A code book is necessary because​ it:

serves as the key for the numerical values assigned to each categorical variable.

In qualitative​ research, a problem​ statement:

sets the stage for everything that follows in the research plan.

One major difficulty in conducting a longitudinal study​ is:

tracking participants over a long period of time.

Hypothesis testing can best be defined​ as:

the process of decision making in which researchers evaluate the results of a study against their original expectations.

Of the following research​ topics, the one best suited for​ case-study research methods​ is:

the process of selecting a principal in South High School.

What type of survey study is effective for providing a snapshot of the current​ behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs in a​ population?

​Cross-sectional survey study

After a researcher determines the adequacy of a​ single-subject study​ design, the next step in the data analysis process would be​ to:

assess treatment effectiveness.

In experimental​ research, the researcher​ manipulates:

at least one independent variable.

One important aspect of implementing a mixed methods study that is often overlooked by the novice researcher​ is:

feasibility.

Data analysis is focused on summarizing the data while data interpretation is focused​ on:

finding meaning in the data.

The research problem​ provides:

focus and structure.

Ariel is conducting a literature search on policy as related to food choices in urban high schools. The best search terms for Ariel to use for an electronic database search​ are:

food policy and high school.

Experimental research may offer​ _____________, or the idea that the findings may be applied to other similar settings and contexts.

generalizability

The second step in the narrative research process is​ to:

identify an individual who can help you explore the phenomenon of interest.

An initial step in acquiring the needed cooperation of a school partner is​ to:

identify and follow required procedures for gaining approval to conduct the study in the chosen site.

One of the first steps in the literature review process is​ to:

identify and make a list of keywords to guide your literature search.

An important component of the literature review in a qualitative study is​ to:

identify any gaps in the professional literature.

What is the primary way that narrative researchers gather field​ texts?

Conducting Interviews

Narrative research is often constructed around the​ question:

​"And then what​ happened?"

What is a disadvantage that is unique to mixed methods​ research?

Mixed methods research can require extensive resources and effort.

To establish equivalent​ groups, a researcher should rely​ on:

Random assignment

A qualitative interview protocol would likely contain the following questions​ EXCEPT:

A leading question

If the researcher does not explicitly state that a mixed methods design was​ used, how could this be​ determined?

By looking at the research questions

Once the data are​ collected, how does the research process in action research differ from the process of other types of​ research?

By the development of an action plan

A(n) _________________ yields multiple scores to facilitate identification of a​ student's weak and strong areas within the subject area.

Diagnostic Test

Which of the following evaluation criteria is NOT likely important in a survey​ study?

Did the researcher control for threats to internal​ validity?

Which of the following is a qualitative approach to​ research?

Ethnographic Research

Assume that a high IQ and a high GPA were perfectly correlated. What correlation coefficient would represent this​ scenario?

1.00

If a researcher interested in the relationship between time spent studying and test scores determined a correlation coefficient of​ .5, which was also statistically​significant, how much of the common variance is shared between these​ variables?

25%

A study that investigates the effects of two different types of therapy for anxiety by gender would be symbolized as​ a:

2x2 factorial design.

Greg is testing a new science curriculum in his high school. He has 150 students try the new​ problem-based learning tasks and 150 students use the usual curriculum. All students complete a pretest and posttest about science concepts. What is the sample in this​ study?

300 high school students

​Mu-Ping found a correlation of .70 between achievement and motivation in her study of​ fourth-grade history students. What is the coefficient of determination in​Mu-Ping's study?

49%

In​ single-subject design, multiple measures of pretest performance are known​ as:

Baseline measures

The decision about whether one type of data will be primary and one will be secondary determines​ the:

Basic Design

One important variable when considering the credibility of qualitative research is to what extent the​ researcher's ________ affected the study.

Biases

One important key to any​ study, regardless of​ method, is sampling. In a mixed methods​ study, which methodological sampling techniques should be adhered​ to?

Both quantitative and qualitative techniques

Why should a qualitative researcher have an ethical perspective with regard to their research that closely aligns with their personal ethical​ position?

By conducting research from an ethical perspective that aligns closely with your personal ethical​ position, you are more likely to avoid ethically awkward situations.

What is the major difference between case study research and ethnographic​ research?

Case study research does not focus on cultural interpretation.

A​ __________________ model continues to extend the case study analysis and to assist the case study researcher to identify how things go together.

Casual

Case study methodology is a good choice for researchers interested in providing​ _____________ explanations.

Casual

Which of the following statistical tests would be used to test whether there is a difference in participation in school sports​ (those who participate and those who do​ not) for boys and​ girls?

Chi square

Narrative research is concerned with the​ ________________ of​ individuals' experiences.

Chronology

Which of the following is a digital tool that will help with creating​ citations?

Citation Machine

Of the following​ considerations, which is the most important to the evaluation of a mixed methods​ study?

Clearly identifying both the qualitative and quantitative data collection

This type of replication involves the development of a treatment​ package, composed of two or more interventions that have been found to be effective​ individually, designed for persons with complex behavior disorders.

Clinical Replication

The primary criterion of treatment effectiveness in a​ single-subject design​ is:

Clinical Significance

Assigning a label to categorize a unit of text is known​ as:

Coding

Assigning a value of 1 for female and 2 for male into a spreadsheet is known​ as:

Coding

​A(n) _________________ measures intellectual​ processes, such as​ thinking, memorizing, problem​ solving, analyzing,​ reasoning, and applying information.

Cognitive Test

In a prediction study of the relation between age and cognitive​ development, the criterion variable would​ be:

Cognitive development

A survey that tracks the responses of a new sample of the original population of respondents for several years is known as​ a:

Cohort study

After obtaining IRB​ approval, negotiating entry to the research​ site, and identifying​ participants, ethnographic researchers may​ begin:

Collecting Data

What is one of the best ways for a qualitative researcher to develop an understanding of the sociocultural context of the research​ site?

Conduct informal​ pre-proposal fieldwork.

Of the following research​ goals, the one that most likely uses​ mixed-methods research​ involves:

Conducting interviews with participants after completing an instrument to assess instructional approaches to explain the results.

Which of the following is important for protecting research informants from​ stress, embarrassment, or unwanted publicity as well as for protecting participants should they reveal something to a researcher that could be used against them by others interested in the outcomes of​ research?

Confidentiality

Which of the following does NOT describe the criteria to use when evaluating a research​ report?

Consider only the methods that the researcher used.

Of the​ following, the most important form of validity​ is:

Construct Validity

The goal of ethnographic research is to​ describe, analyze, and interpret the​ __________________ of a group.

Culture

The pieces of information you collect and use to examine your​ problem, hypotheses, or observations are known​ as:

Data

Once data collection is​ complete, ethnographic researchers engage​ in:

Data analysis

A good description of the nature of qualitative data interpretation is​ that:

Data interpretation is personal and individual

In the practical action research​ approach, teachers are viewed​ as:

Decision-makers

Which of the following is an example of avoiding the use of impersonal terms in reporting​ research?

Describing individuals as​ "participants" instead of as​ "subjects"

The most important step in the case study research process​ is:

Determine the research question

One of the most common problems when beginning researchers conduct correlation research​ is:

Determining the proper correlation method

One of the most common mistakes of new case study researchers​ includes:

Determining the sample size.

If a researcher is interested in using continuous predictor variables in order to predict categorical​ variables, she would​ use:

Discriminant Function Analysis

Mr. McMillan conducted a survey with a group of his alternative high school students focused on their opinions on the value of alternative high school. Ten years​ later, Mr. McMillan is interested in investigating whether or not the views of this group have changed. What type of longitudinal survey study is Mr. McMillan likely to​ conduct?

Follow-up survey study

Manny is interested in investigating differences in spatial skills between middle school girls and boys enrolled in his computer graphics class. He spends time reviewing the relevant research in this area. What would be the next step in the scientific​ method?

Forming a hypothesis

Which of the following would be the​ best-case scenario for setting up an initial meeting of​ participants?

Have someone who is known by the participants introduce you.

In correlational​ research, it is imperative that the variables have​ __________ validity.

High

When designing an action research​ study, the​ teacher-researcher should ensure that the area of focus​ is:

Important to the researcher

Where is the researcher most likely to discuss limitations in the quantitative research​ plan?

In the methods section along with a discussion of​ participants, measurement,​ design, and procedures

Narrative research focuses on the experiences of​ :

Individuals

Sally is an ethnographic researcher who is studying issues related to homelessness. Which of the following participants will best fit her​ research?

Individuals at one soup​ kitchen, including the​ clients, servers, and directors

Confirming and documenting that participants engage in research under their own free will is known as​ obtaining:

Informed Consent

Data analysis in qualitative research begins with the​ ______________ contact with participants.

Initial

One major advantage of the R software is that​ it:

Is open source

Which of the following questions should be considered in a causal-comparative ​study?

Is the grouping variable clearly defined or​ described?

Which of the following is an appropriate criterion to use when evaluating the methods of a research​ report?

Is the size of the sample noted and does it meet guidelines for its​ method?

Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of action​ research?

It provides a description of how the public really feels

Describe the function of the following line of R​ code: dataset​ <- read.table("/Desktop/file.txt", header​ = TRUE)

It would create an object called​ "dataset" made up of the data found in the file called file.txt stored on the desktop.

Jo began her qualitative interview intent on understanding​ student's mental health in schools by asking the following​ question: "Tell me about your most mentally unhealthy day in​ school." What problem has Jo​ created?

Jo has asked a question that is too personal too soon.

Causal-comparative and correlational studies are similar in that​ both:

Lack manipulation of variables

Narrow or restricted score ranges​ _____________ correlation coefficients.

Lower

The goal of data interpretation in qualitative research is​ to:

Make sense and find meaning in the data

Matt has conducted quantitative survey research on students with emotional behavior disorders. He was interested in understanding the opinions of students with emotional behavior disorders in regards to inclusion settings.​ Matt's findings indicate that students with EBD often feel excluded in the general education setting. Matt would like to continue his study and better understand the results of his survey. How could he adapt his study into a mixed methods​ study?

Matt could conduct interviews with several students with emotional behavior disorders.

What process occurs after data collection and includes quantifying or scoring performance on an assessment​ instrument?

Measurement

The point at which half of the scores appear above it and half appear below it is​ the:

Median

Kelly restoried one​ teacher's story in her study about​ high-stakes testing. After writing a draft of the​ restory, she shared it with the teacher. What validation strategy does this​ illustrate?

Member Checking

A discussion of validity and reliability should appear in​ the:

Method section of the research report

The various approaches to exploring particular phenomena are referred to​ as:

Methodologies

In what section should a researcher discuss the research design in a quantitative research​ plan?

Methods section

Which of the following scenarios would best be suited for an action research​ approach?

Michael is concerned about how homework is negatively impacting the amount of time on task he gets from students in class. He would like to explore the idea that he is asking too much.

Byron is interested in better understanding the use of behavior charts in elementary classrooms. He decided to conduct a literature review. He put the term classroom management into an academic database and wrote his literature review using the first 10 results. Was this a good​ strategy? Why, or why​ not?

No. Byron should better define his search terms to fit his research problem.

Would the following question be suitable for a mixed methods​ study: ​"How does an open book testing approach impact student scores on the end of course​ test?"

No. This study seems best suited for quantitative methods.

On what type of scale are variables such as​ gender, ethnicity, or political affiliation​ measured?

Nominal

Michelle is interested in the professional development of engineering​ majors. She selects a sample of engineering majors who were seniors in 2015 and then surveys those same individuals every two​ years. What type of survey is she​ using?

Panel Study

A researcher who is a genuine participant in the activity under study is called​ a:

Participant Observer

When displaying data using​ percentages, one excellent choice for graphic display is​ the:

Pie chart

Marco hypothesizes that preschool attendance leads to aggressive behavior in kindergarten. The results of his causal-comparative study show that children who attended preschool are more aggressive in kindergarten than children who did not. He rules out reversed causality—​obviously, being aggressive in kindergarten could not cause preschool attendance—and ​concludes:

Preschool attendance and aggressive behavior are​ related, but the​ cause-effect relation is not clear.

If a researcher was serving as a​ teacher's aide in the setting in which she is observing but had the ability to pull away from the setting and become an observer during times of​ instruction, this researcher would best be described as​ a(n):

Privileged, active observer.

As results of a​ single-subject study are​ replicated, we can have more confidence in the appropriateness of the study​ _______________.

Procedures

The most common form of sampling in case study research​ is:

Purposeful Sampling

What is a primary difference between interpretation in qualitative research and interpretation in quantitative​ research?

Qualitative researchers can emphasize their personal experience and reflections.

Regarding the literature​ review, one difference between qualitative and quantitative research is​ that:

Qualitative researchers often review the literature after the topic has emerged over time.

Stephanie is planning her procedures for her causal-comparative study to identify a possible cause for why some third graders are overweight and others are not. Which of the following control procedure will she NOT​ use?

Randomly assigning participants to groups

Statistical testing is​ ______________ used in​ single-subject research.

Rarely

What does the researcher do when reading and​ memoing?

Read all the collected data and note initial impressions.

When conducting an independent samples t test in​ SPSS, what should you do when the​ Levene's test probability value is greater than​ .05?

Read the results on the row for equal variance assumed

Which of the following is the best example of a​ construct?

Reading ability

If an ethnographer was interested in doing research from an objective position on understanding the work life of rural​ Appalachians, what type of ethnographical approach would likely be the​ best?

Realist Ethnography

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific​ method?

Recognize and select a question

In her observations at the Charter School in a local​ parish, Ms. LeBlanc records her initial​ impressions, makes mental​ notes, and draws pictures of the classroom interactions. This process is known​ as:

Recording Field Notes

Action research is intended to help teachers develop in their ability​ to:

Reflect on their own practice

Jack reported a correlation of r ​= .08 between interest in reading and academic​ self-confidence. This correlation indicates that interest in reading and academic​self-confidence are:

Relatively unrelated

________________ is the repetition of a study or new test of its hypothesis.

Replication

Which of the following is likely followed by​ field-testing?

Research and Development

What is the first step in applying the scientific​ method?

Selecting and defining a research problem

Defining a research problem is important to research you conduct​ because:

Research problems reduce a study to a manageable size.

The​ ______________ is central as the integrator and interpreter of data in qualitative research.

Researcher

Which of the following rules would you NOT expect to find in a style​ manual?

Rules for the total length of a manuscript

While there are many issues facing action​ researchers, which issue is generally regarded as the most​ complex?

Safeguarding the rights and freedoms of students in the classroom.

The expected variation among sample means drawn from the same population​ is:

Sampling Error

Also used in quantitative​ research, this tool helps researchers visualize data based on themes of interest that appear related.

Scatterplot

If the data for at least one variable are expressed as rank or ordinal​ data, the appropriate correlation coefficient to use is most​ commonly:

Spearman's rho.

Which of the following terms best describes the process of designing and conducting an action research​ study?

Spiral

If you draw repeated samples from the same​ population, the mean of the samples will vary. What is the most common term for the standard deviation of these sample​means?

Standard error of the mean

The procedure most aligned with a researcher using quantitative methods​ involves:

Studying a large number of participants as a detached, objective observer

Data analysis in qualitative research involves​ ________________ the data.

Summarizing

Descriptive statistics serve the function​ of:

Summarizing the Data

All of the following are data collection methods typically used by the ethnographic researcher​ EXCEPT:

Surveys

One key characteristic of action research conducted by​ teachers, principals, and other school personnel is that the research process​ is:

Systematic

A researcher reports a​ single-subject study that found a​ 10% decrease in​ off-task behavior for Adam. Another researcher reads this study and replicates it with a different student with a behavior disorder. What type of a study is​ this?

Systematic Replication

Tyler randomly assigns students into one of two reading programs and wants to compare the two groups on their test scores at the conclusion of the program. What type of t test is​ appropriate?

T-test for independent samples

The process of organizing data systematically is known​ as:

Tabulation

Which of the following situations best illustrates action​ research?

Teachers collecting data in classrooms and implementing strategies

Which of the following is an example of a null​ hypothesis?

Teachers receiving holistic stress reduction training will have similar stress scores following training as those not receiving such training.

This supplemental source of test information is a comprehensive bibliography of all known commercially available tests that are currently in print.

Tests in Print​ (TIP)

Of the​ following, which is LEAST likely to be selected as a​ case?

The American school system

How do you access the ERIC​ database?

The ERIC database is available at almost every academic library or via its website.

What issue is present concerning the following field​ note: ​9:05- The student of interest is disruptive.

The field note is not detailed enough.

Despite using accepted​ procedures, Emily ended up with a response rate of​ 40% for her survey study of​ low-income families. What concern will she raise when interpreting the​ results?

The generalizability of results

Which of the following scenarios would likely not require a researcher to obtain written​ consent?

The guidance counselor at a school has particular interest in supporting a student and wishes to review the​ student's academic transcript.

Laura is a​ ninth-grade teacher planning an action research study about the problem of teaching English grammar effectively in her classroom. At what level might she conduct the​ study?

The individual teacher level to develop a solution for her classroom

Todd is interested in determining how innovation in school scheduling impacts the professionals who work in the school. He selects a sample of five teachers to conduct case study research. What is the major issue with​ Todd's design?

The major issue is the roles of the participants in the sample.

Which characteristic distinguishes causal-comparative research from experimental research​?

The manipulation of the conditions

Where along a normal curve would one find the most frequently occurring​ score?

The mean score located at the middle of the curve

Which of the following is NOT a typical level for action​ research?

The national level

Jordan needs a research problem for her thesis. She goes to the library and goes through all of the journals searching for ideas. Evaluate​ Jordan's strategy for finding a research problem.

The strategy will likely not work well because the amount of material in the library will be overwhelming at this stage in her research.

What characteristic distinguishes a longitudinal study from other types of survey​ research?

The survey is administered at two or more points in time.

Sam has pretest and posttest data for students in a seventh grade science program and wants to know if the scores improved. What type of t test is​ appropriate?

The t test for non-independent samples

Relationship and prediction studies differ with regard​ to:

The timing of data collection

What is one key place to look to determine if a study is in fact a mixed methods​ study?

The title

Which of the following is the best example of a hypothesis with an operationally defined​ variable?

There is no difference in​ second-language proficiency, as determine by those reaching CEFR B1​ level, between the two instructional approaches.

Which of the following represents an appropriate use of numbers in a research report that follows the major​ convention?

There were 82 subjects in the study.

Teachers who become action researchers typically engage in action research​ because:

They want to engage in action research.

The purpose of mixed methods research is​ to:

Understand a phenomenon more fully than is possible using either quantitative or qualitative designs alone.

Which of the following is NOT a good choice for graphing​ data?

Word

In the prediction equation Y​ = a​ + bX​, the b refers​ to:

a coefficient that indicates the contribution of the predictor variable to the criterion variable.

In relation to hypothesis​ testing, alpha​, symbolized as α​, is:

a criterion to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

A research plan is defined​ as:

a detailed description of a study proposed to investigate a given problem.

Of the​ following, the best example of assessment​ is:

a standardized reading test.

A quality literature review​ is:

a systematic​ identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem.

Reliability and validity are interrelated. Of the​ following, the most accurate statement of that interrelation is​ that:

a valid test is always​ reliable, but a reliable test is not always valid.

If an ethnographic researcher is also participating in the classroom setting being studied as a​ paraprofessional, this ethnographer is likely​ a(n):

active participant observer.

When deciding how many cases to​ select, the researcher​ should:

add cases only if it will strengthen understanding.

Consider a study that examines the relationship of intelligence and attitude towards math. Intelligence​ is:

an abstraction that we cannot directly observe.

A​ third-party examination of the processes of data​ collection, analysis, and interpretation is known​ as:

an external audit.

An important component of good research planning​ is:

anticipating potential problems and developing solutions.

Ethnographic research offers all of the following​ EXCEPT:

an​ exhaustive, absolute description.

Ruth is conducting an experiment to examine the effects of a new method of science instruction with those of the current approach. She should ensure that the two​groups:

are similar on every variable except the independent variable.

Laura has received a copy of her​ son's standardized math test scores. She was informed that he scored at the 85th​ percentile, meaning that he scored better than​ 85% of students who have taken the test. The standardized math test was most​ likely

a​ norm-referenced test.

Establishing a pattern or range of student baseline performance is known​ as:

baseline stability.

When conducting mixed methods​ research, you should adhere to the basic principles​ of:

both quantitative and qualitative research.

A researchable problem is one​ that:

can be studied by collecting and analyzing data.

If a researcher is interested in producing a correlation based on a group of predictor variables and a group of criterion​ variables, she should​ consider:

canonical analysis

Reconnaissance​ involves:

clarifying what is already known about the proposed focus of the study.

In contrast to quantitative​ research, ethical issues common in qualitative research may occur due​ to:

closer, more prolonged contact with participants

The final step of the narrative research process before writing the actual narrative is​ to:

collaborate with the research participant to construct the narrative.

Tamyra is planning a qualitative study of the curricular changes in her school. Her literature review will likely​ be:

completed later than if she were doing a quantitative study.

In qualitative​ research, one concern about reliability is​ whether:

data was collected consistently.

A research plan generally does NOT include information​ about:

definitive conclusions to be drawn from the data.

Qualitative researchers who believe the literature review should come early in the research process believe that the literature​ review:

demonstrates the underlying assumptions behind the research questions that are central to the research proposal.

The type of data collected for an action research study is​ generally:

dependent on the nature of the problem.

In an experimental​ study, another name for the effect variable is​ the:

dependent variable.

Case study is an excellent research method for answering​ ____________________________ questions.

descriptive and exploratory

Cassie records each step completed by the food service staff as they prepare the​ day's lunch in a middle school cafeteria. She is​ recording:

descriptive field notes.

One purpose of a correlational study may be​ to:

determine relations among variables.

Inferential statistics helps​ researchers:

determine the extent to which they can generalize to a population based on a sample.

Of the following​ techniques, the most useful for writing a research report​ is:

developing an outline.

Case study research can also be characterized by the​ ______________________ the researcher brings to the case study.

disciplinary orientation

A reason to include dissertations reports in​ meta-analysis studies is​ that:

dissertation studies tend to show smaller experimental effects and lead to a more accurate estimate of effect.

When considering ethics in qualitative​ research, perhaps the most important thing to remember is​ to:

do no harm to participants.

Complete this​ sentence: Qualitative​ researchers:

do not delve deeply into their literature until the problem has emerged over time.

The main purpose of including a cover letter with a questionnaire is​ to:

encourage participants to respond.

The ethnographic method LEAST likely to focus on cultural themes​ is:

ethnographic case study.

One purpose for correlational research is​ to:

examine the strength of variables in predicting an outcome.

Of the​ following, the most desired use of results from an action research study is that the results​ are:

examined by teachers to modify their practice.

In correlational​ research, it is imperative that the variables have​ __________ reliabilities.

high

The final product in narrative research is usually easy to negotiate between researcher and participant due​ to:

high levels of trust between researcher and participant.

One major pitfalls involved in writing your own assessment​ is:

inadvertently writing ambiguous questions.

When you find studies that may contradict the majority of your other​ sources, you​ should:

include them and attempt to determine a possible explanation.

To say that a case study is descriptive in nature means that the end result of the​ study:

includes many variables and analyses of their interactions.

When using a causal-comparative design, a researcher should​ NOT:

infer causation.

A directional​ hypothesis:

is used when a researcher has theoretical or empirical support for a prediction.

One of the most effective ways of obtaining literature related to your field of study outside of digital resources is​ to:

join a professional organization.

One purpose of a correlational study may be​ to:

make predictions.

A researcher is interested in the effect of two types of instruction that they call​ "whole math" and​ "drill &​ practice" on​ second-grade mathematics achievement. She assigns class 1 to​ "drill &​ practice" and class 2 to​ "whole math." In this design the dependent variable​ is:

mathematics achievement.

For interval and ratio​ data, what is the preferred measure of central​ tendency?

mean

A good research problem​ is:

narrow and manageable.

A limitation may​ ___________ a study.

negatively impact

In narrative​ research, the researcher and the participant​ ________________ the final text.

negotiate

Ethnographic research offers a representation of a​ person's life and behavior that belongs​ to:

neither the​ researcher's nor the​ participant's.

A good review of the literature for a frequently studied topic should​ contain:

only references that are directly related to your specific problem.

In an​ experiment, an effect size of .01 indicates​ that:

on​ average, the experimental and control groups performed about the same.

When developing an outline for the literature​ review, you should​ typically:

organize headings related to the research problem.

In autobiographical narrative​ research, the researcher is also the​ ____________________.

participant

A good research report​ will:

permit replication by another researcher.

A relationship​ study, also referred to as an explanatory correlational​ study, should NOT be used​ to:

predict future performance on one variable from another.

In planning a research​ study, Sherry is questioning whether a particular instrument predicts future performance very well.​ Thus, she is concerned with​ the:

predictive validity of the test.

When writing your research​ report, it is most important to​ consult:

professional journals pertinent to your field of study.

A review of the relevant literature in a quantitative study serves​ to:

provide an overview of the research problem.

A primary source is often more valuable to a researcher than a secondary source because​ it:

provides detailed information about all aspects of a study.

When a case study is described as being heuristic in​ nature, this means that the​ study:

provides the researcher with insights into the kinds of relationships that exist between participants.

The local library conducts a summer reading program. This summer it has included a visiting author in the program. There have been some concerns about the cost of the​ program, especially because both the PTA and the nearby university include a​ visiting-author program during the academic year.​ Tyler, the​ librarian, has decided to collect data from program participants this summer to make a decision about whether to include the​ visiting-author program again next year. Applying the scientific​method, the first step Tyler is taking is​ to:

recognize and define the problem.

An important component of ethnographic research is a researcher that constantly engages​ in:

reflective practice

It is important that the qualitative​ researcher:

remain immersed in the data during analysis.

The following strategies are used by ethnographic researchers to help ensure the quality of the gathered data​ EXCEPT:

remaining removed from participants to ensure objectivity.

Grace has described in great detail the major steps she will follow in conducting her qualitative​ study, particularly the information on gaining entry to the site and identifying participants. This information is likely found in​ the:

research procedures section of her plan.

The best indicator of whether or not a study is​ well-suited for mixed methods research is​ the:

research question.

A concluding summary of your literature review​ should:

review the main themes of the literature and its implications.

Obtaining the same results on repeated administration of the same instrument is known​ as:

test-retest reliability

In the​ A-B single-subject​ design, the​ "B" identifies​ a:

treatment phase.

It is vitally important to explain your​ research:

using understandable language.

Amber has completed the analysis of a study of teaching practices. Which of the following techniques might assist her​ interpretation?

Seeking advice from a colleague

Which of the following is NOT an important consideration when selecting a participant for a​ single-subject design?

Selecting an individual using random selection

What is a good approach for identifying the variables of interest in a correlational​ study?

Selecting variables discussed as possibly related in the literature

Which act authorized the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral​ Research?

The National Research Act of 1974

Carol conducted a correlational study to examine whether and to what extent sex predicts if a student enrolls in college after high school. What type of correlation should she​ conduct?

The Phi Coefficient

In a correlational​ study, correlation coefficients may range​ from:

-1.00 to 1.00

The first step in ensuring that participants are free from harm is to avoid exposing participants to​ any:

undue risk.

When conducting a literature​ review, an​ outline:

will save you time and effort.

A survey in which data are collected from selected individuals at a single point in time is known as​ a:

​cross-sectional survey.

A​ well-developed research plan results​ in:

​higher-quality research.

At least two people should independently score some or all the data​ when:

​open-ended items are included.

A researcher wants to study the effects of a new math curriculum on final exam scores and plans to assign certain math classes to try it for one semester while having the other classes use the usual curriculum. This design is best described as​ a:

​quasi-experimental design.

An experimental design that involves the manipulation of only one independent variable is known as a

​single-variable design.

Alli takes an assessment designed by her teacher to determine her reading progress throughout the school year. Alli takes the assessment at the beginning of the​ year, at​ mid-term, and at the end of the year. Her scores are compared to show progress. What type of assessment approach is​ this?

Self-referenced scoring approach

Providing a graphical representation of the data helps to understand the​ ________ of the data.

Shape

Kathy gathered data about​ participants' levels of​ self-efficacy. She conducted a hypothesis test to determine whether there is a difference between boys and​ girls, using a level of significance of .05. When she computed the​ statistic, she obtained a p value of .04. What conclusion can she​ draw?

She fails to reject the null hypothesis and concludes there is no difference.

Susie engaged in the following activities last semester. Which of these activities is an example of utilizing the scientific​ method?

She gathered and analyzed data from teachers in the district to answer a question about their attitudes regarding new​ high-stakes testing policies.

Which of the following best describes the typical flow of activities involved in quantitative data​ analysis?

Scoring, tabulating, coding, describing

Reviewing documents about the proposed case study site to determine whether it is an appropriate choice is known as​ a:

Screening Procedure

Which of the following is an online research and reference management​ tool?

Endnote

Which of the following would be considered a​ variable?

Ethnicity

In studying one new​ after-school reading​ program, a researcher provides a detailed description of the activities and lessons learned from the program. This study is an example of​ a(n):

Ethnographic Case Study

The first step in the data analysis process for a​ single-subject design is​ to:

Evaluate the adequacy of the design

A school district has implemented a new program to enhance support for teachers in high schools. You need to conduct a study to determine whether the new program is effective and worth the investment. What is the best classification for this type of​ research?

Evaluation Research

If a principal collaborates with a researcher to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly implemented​ curriculum, she is taking part​ in:

Evaluation Research

In which type of study would you most likely find evaluation criteria related to the control of extraneous variables through the selection of specific research​ designs?

Experimental

In experimental​ research, the group receiving the new treatment is referred to as​ the:

Experimental Group

Karen has gathered data for her causal-comparative study comparing​ self-efficacy scores for male and female​ seventh-grade students. She analyzes her data using procedures MOST similar to which other design​?

Experimental design

When a researcher begins by first collecting quantitative data and then moves to qualitative data while weighting the quantitative data more​ heavily, this is known​ as:

Explanatory Sequential

Mr. Carr is concerned that the lunch period is too late in the day and that hunger is impacting his​ students' ability to focus. He gives a pretest that evaluates how well students can stay on task. He then implements a treatment that includes giving his students snacks during the middle of class. After offering snacks for two​ weeks, he gives his students a posttest that evaluates how well his students can stay on task. What type of study would this​ be?

One group pretest-posttest

To say that a case study is particularistic means that it is focused​ on:

One particular phenomenon

The number of aggressive acts on a playground observed during a​ school-day recess period is an example of​ a(n):

Operational Definition

One method for creating field texts is to have participants share​ their:

Oral Histories

The scale of measurement that involves​ rank-ordering data, but with unequal intervals between​ ranks, is known as​ a(n):

Ordinal Scale

Which of the following is usually the best way to organize a literature​ review?

Organize the reviewed studies into groups of topics or themes.

Jana is ready to analyze her data systematically. She has collected all the qualitative data in one place and is confident that she can analyze and interpret the data.​However, her first concern is that she cannot tell which days she collected which information. Jana has best illustrated a problem​ in:

Organizing

The results of a quantitative study should​ include:

Outcomes of the tests of significance

The two overriding rules of ethics​ are:

Participants should not be harmed in any way and consent should always be obtained from participants.

If a researcher is interested in testing theories about the ways in which groups of variables are related to a given variable she should consider​ using:

Path analysis

Which of the following is an example of a multiple case​ study?

Paul wants to learn about literacy practices as they relate to preschool students. He selects three families to study.

The most common technique for calculating a correlation coefficient uses the product moment correlation​ coefficient, usually referred to as​ the:

Pearson r

Matt must complete a project for his research class. A challenge he has faced this year is developing appropriate strategies for working with a child with autism in his classroom. He wonders what strategies other middle school teachers have found effective in working with children diagnosed with autism. The source of this research problem is derived​ from:

Personal Experiences

Ruth is preparing for her first day observing in a classroom for a particular study. Which of the following approaches might​ help?

Plan a brief initial observation

The following are examples of how a case might be defined​ EXCEPT:

Point of view

What is one major reason school systems may hesitate to allow a researcher access to their​ schools?

Poor prior experiences

Meta-analysis was originally introduced​ by:

Glass, McGaw, and Smith.

What would be the standardized score ​(z score) for a student who scored at the 50th​ percentile?

0

The basis of critical action​ research, as opposed to practical action​ research, is:

A body of critical theory

Becky has received a copy of her​ child's standardized math test scores. Even though her child​ "passed" the​ exam, the report indicates a weakness in multiplication and division. The standardized math test was most​ likely:

A criterion referenced test

Which of the following would be included in descriptive field notes in ethnographic​ research?

A detailed rendering of​ individuals, the​ setting, and scenes

Who usually grants approval to conduct research in a school​ district?

A district level administrator or the school board

Kelly wants to study the effect of writing daily goals on homework completion for a middle school student who has been diagnosed with ADHD. She decides that she will first apply the strategy when he is in​ math, then in​ English, and finally in science. What design is Kelly planning to​ use?

A multiple baseline design

How does a pilot study differ from the planned​ study?

A pilot study has fewer participants.

Doug studies ecology education. His research team is going into the field to observe the characteristics of a summer ecology education program. Before they​ go, Doug provides them all with a common framework to use when taking their​ notes, also known​ as:

A protocol

Kelly tested her​ students' achievement in French class. The test had a maximum score of 100. The lowest score was a​ 45, and the highest score achieved was a 95. We would say that this​ indicates:

A range of 50

A scale of measurement consisting of equal intervals that does in fact have a true zero point is known​ as:

A ratio scale

A principal may place some stipulations on participation. Which of the following should not be considered as a possibility by the​ researcher?

A request that your results are not disseminated without principal approval

Of the​ following, which is an example of practical action​ research?

A study of how teachers respond to aggressive behavior on the playground

Which of the following is an example of a mixed methods​ study?

A study that gathered​ focus-group interviews and attitude surveys

Which of the following scenarios would be reasonable for case study​ methodology?

A teacher interested in understanding the effectiveness of an implemented IEP on a student receiving special education services

Which of the following is NOT a likely combination of action​ researchers?

A team of researchers in multiple schools across multiple states

A good place to look and determine how the researcher combined quantitative and qualitative data in the research study is​ the:

Abstract

The XYZ test measures​ fifth-graders' current mathematics proficiency. What type of test is the XYZ​ test?

Achievement Test

A good research design for a classroom teacher to implement in order to provide a solution to homework completion in a school setting​ is:

Action Research

A high school principal wants to conduct a study to solve a particular problem with teachers feeling unsupported by administration. What is the best classification for this type of​ research?

Action Research

A​ first-year teacher struggling with classroom management is interested in how well students responded to new classroom rules and procedures. He decides to conduct research himself in his own classroom. Which of the following best describes this type of​ research?

Action Research

Compared to other research​ methods, of the​ following, which is generally true of action​ research?

Action research is conducted by teachers.

Adam has conducted qualitative research that includes conducting focus groups with alternative high school students in order to better understand their sense of school membership. He felt the results of his study were​ useful, but would like to better understand the issue. How could he continue this study as a mixed methods​ study?

Adam could do survey work that included a measure of school membership.

Laura is collecting data through interviews and begins to hear the same thoughts and perspectives from all participants. What does this observation​ indicate?

Additional participants are probably not needed.

Which type of assessment would typically contain a question​ like: "Which do you​ prefer, jazz or​ hip-hop?"

Affective Test

Sharon is interested in the topics that art teachers choose to teach in U.S. middle schools. What would be the population for her​ study?

All art teachers in the United States

A survey researcher would be most likely to plan to draw conclusions​ about:

All parents in a community

Why is it important for action researchers to offer participants the opportunity to opt out of a​ study? Choose the best answer.

Allowing participants the option to opt out helps to maintain a trusting relationship.

Which of the following professional organizations provides ethical guidance for qualitative​ researchers?

American Anthropological Association (AAA)

Regardless of research​ method, all research should have the following​ characteristic:

A​ thorough, well-planned data collection and analysis process

Which of the following would best be suited for narrative​ research?

An alternative high school teacher is interested in analyzing his own experiences as a​ first-year teacher in an alternative school setting.

Marci is studying the strategies teachers use to manage the inclusion of learners with special needs within the general education classroom. While observing a​seventh-grade history​ class, she noted that the teacher employed a cooperative learning strategy that she had not seen before. At the end of​ class, she asked him about the strategy and how effectively it works. Her questions for the teacher are​ considered:

An unstructured Interview

​___________________ involves the development of a collection of stories and the search for themes to develop general knowledge about the collection of stories.

Analysis of Narrative

Cheryl has the mean math achievement test scores for all​ fifth-grade students in her school. She would like to find out how scores differ between students who receive special education​ services, students identified as​ gifted, and typical students who do not qualify for any special services. What sort of test should she​ run?

Analysis of variance​ (ANOVA)

What technique in the analysis of narrative data aims to provide the complexity of a story and add depth and insight about the​ experiences?

Analyzing Themes

Which of the following terms applies to the situation in which the identities of the participants are unknown to the​ researcher?

Anominity

Carolyn was engaged in a qualitative research project that involved understanding the schooling experiences of students with emotional and behavioral concerns. Carolyn noticed that every time the teacher used a stern tone of​ voice, several of the students with emotional and behavioral concerns would disengage from the lesson by placing their heads on their desks. In this​ example, the​ teacher's tone was the​ _________________ and the students placing their heads on their desks was the​ ________________.

Antecedent - Consequence

Which of the following would best describe the process of applying or testing a theory to determine its usefulness in solving practical​ problems?

Applied Research

When critiquing a mixed methods​ study, it is important to determine whether quantitative and qualitative methods were​ incorporated:

Appropriately

The following are appropriate criteria to use when evaluating the results of a research report​ EXCEPT?

Are the design and procedures appropriate for the​ study's purpose?

When​ planning, a strategy to ensure the content validity of your questionnaire is​ to:

As several respondents to answer

Which of the following is an example of purposeful qualitative sampling for a study about​ teachers' experiences with students diagnosed with​ autism?

Asking teachers of children with autism to suggest other teachers to contact

Rebecca has found a statistically significant correlation coefficient of​ -.50 between hours spent surfing the Internet and homework completion. What does this​ mean?

As​ students' time on the Internet​ increases, their rate of homework completion tends to decrease.

​_____________________ is the reduction in correlation coefficients that tends to occur if the measures have low reliability.

Attenuation

Which of the following is an example of a Type II​ error?

A​ lie-detection device for a retail employer that does not flag a future employee for​ shoplifting, when in fact that person is lying

Karen wants to study motivation and locates the Student Motivation Instrument. As she reads the items on this​ instrument, she is concerned that they are really measuring​ self-efficacy more than motivation. This researcher is questioning​ the:

Construct Validity

What term refers to a​ researcher's efforts to remove the influence of any​ variable, other than the independent​ variable, that may affect performance on the dependent​variable?

Control

If a researcher conducts a study in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously and are given equal weight in the​ study, this is known​ as:

Convergent Parallel Design

Theresa wants to understand​ people's perceptions of bullying at a high school. She gathers data with a survey and collects several​ focus-group interviews and then compares the two sets of results. Which mixed methods design did she​ use?

Convergent Parallel Design

Which of the following inferential statistics would you be LEAST likely to calculate in a causal-comparative study?

Correlation Coefficient

A researcher wants to examine three different treatment effects to reduce test anxiety among students. Treatment​ #1 is a deep breathing​ exercise; treatment​ #2 is a physical movement​ activity; and treatment​ #3 is listening to a recording of nature sounds. All three classrooms receive all three treatments. What type of design is being​ used?

Counterbalanced Design

Why is it a good idea for action researchers to provide cover letters explaining the research to​ parents, IRBs, and school​ administrators?

Cover letters can proactively address the concerns of all stakeholders.

When a researcher takes into account all the complexities in the study and addresses problems that are not easily explained she is working to​ establish:

Credibility

What type of case study would most likely be​ titled: "Implications for Classroom Practice from the Case of​ Cassidy, a​ 12-Year-Old Girl with​ ADHD"?

Heuristic

In examining patterns of racial discrimination in a large urban school​ setting, a researcher suggests that certain racial groups have been marginalized and rallies against these inequities. This study is an example of​ a(n):

Critical Ethnography

Which form of ethnography represents a highly political​ approach?

Critical Ethnography

Which of the following could be a threat to the internal validity of an experimental​ study?

Differences in socioeconomic status

What is the name given to the final research report prepared by graduate students to complete a doctoral​ program?

Dissertation

Which of the following statements serve as quality advice for conducing qualitative​ research?

Do not take things personally.

Of the​ following, the research question best addressed by causal-comparative research​ is:

Do student smoking rates differ between​ rural, suburban, and urban high​ schools?

Of the​ following, which best illustrates a correlational​ study?

Does parental involvement predict​ students' grades?

Which of the following research questions is best addressed by experimental​ research?

Does peer tutoring lead to better writing performance than online tutorials​ do?

Which of the following is best studied with a​ single-subject research​ design?

Does singing a song at the start of daycare reduce a​ child's misbehavior when her parent​ leaves?

One helpful dictation software commonly used by narrative researchers​ is:

Dragon Dictation

Data analysis in qualitative research​ occurs:

During and after the data collection

What is the largest digital library of education literature in the world

ERIC

Candy is studying​ bullying, and she searches ERIC to find past research. Why is this a good​ choice?

ERIC is an online database focused on education.

This nonprofit organization is focused on providing educators with information about testing programs and their impact on policy decisions related to student achievement.

ERS

Which of the following factors is most important in selecting a​ test?

Ease of use

The key feature of​ meta-analysis is that the results from each study are translated into​ a(n):

Effect size

A school district conducts a parent survey and finds overwhelming dissatisfaction with the item addressing​ parent-teacher communication. Since the survey showed only percentages of responses on a​ 5-point scale, the district contracts with a research organization to conduct​ follow-up focus groups to identify the source of the problem. What type of mixed methods design does this most closely​ resemble?

Explanatory sequential design

When a researcher begins by first collecting qualitative data and then moves to quantitative data while weighting the qualitative data more​ heavily, this is known​ as:

Exploratory Sequential Design

Which mixed methods design is based on the rationale that the study needs to begin with a researcher first studying a topic qualitatively before knowing what can be​measured?

Exploratory sequential design

One major drawback of​ single-subject designs is that they suffer from low​ ______________.

External Validity

When designing a​ study, Peggy wants to ensure that her results can be generalized to other settings. What type of validity is she concerned​ with?

External Validity

Which of the following describes a homogenous sample for a qualitative study about​ adolescents' experiences with quitting​ smoking?

Female high school juniors who all smoke three to five cigarettes per day and express a desire to quit in the near future

In ethnographic​ research, data are collected​ through:

Field work

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of critical action​ research?

Finding Fault

A potential graphical representation of frequencies is​ a:

Frequency Polygon

When meeting participants it is important to​ be:

Friendly

One of the major benefits to having an outside reviewer who is not directly involved in your work is that​ she/he can often​ find:

Gaps in your logic

Of the​ following, which best describes data collection in a case​ study?

Gathering multiple forms of data

To structure items in a questionnaire in the best possible​ way, a researcher should begin​ with:

General Questions

__________________ is promoted when replication includes other participants who share the same​ problem, matched closely on relevant variables.

Generalizability

Gaining approval to conduct research can be complex. What is one important key to gaining cooperation from a school​ system?

Good planning

Grace conducts a​ single-subject study of a behavioral intervention. How is she most likely to analyze the​ results?

Graphical Analysis

You administered a​ 15-item online questionnaire that contains Likert items regarding perceptions of teaching quality. What is the most meaningful way to report the​results?

Group items into clusters that address the same aspect of teaching quality and report the mean for each aspect.

For her qualitative​ study, Carol wants to use criterion sampling to select participants for her qualitative study about​ high-achieving students' decision process for selecting a college. Which of the following participants will she likely​ use?

High school seniors who scored at least 1400 on the SAT

Jeff is conducting a literature review to prepare for a qualitative research study on student motivation and grades. Which of the following functions are most important for his literature​ review?

His literature review will help to refine research questions and develop the guiding hypotheses.

Consider the research​ question, "Are there differences in apparent fatigue in​ third-grade learners who are either given homework or not given​ homework?" What is the independent​ variable?

Homework status

Of the​ following, which is likely the best research question for an action research​ study?

How can we support​ low-SES students in our classrooms to help keep them in​ school?

Practical action research represents a​ _________ approach to the process of action research.

How-to

Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in a fully developed qualitative research​ plan?

Hypotheses statements

It is important that narrative researchers​ obtain:

IRB Approval

Of the​ following, the earliest step in identifying and narrowing a research problem​ is:

Identifying a subject area of interest to you.

In educational​ research, this term refers to a tool used to collect data.

Instrument

Charles is conducting a qualitative study to understand the role of emotions when learning. To​ sample, he sorts his population into two types of individuals—those who are extremely happy and those who are extremely sad—and selects from the groups. He is​ using:

Intensity Sampling

All incoming graduate students are asked to answer a series of questions about their liking for particular activities. Given a list of activities​ (such as whitewater rafting or reading a​ book), the respondent checks off​ "like," "dislike," or​ "indifferent." What type of affective test is​ this?

Interest Inventory

Of the​ following, the reliability estimate that requires only a single administration of a test​ is:

Internal Consistency Reliability

Kaitlyn conducted a​ single-subject study where she considered the impact of a reward system on the prosocial behaviors of one of her students. She found that the intervention was statistically significant and increased the number of occurrences of prosocial behaviors by​ 4%. What conclusion might Kaitlyn​ make?

Kaitlyn may conclude that while the intervention yielded statistical​ significance, the practical implications may not be very helpful.

One method used by narrative researchers to engage the participants in writing about their lived experiences and to engage the narrative researcher and participant in a dialogue​ is:

Letter Writing

Alice is a new teacher interested in receiving feedback about her​ students' attitudes toward working in groups in class. She has an assessment instrument that requires students to select a position from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree for several statements about working in groups. This instrument is an example​ of:

Likert Scale

When considering the relation between data collection and analysis in qualitative​ research, which of the following terms does NOT​ apply?

Linear

Becky asks the teachers at her school to identify their favorite snack for inservice workshops from a list of ten choices. The most popular response was​ "cheese and​crackers." What statistic did Becky​ report?

Mode

Which of the following scenarios would be appropriate for action​ research?

Mr. McMillan is interested in understanding how his usage of a science study support software influences his​ students' test scores on the​ end-of-unit test.

Which of the following would you expect to distinguish the report of a multiple case study from the report of an intrinsic case​ study?

Multiple description​ passages, each describing a case

In​ Peggy's correlational​ study, students' GPAs in their freshman year of college are predicted from their ACT scores and high school GPA. What type of analysis should she​ conduct?

Multiple regression

​_______________________ involves describing the development of a narrative or story that focuses on particular knowledge about how or why an outcome occurred.

Narrative Analysis

One of the most distinctive features of an ethnographic study is that it is carried out in a​ ____________ setting.

Natural

What does the amount of literature available on a topic indicate about the importance of the​ topic?

Nothing.

Jose is studying high school​ students' use of cell phones outside of school. He volunteers as a chaperone and rides the school bus to and from school each day for a semester and records how he sees students using their cell phones. What type of qualitative data is​ this?

Observation

If a researcher were interested in understanding​ male-pattern baldness, the larger group of males from which the research selected her group for studying would be referred to as​ the:

Population

A study characterized by individual​ teachers' decision-making​ authority, commitments to continued professional​ development, and systematic reflection on their practice is known​ as:

Practical Action Research

Action research is intended to​ solve:

Practical Issues

The variable used to predict is known as​ the:

Predictor

Jack wants to study the relationship between level of homesickness and depression for freshman college students. He tells his advisor that he will be able to gather data from 75 students. What is the likely reaction of his​ advisor?

She is pleased that​ Jack's sample will have more than the minimum number.

Jaafar wants to study the issue of homelessness by telling the story of one adolescent whose family is homeless. She tells her advisor that she will gather data from this one student for her narrative research study. What is the likely reaction of her​ advisor?

She is satisfied that Jaafar will have sufficient participants

Jamie is conducting an ethnographic study of graduate students in a leadership program. Which of the following is the best example of how she might be​ reflective?

She reflects on how she affected the group

Carol is studying school safety using mixed methods. She describes her study using the following​ notation: QUAN → qual. Which of the following best describes her data​ collection?

She will weight the quantitative data more heavily.

Journal articles are typically​ ______________ than dissertations.

Shorter

In prediction​ studies, the tendency for the prediction to be less accurate for a group other than the one on which it was originally developed is known​ as:

Shrinkage

Which level is most appropriate for this​ scenario: The history department at SAGE Academy is interested in exploring whether or not an online learning program increases student​ on-task behaviors.

Single school or department level

Which type of research would best be suited for studying the effects of a behavioral intervention on a few​ participants?

Single-subject research

When analyzing data from a multiple case study of a reading​ program, the researcher might need to see differences between​ high, medium, and low performing sites. What technique would be most​ useful?

Site-ordered descriptive matrix

Sandy is interested in finding out whether​ parents' habits of​ self-regulation at work correlate with their​ children's habits of​ self-regulation at school. She has parents and children take a​ five-item Likert scale​ survey, which ranges from 1 (not at all like​ me) to 5 (a lot like ​me). A sample item​ is: "When friends are​ nearby, I can still pay attention to my​ work." What does it mean if the correlation coefficient is​ .40, p ​< .05?

Sixteen percent of the variance in scores is commonly shared by parents and children.

As the sample size​ increases, the value needed to reach statistical significance becomes​ ___________.

Smaller

The main goal of action research is to give teachers a tool​ for:

Solving everyday problems in schools

Which of the following is NOT an example of a validation strategy used to ensure the credibility of qualitative research​ findings?

Standardized Procedures

Of the​ following, which is the BEST research​ hypothesis?

Students taught in a​ co-operative group setting have higher achievement test scores than do students taught in a traditional class.

Which of the following is the best source of information about a​ test?

The Mental Measurements Yearbook

In regards to action​ research, what piece of legislation was designed to protect the privacy of​ students' educational​ records?

The National Research Act of 1974

What does it mean for baseline data to be​ stable?

The baseline measures fall within a consistent range.

Joe has found a theoretical framework around which his qualitative study could be framed. He is writing his research plan. His discussion of this framework is likely found​ in:

The introduction section of his plan

Sonya has designed an intervention to promote​ perspective-taking and empathy among​ fifth-grade students. She gave her control and treatment groups a pretest at the beginning of the​ fifth-grade year. The control group went through a​ four-month module about understanding the feelings and thoughts of others. The posttest was administered about two months after the end of the treatment. Which of the following is the likeliest threat to internal​ validity?

The maturation of the students between the pretest and the posttest

Becky is using a​ single-subject design to test the effect of background music on the number of completed repetitions for a student undergoing daily rehabilitation to improve the ability to walk. Which of the following strategies will most likely enhance the internal validity of the​ study?

The need for a reliable measure of completed repetitions

When writing the​ narrative, it is most important to collaborate​ with:

The participant

Which of the following is the best example of a good educational research​ problem?

The problem to be investigated is whether students involved in the​ peer-tutoring program demonstrate increased math skills.

Which of the following is an example of a causal-comparative ​study?

The purpose of a study is to identify the differences between gifted students and​ non-gifted students in the quality of their social networks.

Which of the following best characterizes sampling in an exploratory sequential​ design?

The quantitative sample involves different participants than does the qualitative sample.

Which of the following defines the weight given to phases of data collection in a mixed methods​ study?

The relative importance of the quantitative and qualitative data

Which of the following characteristics does NOT fit a​ single-subject research​ design?

The researcher uses random assignment.

Which of the following would lead a researcher to choose a narrative​ design?

The researcher wants to study​ individuals' stories.

Consider the following study title. What clues are present to suggest that the study may use mixed methods​ research? ​"Understanding Alternative High​ Schools: A Convergent Parallel Study Using Surveys and​ Interviews"

The title mentions a convergent parallel design.

Why​ doesn't action research usually occur across multiple school​ sites?

The unique characteristics of each school would make this difficult.

Similar codes aggregated together to form a major idea in the database are​ called:

Themes

In observing a classroom for case study​ research, a sociologist may pay close attention to the social interactions of students while an anthropologist may observe and define the role of culture in the classroom. Determining through which lens you will approach your case study research means determining​ your:

Theoretical Framework

When looking at the scores of girls and boys on measures of enjoyment of creative​ writing, Ms. Jensen ran a t test to look for statistically significant differences. The girls had higher mean scores than the boys​ did, and the p value for the test was .32. How should Ms. Jensen interpret​ this?

There are no significant differences between girls and boys.

Given the research​ question, "Is there a significant difference in​ sixth-grade student achievement as measured by classroom tests between learners taught via lecture only and those taught via​ slides?" a sensible​ non-directional hypothesis​ is:

There is a significant difference in student achievement between those taught via lecture only and those taught via slides.

Mr. Walker wants to study the effect of positive reinforcements on the prosocial behaviors of one student who has been identified as being on the autism spectrum. He would like to choose the design that has the highest level of internal validity as well as being the most ethical option for his student. Which design should Mr. Walker​choose?

The​ A-B-A-B design

Which of the following is a definition of culture as applied to​ ethnography?

The​ attitudes, values,​ concepts, beliefs, and practices shared by members of a group

A researcher wants to study the effects of goal setting on learning vocabulary in Chinese language class. She is studying the students in one class and uses three pretests and three posttests for each unit where the​ goal-setting intervention is applied. Which design is she​ using?

Time-series design

What is the purpose of​ restorying?

To construct the narrative account in a chronological sequence

An analysis of covariance is used for what​ purpose?

To control for extraneous variables (ANCOVA)

Which of the following best describes a potential purpose of an ethnographic​ study?

To describe and interpret the daily life of teachers in an elementary school

Which of the following aims calls for using a survey research​ design?

To describe the attitudes of teachers in the state

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a​ single-subject design?

To determine the effect of a treatment on a single individual

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a measure of central​ tendency?

To provide one score that best describes the typical score among a group of scores

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a​ case-study design?

To study a bounded system

Travis conducts a study and finds that there is a strong correlation between students with a strong positive​ self-image and students who score above 1200 on the SAT. He concludes that a strong positive​ self-image causes students to score above 1200 on the SAT. What basic mistake has Travis​ made?

Travis has assumed causation.

Dr. Miller is an educational researcher interested in how the attitudes of​ first-generation college students toward the value of education as a tool for social mobility change over time. What type of longitudinal survey is Dr. Miller likely to​ utilize?

Trend Survey

Educational research is a process​ of:

Trial and error

Like other​ researchers, case study researchers collect data from multiple sources in a process​ called:

Triangulation

The process of corroborating findings from different​ individuals, data​ sources, or collection methods is known​ as:

Triangulation

Which of the following topics would be best explored with ethnographic​ research?

Understanding the experiences of alternative high school students recently transitioning from traditional education settings

Lori is doing a causal-comparative study on whether valedictorians from private high schools are more likely to go to Ivy League colleges than are valedictorians from public high schools. She believes that students from private schools have a financial advantage. To control for this​ variable, she​ should:

Use analysis of covariance.

To establish the representativeness of the subjects in the experimental and control​ groups, the researcher​ should:

Use random selection of participants

Which of the following is an example of simple random​ sampling?

Using random numbers to select teachers from a list of all elementary teachers in a district

Sandra is conducting a review of the literature investigating a problem area in which little research has been conducted previously. Her review is likely going to​ be:

Very​ broad, given the unique nature of the problem and the lack of information on it.

An important consideration in case selection is whether or not the case is​ ______________.

Viable

Wade obtained all the necessary approvals to begin a qualitative research project in a local school. He had only spoken with the cooperating teacher via​ e-mail, but was eager to get started so he jumped in as an active participant observer for a full day. What would have been a better approach for Wade to​ take?

Wade should have eased into the project over the first few days and only stayed for small amounts of time.

Which of the following questions is likely addressed by survey​ research?

What are the characteristics of​ today's middle school​ students?

Which of the following research questions lends itself most clearly to a narrative research​ method?

What are the defining moments and relationships in a particular​ teacher's life that made her into the teacher that she is​ today?

When researchers evaluate the quality of their qualitative​ data, which of the following is the most important​ consideration?

What bias may have influenced​ participants' reports

Which of the following questions would be best addressed with a retrospective causal-comparative design?

What differences exist between students who drop out of high school and those who do​ not?

Which of the following questions is best studied through a qualitative​ approach?

What does​ "well-being" mean to elementary physical education​ teachers?

Which of the following is representative of a good narrative research​ question?

What have been​ Kasey's experiences teaching special education in a rural​ setting?

Of the​ following, the research question best tested with a correlational study​ is:

What is the relationship between study time and​ achievement?

Which of the following is a good research problem to​ explore?

Whether or not students in alternative high schools have a greater sense of school membership than students in traditional high schools

Some IRBs do not require IRB approval for action research conducted as part of a university course. What is one common stipulation in these​ situations?

Whether or not the study will be published or presented at a conference

Which of the followings is a properly constructed test​ question?

Which of the following is a​ reptile? ​A) Frogs ​B) Turtles ​C) Fish ​D) Birds

The final step in the narrative research process​ is:

Writing the Narrative

Is the following statement​ accurate? Based on correlational research indicating a strong relationship between high school GPA and college​ GPA, students with high GPAs in high school are likely to have high college GPAs.

Yes. While correlational research cannot indicate​ causation, it can be used to predict.

Case study research is unique from many other types of research because it is more​ ____________ in nature.

concrete

Professor Garcia is developing a new kindergarten curriculum. She approaches a private school and asks them to implement the program in one class for one year. The class is randomly​ selected, and data are collected from another class to compare. Professor Garcia is​ conducting:

experimental research

If a researcher is working with a large number of variables and is interested in grouping those variables based on their strength of​ correlation, she would likely​ use:

factor analysis

Laura is interested in whether college GPA differs for residential and nonresidential students. An appropriate control variable for her study​ is:

family income.

When evaluating potential sources for inclusion in your literature​ review, you​ should:

favor articles from refereed journals over nonrefereed journals.

The first step in the narrative research process is​ to:

identify the purpose of the research study.

The first step in a relationship study is​ to:

identify the variables to be correlated.

An important first step in creating a journal article​ is:

identifying the journal in which you would like to publish.

When discussing​ conclusions, it is important that the​ researcher:

indicates whether or not the research hypothesis was supported.

In educational​ research, if the researcher perceives physical or psychological​ danger, he or she​ should:

inform the school authorities

It is imperative that the narrative researcher does not become​ a(n):

informant.

An interview can be beneficial because it is a way​ to:

obtain important data that cannot be acquired from observation alone.

It is important that the mixed methods researcher identifies​ ________________________ data collection techniques clearly.

quantitative and qualitative

The research report for a mixed methods study should include​ a:

rationale of why mixed methods were used.

Suzanna is a narrative researcher interested in the lives of newly immigrated high school students and the tension between working to help support the family and staying in school. She has identified the purpose for her study and the phenomenon to explore. Her next step is​ to:

select individuals from whom to learn.

A strategy for​ cross-site analysis of a multiple case study that moves the case study researcher from working descriptively and deductively to a more explanatory and interpretative mode is known as​ the:

site-ordered predictor-outcome matrix.

Dr. Clark is conducting a qualitative study to understand the role of physical education teachers in helping children become more active. To​ sample, she starts with two teachers she knows and asks them to suggest other physical education teachers who would be good to include in the study. She is​ using:

snowball sampling.

The expected length of a journal article​ is:

specified by the journal.

Once a researcher has gained all the necessary approvals and begins spending time at the research​ site, she/he should begin​ by:

spending time observing.

The basic procedure of​ meta-analysis consists​ of:

statistically determining the composite result of a group of studies.

An extension of path analysis that provides more theoretical validity and more statistical precision in the produced diagram is known​ as:

structural equation modeling.

​Meta-analysis is a helpful technique because it helps to minimize​ _____________ in the review process.

subjectivity

If a pilot study leads to modification of your research​ method, it is​ considered

successful

​Debbie's adviser asks her to annotate the sources in her literature​ review. The adviser is​ expecting:

summaries with her own analysis.

If several studies included in your literature review report very similar findings you​ should:

summarize the findings of all three in one summary statement and cite the authors.

An instrument to collect data that describe one or more characteristics of a specific population is known as​ a:

survey.

Define the purpose and scope of a review of related literature.

systematic identification and analysis of information related to the research problem.

It is advisable that a novice mixed methods​ researcher:

team with an experienced researcher with a complementing methodological specialty.

Broadly​ speaking, a(n)​ __________ is a​ formal, systematic,​ paper-and-pencil or online procedure for gathering information about​ peoples' cognitive,​ social, behavioral, and affective characteristics.

test

One great place on the Web to find information pertaining to education statistics​ is:

the National Center for Education Statistics

Qualitative research is characterized​ by:

the attempt to study things as they exist naturally.

Ethnographic research is best distinguished from other qualitative approaches by its focus​ on:

the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants.

Of the following research​ topics, the one best suited for using a realist ethnography​ is:

the daily culture of a​ one-room school in a rural Western setting.

Sherry is proposing a sophisticated statistical analysis of the data she is collecting. The explanation of these procedures will be found​ in:

the data analysis section of a quantitative research plan.

Of the​ following, the research topic most conducive to narrative research​ is:

the experience of adolescents trying out for marching band.

The characteristic that binds an action research team is their agreement​ on:

the identification of a problem.

​Kelly's adviser suggested that he start with secondary sources to gain a sense of the existing literature for his research topic. Of the​ following, the one most likely to be a useful secondary source​ is:

the journal Review of Educational Research.

The following are measures of variability EXCEPT​ for:

the mean.

Christy has developed a survey to assess​ students' attitudes regarding a new​ Read-in-School program. One question on the survey​ asks, "Do you read a lot at​ home?" She gives the survey to a colleague to​ review, and the colleague recommends she change this item​ because:

the question as currently written lacks a point of reference.

The specifics of research procedures are dictated​ by:

the research questions involved in the study.

Compared to being a participant​ observer, one advantage of being a nonparticipant observer is​ that:

the researcher is less intrusive than a participant observer would be.

Of the following research​ topics, the one best suited for ethnographic research methods​ is:

the socialization of graduate students in one math department.

As sample size​ increases:

the standard error of the mean decreases.

Action research findings are more likely to be meaningful to a teacher​ because:

the teacher has identified the area of focus.

If you are a university researcher and part of your study requires obtaining information from individual elementary​ students' record​ files, you would need to obtain written permission​ from:

the university​ IRB, the​ school, and the parents or guardians.

One key component described in a​ well-written quantitative problem statement​ is:

the​ variable(s) of interest.

One major advantage of a research plan is that it allows the researcher​ to:

think through every aspect of the study.


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