Pediatric Variations of Nursing Interventions (Chp 20?) 42Qw/exp

1. The nurse is preparing to insert a nasogastric tube into a 4-year-old child for intermittent suctioning after abdominal surgery. Place in correct sequence the steps for inserting a nasogastric tube. a. Lubricate the nasogastric tube with water-soluble lubricant. b. Tape the nasogastric tube securely to the child's face. c. Check the placement of the tube by aspirating stomach contents. d. Place the child in the supine position with head slightly hyperflexed. e. Insert the nasogastric tube through the nares. f. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the ear lobe to midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus.

: d, f, a, e, c, b This is the correct sequence for inserting a nasogastric tube. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 747 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

28. When liquid medication is given to a crying 10-month-old infant, which approach minimizes the possibility of aspiration? a. Administer the medication with a syringe (without needle) placed along the side of the infant's tongue. b. Administer the medication as rapidly as possible with the infant securely restrained. c. Mix the medication with the infant's regular formula or juice and administer by bottle. d. Keep the child upright with the nasal passages blocked for a minute after administration.

: A Administer the medication with a syringe without needle placed alongside of the infant's tongue. The contents are administered slowly in small amounts, allowing the child to swallow between deposits. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 719 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

16. The nurse gives an injection in a patient's room. The nurse should do which of the following with the needle for disposal? a. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in patient's room. b. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in an area outside of patient's room. c. Cap needle immediately after giving injection and dispose of in proper container. d. Cap needle, break from syringe, and dispose of in proper container.

: A All needles (uncapped and unbroken) are disposed of in a rigid, puncture-resistant container located near the site of use. Consequently, these containers should be installed in the patient's room. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 705 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control

37. The nurse is teaching a mother how to perform chest physiotherapy and postural drainage on her 3-year-old child, who has cystic fibrosis. To perform percussion, the nurse should instruct her to: a. cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing. b. strike the chest wall with a flat-hand position. c. percuss over the entire trunk anteriorly and posteriorly. d. percuss before positioning for postural drainage.

: A For postural drainage and percussion, the child should be dressed in a light shirt to protect the skin and placed in the appropriate postural drainage positions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 741 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

3. Katie, 4 years old, is admitted to outpatient surgery for removal of a cyst on her foot. Her mother puts the hospital gown on her, but Katie is crying because she wants to leave on her underpants. The most appropriate nursing action is which of the following? a. Allow her to wear her underpants. b. Discuss with her mother why this is important to Katie. c. Ask her mother to explain to her why she cannot wear them. d. Explain in a kind, matter-of-fact manner that this is hospital policy.

: A It is appropriate for the child to leave her underpants on. This allows her some measure of control in this procedure, foot surgery. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 692 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Growth and Development

10. Mark, age 6 years, is hospitalized for intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy. He eats little on his "regular diet" trays. He tells the nurse that all he wants to eat is pizza, tacos, and ice cream. Which of the following is the best nursing action? a. Request these favorite foods for him. b. Identify healthier food choices that he likes. c. Explain that he needs fruits and vegetables. d. Reward him with ice cream at end of every meal that he eats.

: A Loss of appetite is a symptom common to most childhood illnesses. To encourage adequate nutrition, favorite foods should be requested for the child. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 702 | Page 703 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort

11. Kimberly, age 3 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. Her mother calls the nurse, reporting a fever of 102° F even though she had acetaminophen 2 hours ago. The nurse's action should be based on which of the following? a. Fevers such as this are common with viral illnesses. b. Seizures are common in children when antipyretics are ineffective. c. Fever over 102° F indicates greater severity of illness. d. Fever over 102° F indicates a probable bacterial infection.

: A Most fevers are of brief duration, with limited consequences, and are viral. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 703 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

32. When teaching a mother how to administer eye drops, where should the nurse tell her to place them? a. In the conjunctival sac that is formed when the lower lid is pulled down b. Carefully under the eye lid while it is gently pulled upward c. On the sclera while the child looks to the side d. Anywhere as long as drops contact the eye's surface

: A The lower lid is pulled down, forming a small conjunctival sac. The solution or ointment is applied to this area. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 730 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

5. The nurse is preparing a 12-year-old girl for a bone marrow aspiration. She tells the nurse she wants her mother with her "like before." The most appropriate nursing action is which of the following? a. Grant her request. b. Explain why this is not possible. c. Identify an appropriate substitute for her mother. d. Offer to provide support to her during the procedure.

: A The parent's preferences for assisting, observing, or waiting outside the room should be assessed, along with the child's preference for parental presence. The child's choice should be respected. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 692 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Growth and Development

15. The nurse wore gloves during a dressing change. When the gloves are removed, the nurse should do which of the following? a. Wash hands thoroughly. b. Check the gloves for leaks. c. Rinse gloves in disinfectant solution. d. Apply new gloves before touching the next patient.

: A When gloves are worn, the hands are washed thoroughly after removing the gloves because both latex and vinyl gloves fail to provide complete protection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 707 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Safe, Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control

1. The advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Less painful than vastus lateralis b. Free of important nerves and vascular structures c. Cannot be used when child reaches a weight of 20 pounds d. Increased subcutaneous fat, which increases drug absorption e. Easily identified by major landmarks

: A, B, E These are advantages of the ventrogluteal. The major disadvantage is lack of familiarity by health professionals and controversy over whether the site can be used before weight bearing. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 721 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies OTHER

25. The nurse has just collected blood by venipuncture in the antecubital fossa. Which of the following should the nurse do next? a. Keep arm extended while applying a bandage to the site. b. Keep arm extended, and apply pressure to the site for a few minutes. c. Apply a bandage to the site, and keep the arm flexed for 10 minutes. d. Apply a gauze pad or cotton ball to the site, and keep the arm flexed for several minutes.

: B Applying pressure to the site of venipuncture stops the bleeding and aids in coagulation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 715 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

2. The nurse is planning how to prepare a 4-year-old child for some diagnostic procedures. Guidelines for preparing this preschooler should include which of the following? a. Plan for a short teaching session of about 30 minutes. b. Tell the child that procedures are never a form of punishment. c. Keep equipment out of the child's view. d. Use correct scientific and medical terminology in explanations.

: B Illness and hospitalization may be viewed as punishment in preschoolers. Always state directly that procedures are never a form of punishment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 691 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Maintenance and Promotion: Growth and Development

33. A 2-year-old child comes to the emergency department with dehydration and hypovolemic shock. Which of the following best explains why an intraosseous infusion is started? a. It is less painful for small children. b. Rapid venous access is not possible. c. Antibiotics must be started immediately. d. Long-term central venous access is not possible.

: B In situations in which rapid establishment of systemic access is vital and venous access is hampered, such as peripheral circulatory collapse and hypovolemic shock, intraosseous infusion provides a rapid, safe, lifesaving alternative. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 733 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

41. In preparing to give "enemas until clear" to a young child, the nurse should select which of the following? a. Tap water b. Normal saline c. Oil retention d. Fleet solution

: B Isotonic solutions should be used in children. Saline is the solution of choice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 750 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential MULTIPLE RESPONSE

4. Using knowledge of child development, which of the following is the best approach when preparing a toddler for a procedure? a. Avoid asking the child to make choices. b. Demonstrate the procedure on a doll. c. Plan for teaching session to last about 20 minutes. d. Show necessary equipment without allowing child to handle it.

: B Prepare toddlers for procedures by using play. Demonstrate on a doll, but avoid the child's favorite doll because the toddler may think the doll is really "feeling" the procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 691 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Growth and Development

31. Several types of long-term central venous access devices are used. Which of the following is considered an advantage of a Hickman-Broviac catheter? a. No need to keep exit site dry b. Easy to use for self-administered infusions c. Heparinized only monthly and after each infusion d. No limitations on regular physical activity, including swimming

: B The Hickman-Broviac catheter has several benefits, including that it is easy to use for self-administered infusions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 727 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

40. A child is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN-hyperalimentation). At the end of 8 hours, the nurse observes the solution and notes that 200 ml/8 hr is being infused rather than the ordered amount of 300 ml/8 hr. The nurse should adjust the rate so that how much will infuse during the next 8 hours? a. 200 ml b. 300 ml c. 350 ml d. 400 ml

: B The TPN infusion rate should not be increased or decreased without the practitioner being informed because alterations in rate can cause hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 749 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

22. Which of the following is an important nursing consideration when performing a bladder catheterization on a young boy? a. Clean technique, not standard precautions, is needed. b. Insert 2% lidocaine lubricant into the urethra. c. Lubricate catheter with water-soluble lubricant such as K-Y Jelly. d. Delay catheterization for 20 minutes while anesthetic lubricant is absorbed.

: B The anxiety, fear, and discomfort experienced during catheterization can be significantly decreased by preparation of the child and parents, by selection of the correct catheter, and by appropriate technique of insertion. Generous lubrication of the urethra before catheterization and use of lubricant containing 2% lidocaine may reduce or eliminate the burning and discomfort associated with this procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 713 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

19. A venipuncture will be performed on a 7-year-old girl. She wants her mother to hold her during the procedure. The nurse should recognize that this: a. is unsafe. b. may help child relax. c. is against hospital policy. d. is unnecessary because of child's age.

: B The mother's preference for assisting, observing, or waiting outside the room should be assessed along with the child's preference for parental presence. The child's choice should be respected. This will most likely help the child through the procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 709 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential-

30. Guidelines for intramuscular administration of medication in school-age children include which of the following? a. Inject medication as rapidly as possible. b. Insert needle quickly, using a dartlike motion. c. Penetrate skin immediately after cleansing site, before skin has dried. d. Have child stand, if possible, and if child is cooperative.

: B The needle should be inserted quickly in a dartlike motion at a 90-degree angle unless contraindicated. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 720 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

8. The nurse is caring for an unconscious child. Skin care should include which of the following? a. Avoid use of pressure reduction on bed. b. Massage reddened bony prominences to prevent deep tissue damage. c. Use draw sheet to move child in bed to reduce friction and shearing injuries. d. Avoid rinsing skin after cleansing with mild antibacterial soap to provide a protective barrier.

: C A draw sheet should be used to move the child in the bed or onto a gurney to reduce friction and shearing injuries. Do not drag the child from under the arms. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 701 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort

7. In some genetically susceptible children, anesthetic agents can trigger malignant hyperthermia. The nurse should be alert in observing that, in addition to an increased temperature, an early sign of this disorder is which of the following? a. Apnea b. Bradycardia c. Muscle rigidity d. Decreased blood pressure

: C Early signs of malignant hyperthermia include tachycardia, increasing blood pressure, tachypnea, mottled skin, and muscle rigidity. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 697 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

13. Tepid water or sponge baths are indicated for hyperthermia in children. The nurse should do which of the following? a. Add isopropyl alcohol to the water. b. Direct a fan on the child in the bath. c. Stop the bath if the child begins to chill. d. Continue the bath for 5 minutes.

: C Environmental measures such as sponge baths can be used to reduce temperature if tolerated by the child and if they do not induce shivering. Shivering is the body's way of maintaining the elevated set point. Compensatory shivering increases metabolic requirements above those already caused by the fever. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 704 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

27. An appropriate method for administering oral medications that are bitter to an infant or small child would be to mix them with which of the following? a. Bottle of formula or milk b. Any food the child is going to eat c. Small amount (1 teaspoon) of a sweet-tasting substance such as jam or ice cream d. Large amounts of water to dilute medication sufficiently

: C Mix the drug with a small amount (about 1 teaspoon) of sweet-tasting substance. This will make the medication more palatable to the child. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 718 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

35. Nursing considerations related to the administration of oxygen in an infant include which of the following? a. Humidify oxygen if infant can tolerate it. b. Assess infant to determine how much oxygen should be given. c. Ensure uninterrupted delivery of the appropriate oxygen concentration. d. Direct oxygen flow so that it blows directly into the infant's face in a hood.

: C Oxygen is a prescribed medication. It is the nurses' responsibility to ensure that the ordered concentration is delivered and the effects of therapy are monitored. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 739 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

26. A nurse must do a venipuncture on a 6-year-old child. Which of the following is an important consideration in providing atraumatic care? a. Use an 18-gauge needle if possible. b. If not successful after four attempts, have another nurse try. c. Restrain child only as needed to perform venipuncture safely. d. Show child equipment to be used before procedure.

: C Restrain child only as needed to perform the procedure safely- use therapeutic hugging. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 717 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

38. The nurse must suction a child with a tracheostomy. Interventions should include which of the following? a. Encourage child to cough to raise the secretions before suctioning. b. Select a catheter with diameter three fourths as large as the diameter of the tracheostomy tube. c. Each pass of the suction catheter should take no longer than 5 seconds. d. Allow child to rest after every five times the suction catheter is passed.

: C Suctioning should require not longer than 5 seconds per pass. Otherwise the airway may be occluded for too long. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 743 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

23. The Allen test is performed as a precautionary measure before which one of the following procedures? a. Heel stick b. Venipuncture c. Arterial puncture d. Lumbar puncture

: C The Allen test assesses the circulation of the radial, ulnar, or brachial arteries before arterial puncture. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 715 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

6. The emergency department nurse is cleaning multiple facial abrasions on 9-year-old Mike. His mother is present. He is crying and screaming loudly. The nurse should do which of the following? a. Ask him to be quieter. b. Have his mother tell him to relax. c. Tell him it is okay to cry and scream. d. Suggest he talk to his mother instead of crying.

: C The child should be allowed to express feelings of anger, anxiety, fear, frustration, or any other emotion. The child needs to know it is all right to cry. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 693 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Growth and Development

1. Which of the following should the nurse consider when having consent forms signed for surgery and procedures on children? a. Only a parent or legal guardian can give consent. b. The person giving consent must be at least 18 years old. c. The risks and benefits of a procedure are part of the consent process. d. A mental age of 7 years or older is required for a consent to be considered "informed."

: C The informed consent must include the nature of the procedure, benefits and risks, and alternatives to the procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 688 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

21. Frequent urine testing for specific gravity and glucose are required on a 6-month-old infant. Which of the following is the most appropriate way to collect small amounts of urine for these tests? a. Apply a urine-collection bag to perineal area. b. Tape a small medicine cup to inside of diaper. c. Aspirate urine from cotton balls inside diaper with a syringe. d. Aspirate urine from superabsorbent disposable diaper with a syringe.

: C To obtain small amounts of urine, use a syringe without a needle to aspirate urine directly from the diaper. If diapers with absorbent material are used, place a small gauze dressing or cotton balls inside the diaper to collect the urine, and aspirate the urine with a syringe. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 711 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

12. A critically ill child has hyperthermia. The parents ask the nurse to give an antipyretic such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). The nurse should explain that antipyretics: a. may cause malignant hyperthermia. b. may cause febrile seizures. c. are of no value in treating hyperthermia. d. are of limited value in treating hyperthermia.

: C Unlike with fever, antipyretics are of no value in hyperthermia because the set point is already normal. Cooling measures are used instead. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 704 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

24. The nurse must do a heel stick on an ill neonate to obtain a blood sample. Which of the following is recommended to facilitate this? a. Apply cool, moist compresses. b. Apply a tourniquet to ankle. c. Elevate foot for 5 minutes. d. Wrap foot in a warm washcloth.

: D Before the blood sample is taken, the heel is heated with warm moist compresses for 5 to 10 minutes to dilate the blood vessels in the area. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 715 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

36. It is important to make certain that sensory connectors and oximeters are compatible, since wiring that is incompatible can cause which of the following? a. Hyperthermia b. Electrocution c. Pressure necrosis d. Burns under sensors

: D It is important to make certain that sensor connectors and oximeters are compatible. Wiring that is incompatible can generate considerable heat at the tip of the sensor, causing second- and third-degree burns under the sensor. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 740 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

39. When administering a gavage feeding to a school-age child, the nurse should do which of the following? a. Lubricate the tip of the feeding tube with Vaseline to facilitate passage. b. Check the placement of the tube by inserting 20 ml of sterile water. c. Administer feedings over 5 to 10 minutes. d. Position on right side after administering feeding.

: D Position the child with the head elevated about 30 degrees and on the right side or abdomen for at least 1 hour. This is in the same manner as after any infant feeding to minimize the possibility of regurgitation and aspiration. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 747 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

9. An appropriate intervention to encourage food and fluid intake in a hospitalized child is which of the following? a. Force child to eat and drink to combat caloric losses. b. Discourage participation in noneating activities until caloric intake is sufficient. c. Administer large quantities of flavored fluids at frequent intervals and during meals. d. Give high-quality foods and snacks whenever child expresses hunger.

: D Small, frequent meals and nutritious snacks should be provided for the child. Favorite foods such as peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, fruit yogurt, cheese, pizza, and macaroni and cheese should be available. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 702 | Page 703 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Basic Care and Comfort

14. The nurse approaches a group of school-age patients to administer medication to Sam Hart. To identify the correct child, the nurse should do which of the following? a. Ask the group, "Who is Sam Hart?" b. Call out to the group, "Sam Hart?" c. Ask each child, "What's your name?" d. Check the patient's identification name band.

: D The child must be correctly identified before the administration of any medication. Children are not totally reliable in giving correct names on request- identification bracelet should always be checked. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 705 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control

17. A mother calls the outpatient clinic requesting information on appropriate dosing for over-the-counter medications for her 13-month-old who has symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection and fever. The box of acetaminophen says to give 120 mg q4h when needed. At his 12-month visit, the nurse practitioner prescribed 150 mg. The nurse's best response is which of the following? a. "The doses are close enough- it doesn't really matter which one is given." b. "It is not appropriate to use dosages based on age because children have a wide range of weights at different ages." c. "From your description, medications are not necessary. They should be avoided in children at this age." d. "The nurse practitioner ordered the drug based on weight, which is a more accurate way of determining a therapeutic dose."

: D The method most often used to determine children's dosage is based on a specific dose per kilogram of body weight. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 718 TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

18. An 8-month-old infant is restrained to prevent interference with the IV infusion. The nurse should do which of the following? a. Remove the restraints once a day to allow movement. b. Keep the restraints on constantly. c. Keep the restraints secure so infant remains supine. d. Remove restraints whenever possible.

: D The nurse should remove the restraints whenever possible. When parents or staff are present, the restraints can be removed and the IV site protected. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 709 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential

34. When caring for a child with an intravenous infusion, the nurse should do which of the following? a. Use a macrodropper to facilitate reaching the prescribed flow rate. b. Avoid restraining the child to prevent undue emotional stress. c. Change the insertion site every 24 hours. d. Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.

: D The nursing responsibility for IV therapy is to calculate the amount to be infused in a given length of time, set the infusion rate, and monitor the apparatus frequently (at least every 1 to 2 hours) to make certain that the desired rate is maintained, the integrity of the system remains intact, the site remains intact (free of redness, edema, infiltration, or irritation), and the infusion does not stop. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 738 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

29. Which of the following is the preferred site for intramuscular injections in infants? a. Deltoid b. Dorsogluteal c. Rectus femoris d. Vastus lateralis

: D The preferred site for infants is the vastus lateralis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 720 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

20. A 2-year-old child is being admitted to the hospital for possible bacterial meningitis. When preparing for a lumbar puncture, the nurse should do which of the following? a. Prepare child for conscious sedation during the test. b. Set up a tray with equipment the same size as for adults. c. Reassure the parents that the test is simple, painless, and risk free. d. Apply EMLA to puncture site 15 minutes before procedure.

ANS: A Because of the urgency of the child's condition, conscious sedation should be used for the procedure. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 710 TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential