Pediatrics Neuro and Musculoskeletal

The nurse is caring for a newborn infant with spina bifida (myelomeningocele) who is scheduled for surgical closure of the sac. In the preoperative period, which is the priority problem? 1. Infection 2. Choking 3. Inability to tolerate stimulation 4. Delayed growth and development

1 A myelomeningocele is a type of spina bifida that results from failure of the neural tube to close during embryonic development. With a myelomeningocele, protrusion of the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, nerve roots, and a portion of the spinal cord occurs. The newborn with spina bifida is at risk for infection before the closure of the sac, which is done soon after birth. Initial care of the newborn with myelomeningocele involves prevention of infection. A sterile normal saline dressing is placed over the sac to maintain moisture of the sac and its contents and to prevent tearing or breakdown of the skin integrity at the site. Any opening in the sac greatly increases the risk of infection of the central nervous system. Choking and inability to tolerate stimulation are not priority problems with this defect. Delayed growth and development is a problem for the infant with myelomeningocele, but preventing infection has priority in the preoperative period.

The nurse is caring for a child who sustained a head injury after falling from a tree. On assessment of the child, the nurse notes the presence of a watery discharge from the child's nose. The nurse should immediately test the discharge for the presence of which substance? 1. Protein 2. Glucose 3. Neutrophils 4. White blood cells

1 After a head injury, bleeding from the nose or ears necessitates further evaluation. A watery discharge from the nose (rhinorrhea) that tests positive for glucose is likely to be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaking from a skull fracture. On noting watery discharge from the child's nose, the nurse should test the drainage for glucose using an agency approved reagent strip. If the results are positive, the nurse will contact the health care provider. The items in options 1, 3, and 4 are not normally found in mucus.

The nurse has reinforced teaching for a school-age child who was given a brace to wear for the treatment of scoliosis. The nurse determines that the child needs further teaching if the child makes which statement? 1. "This brace will correct my curve." 2. "I will wear my brace under my clothes." 3. "I may not need surgery if I wear my brace." 4. "I will do back exercises at least five times a week."

1 Bracing can halt the progression of most curvatures, but it is not curative for scoliosis. The statements in the remaining options represent correct understanding on the part of the child.

A school-age child with Down syndrome is brought to the ambulatory care center by the mother. The child has bruising all over the body. To work most effectively with this child, the nurse first addresses which complication associated with Down syndrome? 1. Children with Down syndrome are more likely to develop acute leukemia than the average child. 2. Children with Down syndrome fall down easily as a result of hyperflexibility and muscle weakness. 3. Children with Down syndrome are at risk for physical abuse because of their low intellectual functioning. 4. Children with Down syndrome scratch themselves a lot because of dry, cracked, and frequently fissuring skin.

1 Children with Down syndrome have an increased risk for developing leukemia compared with the average child. The other statements also could be true, but the nurse should first gather baseline data to determine the cause of the bruising before making other assumptions.

A child who sustained a fractured ankle has a short leg cast applied, and the nurse provides home care instructions to the mother. The mother returns to the emergency department 16 hours later because the child is complaining of severe pain. The nurse notes that the child's toes are cool, pale, and puffy and that the child is agitated and crying loudly. The mother states, "I gave her the pain medication you sent with us just like you told us, and I have kept her foot up on two pillows since we left, except when she gets up to go to the bathroom. I don't understand why she hurts so much. Do something!" What is the most likely clinical situation that occurred? 1. Compartment syndrome 2. Inadequate pain medication 3. Skin breakdown around the cast edges 4. Noncompliance with home care instructions

1 Compartment syndrome occurs as a result of pressure buildup within a tissue compartment bound by anatomical structures such as fascia. With a fracture, this pressure increase may occur as a result of the intense inflammatory response or severe bleeding caused by the bone injury, even when diligent nursing care has been provided. Pain disproportionate to the injury despite analgesic administration is the classic sign of compartment syndrome. The nurse should constantly assess for this complication and should instruct the caregiver about the manifestations associated with this complication.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a child with a head injury. The nurse notes an abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and an extension of the lower extremities. What should the nurse document that the child is experiencing? 1. Decorticate posturing 2. Decerebrate posturing 3. Flexion of the arms and legs 4. Normal expected positioning after head injury

1 Decorticate posturing is an abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and an extension of the lower extremities with possible plantar flexion of the feet. Decerebrate posturing is an abnormal extension of the upper extremities with internal rotation of the upper arms and wrists and an extension of the lower extremities with some internal rotation.

A 1-month-old infant is seen in a clinic and is diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip. On assessment, the nurse understands that which finding should be noted in this condition? 1. Limited range of motion in the affected hip 2. An apparent lengthened femur on the affected side 3. Asymmetrical adduction of the affected hip when the infant is placed supine with the knees and hips flexed 4. Symmetry of the gluteal skinfolds when the infant is placed prone and the legs are extended against the examining table

1 In developmental dysplasia of the hip, the head of the femur is seated improperly in the acetabulum or hip socket of the pelvis. Asymmetrical and restricted abduction of the affected hip, when the child is placed supine with the knees and hips flexed, would be an assessment finding in developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants beyond the newborn period. Other findings include an apparent short femur on the affected side, asymmetry of the gluteal skinfolds, and limited range of motion in the affected extremity.

The nurse creates a plan of care for a child with Reye's syndrome. Which priority intervention should the nurse include in the plan of care? 1. Monitor for signs of increased intracranial pressure. 2. Immediately check the presence of protein in the urine. 3. Reassure the parents hyperglycemia is a common symptom. 4. Teach the parents signs and symptoms of a bacterial infection

1 Intracranial pressure and encephalopathy are major symptoms of Reye's syndrome. Protein is not present in the urine. Reye's syndrome is related to a history of viral infections, and hypoglycemia is a symptom of this disease.

A child is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis. In reviewing the health care provider's prescriptions, which would the nurse question as appropriate for a child with this diagnosis? 1. Administer an oral antibiotic. 2. Maintain strict intake and output. 3. Draw blood for a culture and sensitivity. 4. Place the child on droplet precautions in a private room.

1 Medication to treat acute bacterial meningitis is administered intravenously, not orally. A culture and sensitivity is done to determine if the diagnosis is bacterial or viral. Until meningitis is ruled out, the child is placed in isolation on droplet precautions because the disease is spread by airborne means. Strict intake and output should be maintained.

The nurse notes documentation that a child is exhibiting an inability to flex the leg when the thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip. Which condition does the nurse suspect? 1. Meningitis 2. Spinal cord injury 3. Intracranial bleeding 4. Decreased cerebral blood flow

1 Meningitis is an infectious process of the central nervous system caused by bacteria and viruses. The inability to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed anteriorly at the hip is a positive Kernig's sign, noted in meningitis. Kernig's sign is not seen specifically with spinal cord injury, intracranial bleeding, or decreased cerebral blood flow.

The nurse is monitoring a 7-year-old child who sustained a head injury in a motor vehicle crash for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The nurse should assess the child frequently for which early sign of increased ICP? 1. Nausea 2. Papilledema 3. Decerebrate posturing 4. Alterations in pupil size

1 Nausea is an early sign of increased ICP. Late signs of increased ICP include a significant decrease in level of consciousness, Cushing's triad (increased systolic blood pressure and widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respirations), and fixed and dilated pupils. Other late signs include decreased motor response to command, decreased sensory response to painful stimuli, posturing, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and papilledema.

The nurse is reviewing a chart for a child with a head injury. The nurse notes that the level of consciousness has been documented as obtunded. Which finding should the nurse expect to note on assessment of the child? 1. Not easily arousable and limited interaction 2. Loss of the ability to think clearly and rapidly 3. Loss of the ability to recognize place or person 4. Awake, alert, interacting with the environment

1 Obtunded indicates that the child sleeps unless aroused and once aroused has limited interaction with the environment. Confusion indicates that the ability to think clearly and rapidly is lost. Disorientation indicates that the ability to recognize place or person is lost. Full consciousness indicates that the child is alert, awake, oriented, and interacts with the environment.

The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a child with a seizure disorder. The nurse is interviewing the child's parents to determine their adjustment to caring for their child, who has a chronic illness. Which statement, if made by the parents, would indicate a need for further teaching? 1. "Our child sleeps in our bedroom at night." 2. "We worry about injuries when our child has a seizure." 3. "Our child is involved in a swim program with neighbors and friends." 4. "Our babysitter just completed cardiopulmonary resuscitation training."

1 Parents are especially concerned about seizures that might go undetected during the night. The nurse needs to decrease parental overprotection and should suggest the use of a baby monitor at night. Involvement in a swim program and knowing CPR identify parental understanding of the disorder. Worrying about injuries when a child has a seizure is a common concern. The parents need to be reminded that as the child grows, they cannot always observe their child, but their knowledge of seizure activity and care is appropriate to minimize complications.

A nursing student is assisting a school nurse in performing scoliosis screening on the children in the school. The nurse assesses the student's preparation for conducting the screening. The nurse determines that the student demonstrates understanding of the disorder when the student states that scoliosis is characterized by which finding? 1. Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine 2. Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine 3. Excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine 4. Abnormal curvature of the spine caused by inflammation

1 Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal lateral curvature in any area of the spine. The region of the spine most commonly affected is the right thoracic area, where it results in rib prominence. Option 2 describes lordosis, which usually is exaggerated during pregnancy, in obesity, or in persons with large tumors. Option 3 describes kyphosis, which also is known as humpback. Scoliosis does not occur as a sequela of inflammation.

A child with cerebral palsy is in a management program to achieve maximum potential for locomotion, self-care, and socialization in school. The nurse works with the child to meet these goals by performing which action? 1. Placing the child on a wheeled scooter board 2. Removing ankle-foot orthoses and braces once the child arrives at school 3. Keeping the child in a special education classroom with other children with similar disabilities 4. Placing the child in the supine position with a 30-degree elevation of the head of the bed to facilitate feeding

1 The correct option provides the child with maximum potential in locomotion, self-care, and socialization. While lying on the abdomen, the child can move around independently anywhere the child wants to go and can interact with others as desired. Orthoses need to be used all the time to aid locomotion. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) need to be mainstreamed as much as cognitive ability permits to provide for maximum socialization and normalization. Not all children with CP are intellectually challenged. Just as children without CP sit up and use assistive devices when eating, so should children with CP.

The nurse provides instructions to the parents of an infant with hip dysplasia regarding care of the Pavlik harness. Which statement by one of the parents indicates an understanding of the use of the harness? 1. "I can remove the harness to bathe my infant." 2. "I need to remove the harness to feed my infant." 3. "I need to remove the harness to change the diaper." 4. "My infant needs to remain in the harness at all times."

1 The harness should be worn 23 hours a day and can be removed only to check the skin and for bathing. The hips and buttocks should be supported carefully when the infant is out of the harness. The harness does not need to be removed for diaper changes or feedings.

The nurse is reinforcing instructions to the mother of a child who has a plaster cast applied to the left arm. Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further teaching? 1. "I will have to use a heat lamp to help the cast dry." 2. "I need to cover the cast with plastic during baths or showers." 3. "I should call the health care provider if the cast feels warm or hot or has an unusual smell or odor." 4. "I will keep small toys and sharp objects away from the cast and be sure that my child does not put anything inside the cast."

1 The mother needs to be instructed not to use a heat lamp to help the cast dry because of the risk associated with a burn injury from the heat lamp. The statements in the remaining options indicate understanding of instructions.

A neighborhood nurse is attending a soccer game at a local middle school. One of the students falls off the bleachers and sustains an injury to the left arm. The nurse quickly attends to the child and suspects that the child's arm may be broken. Which nursing action would be the priority before transferring the child to the hospital emergency department? 1. Immobilize the arm. 2. Ask for the name of the child's pediatrician or family health care provider so that he or she can be contacted. 3. Have someone call the radiology department of the local hospital to let staff know that the child will be arriving. 4. Tell the child that the arm probably is fractured but not to worry because permanent damage to the arm will not occur.

1 When a fracture is suspected, it is imperative that the area be splinted and immobilized before the injured person is transferred or moved. The nurse should remain with the child and provide realistic reassurance. Although it may be necessary to contact the child's pediatrician, this is not the priority. It is not necessary to notify the radiology department because this would be the responsibility of the emergency department staff when the child arrives if it is determined that the child needs a radiograph. The child should not be told that permanent damage will not occur.

A girl who is playing in the playroom experiences a tonic-clonic seizure. During the seizure, the nurse should take which actions? Select all that apply. 1. Remain calm. 2. Time the seizure. 3. Ease the child to the floor. 4. Loosen restrictive clothing. 5. Keep the child on her back.

1.2.3.4 When a child is having a seizure, the nurse should remain calm, time the seizure, ease the child to the floor if the child is standing or seated, keep the child on the side (to prevent aspiration), and loosen restrictive clothing.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is suspected in a child and the parents ask the nurse about the potential warning signs of CP. The nurse should provide which information? Select all that apply. 1. The infant's arms or legs are stiff or rigid. 2. A high risk factor for CP is very low birth weight. 3. By 8 months of age, the infant can sit without support. 4. The infant has strong head control but a limp body posture. 5. The infant has feeding difficulties, such as poor sucking and swallowing. 6. If the infant is able to crawl, only one side is used to propel himself or herself.

1.2.5.6 Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term applied to a disorder that impairs movement and posture. The effects on perception, language, and intellect are determined by the type that is diagnosed. Stiff, rigid arms and legs, low birth weight, poor sucking and swallowing, and inability to crawl properly are potential warning signs of CP. By 8 months of age, if the infant cannot sit up without support, this would be considered a potential warning sign, because this developmental task should be completed by this time. The infant with a potential diagnosis of CP has poor head control by 3 months of age, when head control should be strong.

A child must wear a brace for correction of scoliosis. The nurse creates a plan of care knowing the child is at risk for which problem? 1. Inability to ambulate 2. Breaks in skin integrity 3. Decreased oxygenation 4. Delayed growth and development

2 Braces for treatment of scoliosis usually are worn 16 to 23 hours a day. The skin should be kept clean and dry and inspected for signs of redness or breakdown. Therefore, breaks in skin integrity are the client problem that should be included in this child's plan of care. The brace assists with posture, so mobility is not an issue. The brace does not compromise the respiratory status, so oxygenation is not decreased. The child will not have a risk for delayed growth and development because normal developmental milestones can be met while wearing a brace.

A child is brought to the emergency department, and diagnostic x-rays of the child reveal that a fracture is present. The mother states that the child was rollerblading and attempted to break a fall with an outstretched arm. A plaster of Paris cast is applied to the arm. Which instructions should the nurse provide the mother? Select all that apply. 1. The cast will mold to the body part. 2. The cast should be dry in about 6 hours. 3. Keep the cast elevated on pillows for the first day. 4. Make sure that the child can frequently wiggle the fingers. 5. The cast is water-resistant, so the child is able to take a bath or a shower. 6. The cast needs to be kept dry because it will begin to disintegrate when wet.

1.3.4.6 Plaster of Paris is a heavier material than that used in a synthetic cast. It molds easily to the extremity and is less expensive than a synthetic cast. It takes about 24 hours to dry, but drying time could be longer, depending on the size of the cast. Plaster of Paris is not water resistant and will begin to disintegrate when wet. The cast should be elevated on a pillow for the first day to decrease swelling as the cast begins to mold to the arm. As the cast molds, it is imperative that the child can wiggle the fingers because the extremity continues to swell. If the child can wiggle the fingers, adequate motion is present. Color and sensation of the fingers should also be assessed. All of these are important components of a teaching plan for a parent.

The nurse is creating a plan of care for a child who is at risk for seizures. Which interventions apply if the child has a seizure? Select all that apply. 1. Time the seizure. 2. Restrain the child. 3. Stay with the child. 4. Place the child in a prone position. 5. Move furniture away from the child. 6. Insert a padded tongue blade in the child's mouth.

1.3.5 A seizure is a disorder that occurs as a result of excessive and unorganized neuronal discharges in the brain that activate associated motor and sensory organs. During a seizure, the child is placed on his or her side in a lateral position. Positioning on the side prevents aspiration because saliva drains out the corner of the child's mouth. The child is not restrained because this could cause injury to the child. The nurse would loosen clothing around the child's neck and ensure a patent airway. Nothing is placed into the child's mouth during a seizure because this action may cause injury to the child's mouth, gums, or teeth. The nurse would stay with the child to reduce the risk of injury and allow for observation and timing of the seizure.

The nurse is assigned to care for a child with a brain injury who has a temporal lobe herniation and increasing intracranial pressure. Which signs should the nurse identify as indicative of this type of injury? Select all that apply. 1. Flaccid paralysis 2. Pupil response to light 3. Ipsilateral pupil dilation 4. Compression of the sixth cranial nerve 5. Shifting of the temporal lobe laterally across the tentorial notch

1.3.5 Temporal lobe herniation or uncal herniation refers to a shifting of the temporal lobe laterally across the tentorial notch. This produces compression of the third cranial nerve and ipsilateral pupil dilation. If pressure continues to rise, flaccid paralysis, pupil fixation, and death will result.

Which nursing actions apply to the care of a child who is having a seizure? Select all that apply. 1. Time the seizure. 2. Restrain the child. 3. Stay with the child. 4. Insert an oral airway. 5. Loosen clothing around the child's neck. 6. Place the child in a lateral side-lying position.

1.3.5.6 During a seizure, the nurse should stay with the child to reduce the risk of injury and allow for observation and timing of the seizure. The child is not restrained because this could cause injury to the child. The child is placed on his or her side in a lateral position. Nothing is placed in the child's mouth during a seizure because this could injure the child's mouth, gums, or teeth. Positioning on the side prevents aspiration because saliva drains out of the corner of the child's mouth. The nurse should loosen clothing around the child's neck and ensure a patent airway.

The nurse is caring for a child who fractured the ulna bone and had a cast applied 24 hours ago. The child tells the nurse that the arm feels like it is falling asleep. Which nursing action is appropriate? 1. Encourage the child to keep the arm elevated. 2. Report the findings to the health care provider. 3. Document the findings and reassess the arm in 4 hours. 4. Tell the child that this is normal while the cast is drying.

2 A child's complaint of pins and needles or of the extremity falling asleep needs to be reported to the health care provider. These complaints indicate the possibility of circulatory impairment and paresthesia. Paresthesia is a serious concern because paralysis can result if the problem is not corrected. The five Ps of vascular impairment are pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis. Prompt intervention is critical if neurovascular impairment is to be prevented.

The nurse is providing home care instructions to the parents of a child with a seizure disorder. Which statement indicates to the nurse that the teaching regarding seizure disorders has been effective? 1. "We're glad we only have to give our child the medication for 30 days." 2. "We will make appointments for follow-up blood work and care as directed." 3. "We're glad there are no side effects from taking the antiseizure medications." 4. "After our child has been seizure free for 1 month, we can discontinue the medication."

2 Antiseizure medications are continued for a prolonged time even if seizures are controlled. Periodic reevaluation of the child is important to assess the continued effectiveness of the medication, to check serum medication levels, and to determine the need to alter the dosage if indicated. Antiseizure medications have potential side effects, and parents should be informed of such effects specific to the medication the child will be taking. Withdrawal of medication follows a predesigned protocol, usually begun when the child has been seizure free for at least 2 years. When a medication is discontinued, the dosage should be reduced gradually over 1 to 2 weeks.

A child has just returned from surgery and has a hip spica cast. What is the nurse's priority action for this client? 1. Elevate the head of the bed. 2. Assess the circulatory status. 3. Abduct the hips using pillows. 4. Turn the child onto the right side.

2 During the first few hours after a cast is applied, the chief concern is swelling, which may cause the cast to act as a tourniquet and obstruct circulation. Therefore, circulatory assessment is a high priority. Elevating the head of the bed of a child in a hip spica cast would cause discomfort. Using pillows to abduct the hips is not necessary because a hip spica cast immobilizes the hip and knee. Turning the child from one side to the other at least every 2 hours is important because it allows the body cast to dry evenly and prevents complications related to immobility; however, it is not a higher priority than checking circulation.

An infant with a diagnosis of hydrocephalus is scheduled for surgery. Which is the priority nursing intervention in the preoperative period? 1. Test the urine for protein. 2. Reposition the infant frequently. 3. Provide a stimulating environment. 4. Assess blood pressure every 15 minutes.

2 Hydrocephalus occurs as a result of an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid absorption or production that is caused by malformations, tumors, hemorrhage, infections, or trauma. It results in head enlargement and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). In infants with hydrocephalus, the head grows at an abnormal rate, and if the infant is not repositioned frequently, pressure ulcers can occur on the back and side of the head. An egg crate mattress under the head is also a nursing intervention that can help to prevent skin breakdown. Proteinuria is not specific to hydrocephalus. Stimulus should be kept at a minimum because of the increase in ICP. It is not necessary to check the blood pressure every 15 minutes.

The nurse should plan to place a child who had a medulloblastoma brain tumor (infratentorial) removed in which position postoperatively? 1. Trendelenburg's 2. Flat, on either side 3. With the head of the bed elevated above heart level 4. With the head of the bed elevated in low Fowler's position

2 If an infratentorial tumor has been removed, the child is positioned flat on either side. The pillow is placed behind the child's back for comfort and for maintaining the position. The pillow is not placed behind the head because when the pillow is behind the head, proper alignment is not maintained, and this misalignment can impair circulation. The child should never be placed in a Trendelenburg's position (head down) because this position increases intracranial pressure. The head is elevated when the tumor is a supratentorial one. Remember though that the surgeon's prescription for positioning is always followed.

Russell's traction is prescribed for a child with a lower leg fracture. The mother of the child asks the nurse about the purpose of the traction. The nurse explains to the mother that which is the primary action of this type of traction? 1. Relieves the child's pain 2. Reduces or realigns a fracture site 3. Provides a form of restraint for the child 4. Keeps the child from moving around in bed

2 Russell's traction uses skin traction to realign a fracture in the lower extremity and to immobilize the hip and knee in a flexed position. It is important to keep the hip flexion at the prescribed angle to prevent fracture malalignment. The traction may also relieve pain by reducing muscle spasms, but this is not the primary reason for this traction. The child can still move in bed with some restriction as a result of the traction. Traction is never used to restrain a child.

A 4-year-old child sustains a fall at home. After an x-ray examination, the child is determined to have a fractured arm and a plaster cast is applied. The nurse provides instructions to the parents regarding care for the child's cast. Which statement by the parents indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "The cast may feel warm as the cast dries." 2. "I can use lotion or powder around the cast edges to relieve itching." 3. "A small amount of white shoe polish can touch up a soiled white cast." 4. "If the cast becomes wet, a blow drier set on the cool setting may be used to dry the cast."

2 Teaching about cast care is essential to prevent complications from the cast. The parents need to be instructed not to use lotion or powders on the skin around the cast edges or inside the cast. Lotions or powders can become sticky or caked and cause skin irritation. Options 1, 3, and 4 are appropriate statements.

A child with developmental dysplasia of the hip is placed in a Pavlik harness. The nurse should demonstrate to the parents how to place the child in this harness by placing the child's legs in which position? 1. Prone 2. Abduction 3. Adduction 4. Extension

2 The Pavlik harness consists of chest and shoulder straps and foot stirrups. The device, which is used to correct hip dislocations in infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip, consists of a set of straps that hold the hips in flexion and abduction. Therefore, the remaining options are incorrect positions.

The nurse is caring for a child with a fracture who is placed in skeletal traction. The nurse should monitor for which sign of a serious complication associated with this type of traction? 1. Lack of appetite 2. Elevated temperature 3. Decrease in the urinary output 4. Increase in the blood pressure

2 The most serious complication associated with skeletal traction is osteomyelitis, an infection involving the bone. Organisms gain access to the bone systemically or through the opening created by the metal pins or wires used with the traction. Osteomyelitis may occur with any open fracture. Clinical manifestations include complaints of localized pain, swelling, warmth, tenderness, an unusual odor from the fracture site, and an elevated temperature. The remaining options are not specifically associated with osteomyelitis.

A child sustains a fall at home and is brought to the hospital emergency department by the child's mother. After a radiographic examination, the child is determined to have a fractured arm, and a plaster cast is applied. The nurse provides instructions to the mother regarding neurocirculatory assessment and function. Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "I'll need to check her skin twice a day at the cast edges." 2. "If her hand gets real cool and pale, I can apply the heating pad to it." 3. "For the first couple of days, I should try to keep her hand higher than her heart most of the time using pillows." 4. "If she seems way too fussy and her arm is painful even after I've given her the pain medication, it might be a problem, and I should call you for help to decide on what is happening."

2 The mother needs to understand that compartment syndrome is a complication of fracture and casting and can result in permanent limb damage as a result of pressure-related tissue necrosis. The extremity is elevated to prevent swelling, and the health care provider is notified immediately if any signs of neurovascular impairment develop. Cold fingers could indicate neurovascular impairment and should be reported. A heating pad is not applied to the cast or fingers. Skin edges are checked to monitor for irritation and skin breakdown.

The nurse is caring for a child after surgical removal of a brain tumor. The nurse should assess the child for which sign that would indicate that brainstem involvement occurred during the surgical procedure? 1. Inability to swallow 2. Elevated temperature 3. Altered hearing ability 4. Orthostatic hypotension

2 Vital signs and neurological status are assessed frequently after surgical removal of a brain tumor. Special attention is given to the child's temperature, which may be elevated because of hypothalamic or brainstem involvement during surgery. A cooling blanket should be in place on the bed or readily available if the child becomes hyperthermic. Inability to swallow and altered hearing ability are related to functional deficits after surgery. Orthostatic hypotension is not a common clinical manifestation after brain surgery. An elevated blood pressure and widened pulse pressure may be associated with increased intracranial pressure, which is a complication after brain surgery, but they are not related to brainstem involvement.

The nurse enters a child's room and discovers that the child is having a seizure. Which actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply. 1. Call a code. 2. Run to get the crash cart. 3. Turn the child on her side. 4. Loosen any restrictive clothing. 5. Check the child's respiratory status. 6. Place an airway into the child's mouth.

2.3.4 During a seizure the child is placed on his or her side in a lateral position. Positioning on the side will prevent aspiration because saliva will drain out the corner of the child's mouth. The child is not restrained because this could cause injury to the child. The nurse loosens clothing around the child's neck and ensures a patent airway by checking respiratory status. A code is called if the child is not breathing or the heart is not beating. There are no data in the question indicating that this is the case. The nurse stays with the child to reduce the risk of injury and to allow for observation and timing of the seizure. Nothing is placed into the child's mouth during a seizure because this could injure the child's mouth, gums, or teeth.

The clinic nurse is assessing a child suspected of having juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Which assessment findings should the nurse expect to note in a child who has been diagnosed with JRA? Select all that apply. 1. Hematuria 2. Morning stiffness 3. Painful, stiff, and swollen joints 4. Limited range of motion of the joints 5. Stiffness that develops later in the day 6. History of late-afternoon temperature

2.3.4.6. Clinical manifestations associated with JRA include intermittent joint pain that lasts longer than 6 weeks and painful, stiff, and swollen joints that are warm to the touch, with limited range of motion. The child will complain of morning stiffness and may protect the affected joint or refuse to walk. Systemic symptoms include malaise, fatigue, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and growth problems. A history of a late-afternoon fever with temperature spiking up to 105°F (40.6°C) will also be part of the clinical manifestations. Hematuria is not specifically associated with JRA.

The nurse prepares a list of home care instructions for the parents of a child who has a plaster cast applied to the left forearm. Which instructions should be included on the list? Select all that apply. 1. Use the fingertips to lift the cast while it is drying. 2. Keep small toys and sharp objects away from the cast. 3. Use a padded ruler or another padded object to scratch the skin under the cast if it itches. 4. Place a heating pad on the lower end of the cast and over the fingers if the fingers feel cold. 5. Elevate the extremity on pillows for the first 24 to 48 hours after casting to prevent swelling. 6. Contact the health care provider (HCP) if the child complains of numbness or tingling in the extremity.

2.5.6 While the cast is drying, the palms of the hands are used to lift the cast. If the fingertips are used, indentations in the cast could occur and cause constant pressure on the underlying skin. Small toys and sharp objects are kept away from the cast, and no objects (including padded objects) are placed inside the cast because of the risk of altered skin integrity. The extremity is elevated to prevent swelling, and the HCP is notified immediately if any signs of neurovascular impairment develop. A heating pad is not applied to the cast or fingers. Cold fingers could indicate neurovascular impairment, and the HCP should be notified.

The nurse is assigned to care for an 8-year-old child with a diagnosis of a basilar skull fracture. The nurse reviews the health care provider's (HCP's) prescriptions and should contact the HCP to question which prescription? 1. Obtain daily weight. 2. Provide clear liquid intake. 3. Nasotracheal suction as needed. 4. Maintain a patent intravenous line.

3 A basilar skull fracture is a type of head injury. Nasotracheal suctioning is contraindicated in a child with a basilar skull fracture: Because of the nature of the injury, there is a possibility that the catheter will enter the brain through the fracture, creating a high risk of secondary infection. Fluid balance is monitored closely by daily weight determination, intake and output measurement, and serum osmolality determination to detect early signs of water retention, excessive dehydration, and states of hypertonicity or hypotonicity. The child is maintained on NPO (nothing by mouth) status or restricted to clear liquids until it is determined that vomiting will not occur. An intravenous line is maintained to administer fluids or medications, if necessary.

The nurse is providing instructions to the parents of a child with scoliosis regarding the use of a brace. Which statement by the parents indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "I will encourage my child to perform prescribed exercises." 2. "I will have my child wear soft fabric clothing under the brace." 3. "I should apply lotion under the brace to prevent skin breakdown." 4. "I should avoid the use of powder because it will cake under the brace."

3 A brace may be prescribed to treat scoliosis. Braces are not curative, but may slow the progression of the curvature to allow skeletal growth and maturity. The use of lotions or powders under a brace should be avoided because they can become sticky and cake under the brace, causing irritation. Options 1, 2, and 4 are appropriate interventions in the care of a child with a brace.

The nurse is creating a plan of care for a newborn infant with spina bifida (myelomeningocele type). The nurse includes assessment measures in the plan to monitor for increased intracranial pressure. Which assessment technique should be performed that will best detect the presence of an increase in intracranial pressure? 1. Check urine for specific gravity. 2. Monitor for signs of dehydration. 3. Assess anterior fontanel for bulging. 4. Assess blood pressure for signs of hypotension.

3 A bulging or taut anterior fontanel would indicate the presence of increased intracranial pressure. Urine concentrating ability is not well developed at the newborn stage of development. Monitoring for signs of dehydration will not provide data related to increased intracranial pressure. Blood pressure is difficult to assess during the newborn period and is not the best indicator of intracranial pressure.

The nurse assists a health care provider in performing a lumbar puncture on a 3-year-old child with leukemia in whom central nervous system disease is suspected. In which position will the nurse place the child during this procedure? 1. Lithotomy position 2. Modified Sims' position 3. Lateral recumbent position with the knees flexed and chin resting on the chest 4. Prone with knees flexed to the abdomen and head bent with chin resting on the chest

3 A lateral recumbent position with the knees flexed to the abdomen and the head bent with the chin resting on the chest is assumed for a lumbar puncture. This position separates the spinal processes and facilitates needle insertion into the subarachnoid space. The positions in the remaining options are incorrect.

The nurse receives a telephone call from the admissions office and is told that a child with acute bacterial meningitis will be admitted to the pediatric unit. The nurse prepares for the child's arrival and plans to implement which type of precautions? 1. Enteric 2. Contact 3. Droplet 4. Neutropenic

3 A major priority in nursing care for a child with suspected meningitis is to administer the appropriate antibiotic as soon as it is prescribed. The child will be placed in a private room, with droplet transmission precautions, for at least 24 hours after antibiotics are given. Enteric, contact, and neutropenic precautions are not associated with the mode of transmission of meningitis. Enteric precautions are instituted when the mode of transmission is through the gastrointestinal tract. Contact precautions are instituted when contact with infectious items or materials is likely. Neutropenic precautions are instituted when the client has a low neutrophil count.

An alert child, who is crying loudly, is brought to the hospital emergency department for a simple fracture to the lower right arm that occurred after a fall off a bicycle. What is the nurse's priority assessment? 1. Mobility 2. Skin integrity 3. Neurovascular 4. Level of consciousness

3 A simple fracture is a fracture of the bone across its entire shaft with some possible displacement but without breaking the skin. The priority assessment is the neurovascular status in the affected arm. The affected arm should be immobilized. Skin integrity is a higher priority in a compound fracture since there is an open wound. The level of consciousness is already established, as the child is alert and crying.

The parents of a child recently diagnosed with cerebral palsy ask the nurse about the limitations of the disorder. The nurse responds by explaining that the limitations occur as a result of which pathophysiological process? 1. An infectious disease of the central nervous system 2. An inflammation of the brain as a result of a viral illness 3. A chronic disability characterized by impaired muscle movement and posture 4. A congenital condition that results in moderate to severe intellectual disabilities

3 Cerebral palsy is a chronic disability characterized by impaired movement and posture resulting from an abnormality in the extrapyramidal or pyramidal motor system. Meningitis is an infectious process of the central nervous system. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that occurs as a result of viral illness or central nervous system infection. Down syndrome is an example of a congenital condition that results in moderate to severe intellectual disabilities.

Parents bring their 2-week-old infant to a clinic for treatment after a diagnosis of clubfoot made at birth. Which statement by the parents indicates a need for further teaching regarding this disorder? 1. "Treatment needs to be started as soon as possible." 2. "I realize my infant will require follow-up care until fully grown." 3. "I need to bring my infant back to the clinic in 1 month for a new cast." 4. "I need to come to the clinic every week with my infant for the casting."

3 Clubfoot is a complex deformity of the ankle and foot that includes forefoot adduction, midfoot supination, hindfoot varus, and ankle equinus; the defect may be unilateral or bilateral. Treatment for clubfoot is started as soon as possible after birth. Serial manipulation and casting are performed at least weekly. If sufficient correction is not achieved in 3 to 6 months, surgery usually is indicated. Because clubfoot can recur, all children with clubfoot require long-term interval follow-up until they reach skeletal maturity to ensure an optimal outcome.

The nurse is reviewing the record of a child with increased intracranial pressure and notes that the child has exhibited signs of decerebrate posturing. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect if this type of posturing is present? 1. Flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities. 2. Unilateral or bilateral postural change in which the extremities are rigid. 3. Abnormal extension of the upper and lower extremities with some internal rotation. 4. Arms are adducted with fists clenched, and the legs are flaccid with external rotation.

3 Decerebrate (extension) posturing is an abnormal extension of the upper extremities, with internal rotation of the upper arm and wrist and extension of the lower extremities with some internal rotation. Decorticate posturing involves flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities. The remaining two options are incorrect and not characteristics of decerebrate posturing.

The nurse is reviewing the record of a child with increased intracranial pressure and notes that the child has exhibited signs of decerebrate posturing. On assessment of the child, the nurse expects to note which characteristic of this type of posturing? 1. Flaccid paralysis of all extremities 2. Adduction of the arms at the shoulders 3. Rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs 4. Abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension and adduction of the lower extremities

3 Decerebrate (extension) posturing is characterized by the rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs. Option 1 is incorrect. Options 2 and 4 describe decorticate (flexion) posturing.

The nurse is caring for a child with a head injury. The nurse observes decerebrate posturing. What is the nurse's best action? 1. Document the finding. 2. Complete a head-to-toe examination. 3. Notify the health care provider. 4. Inform the family of the improved status.

3 Decorticate posturing indicates a lesion in the cerebral hemisphere or disruption of the corticospinal tracts. Decerebrate posturing indicates damage in the diencephalon, midbrain, or pons. The progression from flexion to extension posturing usually indicates deteriorating neurological function, not improvement, and warrants physician notification. A focused neurological examination is priority at this time, not a complete head to toe.

The nurse is monitoring a child with a brain tumor for complications associated with increased intracranial pressure. Which finding, if noted by the nurse, would indicate the presence of diabetes insipidus? 1. Weight gain 2. Hypertension 3. High urine output 4. Urine specific gravity greater than 1.030

3 Diabetes insipidus (DI) can occur in a child with increased intracranial pressure. Weight gain, hypertension, and a urine specific gravity greater than 1.030 are indications of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, not DI. A high urine output would be indicative of DI.

The nurse is assessing a client with fragile X syndrome. The nurse anticipates noting which physical assessment finding? 1. Low, straight palate 2. Short, narrow protruding ears 3. Long, narrow face with a prominent jaw 4. Short, rounded face with an indiscernible jaw

3 Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Physical assessment findings of fragile X syndrome include long, wide, and/or protruding ears; a long, narrow face with a prominent jaw; and large testes. Therefore, the descriptions in the remaining options are incorrect.

The nurse is providing instructions to the parents of an infant with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The nurse should include which instruction? 1. Expect an increased urine output from the shunt. 2. Notify the health care provider if the infant is fussy. 3. Call the health care provider if the infant has a high-pitched cry. 4. Position the infant on the side of the shunt when the infant is put to bed.

3 If the shunt is malfunctioning, the fluid from the ventricle part of the brain will not be diverted to the peritoneal cavity. The cerebrospinal fluid will build up in the cranial area. The result is increased intracranial pressure, which then causes a high-pitched cry in the infant. The infant should not be positioned on the side of the shunt because this will cause pressure on the shunt and skin breakdown. This type of shunt affects the gastrointestinal system, not the genitourinary system, and an increased urinary output is not expected. Being fussy is a concern only if other signs indicative of a complication are occurring.

The nurse is assisting a health care provider (HCP) examining a 3-week-old infant with developmental dysplasia of the hip. What test or sign should the nurse expect the HCP to assess? 1. Babinski's sign 2. The Moro reflex 3. Ortolani's maneuver 4. The palmar-plantar grasp

3 In developmental dysplasia of the hip, the head of the femur is seated improperly in the acetabulum or hip socket of the pelvis. Ortolani's maneuver is a test to assess for hip instability and can be done only before 4 weeks of age. The examiner abducts the thigh and applies gentle pressure forward over the greater trochanter. A "clicking" sensation indicates a dislocated femoral head moving into the acetabulum. Babinski's sign is abnormal in anyone older than 2 years of age and indicates central nervous system abnormality. The Moro reflex is normally present at birth but is absent by 6 months; if still present at 6 months, there is an indication of neurological abnormality. The palmar-plantar grasp is present at birth and lessens within 8 months.

The parents of a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis call the clinic nurse because the child is experiencing a painful exacerbation of the disease. The parents ask the nurse if the child can perform range-of-motion exercises at this time. The nurse should make which response? 1. "Avoid all exercise during painful periods." 2. "Range-of-motion exercises must be performed every day." 3. "Have the child perform simple isometric exercises during this time." 4. "Administer additional pain medication before performing range-of-motion exercises."

3 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the joints and other tissues, such as articular cartilage. During painful episodes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, hot or cold packs and splinting and positioning the affected joint in a neutral position help reduce the pain. Although resting the extremity is appropriate, beginning simple isometric or tensing exercises as soon as the child is able is important. These exercises do not involve joint movement.

A lumbar puncture is performed on a child suspected to have bacterial meningitis, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is obtained for analysis. The nurse reviews the results of the CSF analysis and determines that which results would verify the diagnosis? 1. Clear CSF, decreased pressure, and elevated protein level 2. Clear CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels 3. Cloudy CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels 4. Cloudy CSF, decreased protein, and decreased glucose levels

3 Meningitis is an infectious process of the central nervous system caused by bacteria and viruses; it may be acquired as a primary disease or as a result of complications of neurosurgery, trauma, infection of the sinus or ears, or systemic infections. Meningitis is diagnosed by testing CSF obtained by lumbar puncture. In the case of bacterial meningitis, findings usually include an elevated pressure; turbid or cloudy CSF; and elevated leukocyte, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels.

The nurse is monitoring an infant for signs of increased intracranial pressure. On assessment of the fontanelles, the nurse notes that the anterior fontanelle bulges when the infant is sleeping. Based on this finding, which is the priority nursing action? 1. Increase oral fluids. 2. Document the finding. 3. Notify the health care provider. 4. Place the infant supine in a side-lying position.

3 The anterior fontanelle is diamond shaped and is located on the top of the head. It should be soft and flat in a normal infant, and it normally closes by 12 to 18 months of age. A larger-than-normal fontanelle may be a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) within the skull. Although the anterior fontanelle may bulge slightly when the infant cries, bulging at rest may indicate ICP. Increasing oral fluids and placing the infant in a side-lying position are inaccurate interventions and will not be helpful. Although the nurse would document the finding, the priority action would be to report the finding to the health care provider.

The nursing student is writing a plan of care for a child who presents with an acute head injury. The nursing instructor reviews the plan of care and praises the student for identifying which assessment as a priority? 1. Inspecting the scalp 2. Pupillary assessment 3. Airway and breathing 4. Palpating the child's head

3 The first step in the emergency treatment of child with head injury includes the ABCs-airway, breathing, and circulation-assessments. The other assessments are included when evaluating a head injury, but the priority is ABC.

The nurse is providing instructions to the parents of a child with scoliosis regarding the use of a brace. Which statement by a parent indicates a need for further teaching? 1. "I cannot place powder under the brace." 2. "I need to place a soft shirt on my child under the brace." 3. "I need to be sure to apply lotion on the skin under the brace." 4. "I need to encourage my child to perform prescribed exercises."

3 The use of lotions or powders should be avoided with a brace because they can become sticky or cake under the brace, causing irritation. The actions in the remaining options are appropriate interventions for the use of a brace on a child.

An infant is brought to the child care clinic for a follow-up visit. The nurse notes that the infant is wearing this apparatus. The nurse documents that the infant is wearing which device? Refer to Figure. (Figure shows harness that is secured on chest with straps going to lower legs and feet, baby is shown with hips and knees bent) 1. A back brace for the treatment of scoliosis 2. Bilateral foot braces for the treatment of clubfoot 3. A shoulder brace for the treatment of shoulder dystocia 4. A Pavlik harness for the treatment of congenital hip dislocation

4 A Pavlik harness is a device that is used to treat congenital hip dislocation. It keeps the hips and knees flexed, the hips abducted, and the femoral head in the acetabulum. The Pavlik harness is worn continuously for 3 to 6 months. It promotes the development of muscle and cartilage, resulting in a stable hip.

The nurse develops a plan of care for a child at risk for tonic-clonic seizures. In the plan of care, the nurse identifies seizure precautions and documents that which item(s) need to be placed at the child's bedside? 1. Emergency cart 2. Tracheotomy set 3. Padded tongue blade 4. Suctioning equipment and oxygen

4 A seizure results from the excessive and unorganized neuronal discharges in the brain that activate associated motor and sensory organs. A type of generalized seizure is a tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure causes rigidity of all body muscles, followed by intense jerking movements. Because increased oral secretions and apnea can occur during and after the seizure, oxygen and suctioning equipment are placed at the bedside. A tracheotomy is not performed during a seizure. No object, including a padded tongue blade, is placed into the child's mouth during a seizure. An emergency cart would not be left at the bedside, but would be available in the treatment room or nearby on the nursing unit.

The nurse is performing an assessment of a 7-year-old child who is suspected of having episodes of absence seizures. Which assessment question to the mother will assist in providing information that will identify the symptoms associated with this type of seizure? 1. "Does twitching occur in the face and neck?" 2. "Does the muscle twitching occur on one side of the body?" 3. "Does the muscle twitching occur on both sides of the body?" 4. "Does the child have a blank expression during these episodes?"

4 Absence seizures are brief episodes of altered awareness or momentary loss of consciousness. No muscle activity occurs except eyelid fluttering or twitching. The child has a blank facial expression. These seizures last only 5 to 10 seconds, but they may occur one after another several times a day. Simple partial seizures consist of twitching of an extremity, face, or neck, or the sensation of twitching or numbness in an extremity or the face or neck. Myoclonic seizures are brief, random contractions of a muscle group that can occur on one or both sides of the body.

The nurse caring for a child with suspected absence seizures is collecting data from the parents on how to manage the disorder. Which statement, if made by the parents, indicates the presence of signs congruent with this disorder? 1. "My child does well with group activities." 2. "My child leads the other children during group play." 3. "My child is doing really well in school and has high grades." 4. "My child's teacher mentioned that he seems to daydream a lot."

4 Absence seizures are very brief episodes of altered awareness. There is no muscle activity except eyelid fluttering or twitching. The child has a blank facial expression. These seizures last only 5 to 10 seconds but may occur one after another several times a day. The child experiencing absence seizures may appear to be daydreaming. If the child is participating in group activities, they sometimes need help catching up with the group, especially if a seizure occurs. Decreasing grades is a sign of absence seizures, as well as lowered intellectual processes.

A child has a right femur fracture caused by a motor vehicle crash and is placed in skin traction temporarily until surgery can be performed. During assessment, the nurse notes that the dorsalis pedis pulse is absent on the right foot. Which action should the nurse take? 1. Administer an analgesic. 2. Release the skin traction. 3. Apply ice to the extremity. 4. Notify the health care provider (HCP).

4 An absent pulse to an extremity of the affected limb after a bone fracture could mean that the child is developing or experiencing compartment syndrome. This is an emergency situation, and the HCP should be notified immediately. Administering analgesics would not improve circulation. The skin traction should not be released without an HCP's prescription. Applying ice to an extremity with absent perfusion is incorrect. Ice may be prescribed when perfusion is adequate to decrease swelling.

The nurse caring for a child who has sustained a head injury in an automobile crash is monitoring the child for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). For which early sign of increased ICP should the nurse monitor? 1. Increased systolic blood pressure 2. Abnormal posturing of extremities 3. Significant widening pulse pressure 4. Changes in level of consciousness

4 An altered level of consciousness is an early sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Late signs of increased ICP include tachycardia leading to bradycardia, apnea, systolic hypertension, widening pulse pressure, and posturing.

The nurse caring for an infant with a diagnosis of hydrocephalus should monitor the infant for which sign of increased intracranial pressure? 1. Proteinuria 2. Bradycardia 3. A drop in blood pressure 4. A bulging anterior fontanel

4 An elevated or bulging anterior fontanel indicates an increase in cerebrospinal fluid collection in the cerebral ventricle. Proteinuria, bradycardia, and a drop in blood pressure are not specific signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Changes in the level of consciousness and a widened pulse pressure are additional signs of increased ICP.

The nurse is reviewing the health care record of an infant suspected of having unilateral hip dysplasia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to note documented in the infant's record regarding this condition? 1. Full range of motion in the affected hip 2. An apparent short femur on the unaffected side 3. Asymmetrical adduction of the affected hip when placed supine, with the knees and hips flexed 4. Asymmetry of the gluteal skin folds when the infant is placed prone and the legs are extended against the examining table

4 Asymmetry of the gluteal skin folds when the infant is placed prone and the legs are extended against the examining table is noted in hip dysplasia. Asymmetrical abduction of the affected hip when an infant is placed supine with the knees and hips flexed would also be an assessment finding in hip dysplasia in infants beyond the newborn period. An apparent short femur on the affected side is noted, as well as limited range of motion.

The nurse is providing home care instructions to the mother of a child who is recovering from Reye's syndrome. Which instruction should the nurse provide to the mother? 1. Increase stimuli in the home environment. 2. Avoid daytime naps so that the child will sleep at night. 3. Give the child frequent small meals, if vomiting occurs. 4. Check the skin and eyes every day for a yellow discoloration.

4 Checking for jaundice will assist in identifying the presence of liver complications, which are characteristic of Reye's syndrome. Decreasing stimuli and providing rest decrease stress on the brain tissue. If vomiting occurs in Reye's syndrome, it is caused by cerebral edema and is a sign of intracranial pressure.

The nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with Down syndrome. Which explanation of this syndrome should the nurse provide the parents? 1. Subaverage intellectual functioning with a congenial nature 2. Above-average intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive behavior 3. Average intellectual functioning and the absence of deficits in adaptive behavior 4. Moderate to severe intellectual disability and linkage to an extra chromosome 21, group G

4 Down syndrome is a form of mental retardation and is a congenital condition that results in moderate to severe intellectual disability. Most cases are attributable to an extra chromosome (group G)—hence the name trisomy 21. The characteristics in the remaining options are incorrect characteristics of this syndrome.

The nurse is caring for an infant with spina bifida (myelomeningocele type) who had the sac on the back containing cerebrospinal fluid, the meninges, and the nerves (gibbus) surgically removed. The nursing plan of care for the postoperative period should include which action to maintain the infant's safety? 1. Covering the back dressing with a binder 2. Placing the infant in a head-down position 3. Strapping the infant in a baby seat sitting up 4. Elevating the head with the infant in the prone position

4 Elevating the head will decrease the chance that cerebrospinal fluid will accumulate in the cranial cavity. The infant needs to be prone or side-lying to decrease the pressure on the surgical site on the back. Binders and a baby seat should not be used because of the pressure they would exert on the surgical site.

A mother arrives at the emergency department with her 5-year-old child and states that the child fell off a bunk bed. A head injury is suspected. The nurse checks the child's airway status and assesses the child for early and late signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which is a late sign of increased ICP? 1. Nausea 2. Irritability 3. Headache 4. Bradycardia

4 Head injury is the pathological result of any mechanical force to the skull, scalp, meninges, or brain. A head injury can cause bleeding in the brain and result in increased ICP. In a child, early signs include a slight change in level of consciousness, headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances (diplopia), and seizures. Late signs of increased ICP include a significant decrease in level of consciousness, bradycardia, decreased motor and sensory responses, alterations in pupil size and reactivity, posturing, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and coma.

The community health nurse is providing information to parents of children in a local school regarding the signs of meningitis. The nurse informs the parents that the classic signs/symptoms of meningitis include which findings? 1. Nausea, delirium, and fever 2. Severe headache and back pain 3. Photophobia, fever, and confusion 4. Severe headache, fever, and a change in the level of consciousness

4 The classic signs/symptoms of meningitis include severe headache, fever, stiff neck, and a change in the level of consciousness. Photophobia also may be a prominent early manifestation and is thought to be related to meningeal irritation. Although nausea, confusion, delirium, and back pain may occur in meningitis, these are not the classic signs/symptoms.

The nurse notes that an infant with the diagnosis of hydrocephalus has a head that is heavier than that of the average infant. The nurse should determine that special safety precautions are needed when moving the infant with hydrocephalus. Which statement should the nurse plan to include in the discharge teaching with the parents to reflect this safety need? 1. "Feed your infant in a side-lying position." 2. "Place a helmet on your infant when in bed." 3. "Hyperextend your infant's head with a rolled blanket under the neck area." 4. "When picking up your infant, support the infant's neck and head with the open palm of your hand."

4 Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an enlargement of the cranium because of an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricular system. This characteristic causes the increase in the weight of the infant's head. The infant may experience significant head enlargement. Care must be exercised so that the head is well supported when the infant is fed or moved to prevent extra strain on the infant's neck, and measures must be taken to prevent the development of pressure areas. Supporting the infant's head and neck when picking up the infant will prevent the hyperextension of the neck area and prevent the infant from falling backward. The infant should be fed with the head elevated for proper motility of food processing. A helmet could suffocate an unattended infant during rest and sleep times, and hyperextension of the infant's head could put pressure on the neck vertebrae, causing injury.

The nurse is implementing a teaching plan for a 4-month-old child who has been diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip. The child will be placed in the Pavlik harness. Which statement by the family indicates that they understand the care of their child while placed in the Pavlik harness? 1. "I know that the harness must be worn continuously." 2. "I will bring my child back to the orthopedic office in a month or two so the straps can be checked." 3. "I realize that I will also need to put two diapers on my child so that the harness will stay dry and does not get soiled." 4. "I will watch for any redness or skin irritation where the straps are applied and call the health care provider for red areas."

4 If stabilization of the hip is required, a cast is initially applied. This is kept in place for 3 to 6 months until the hip is stabilized. After this is completed, and if further treatment is required, a Pavlik harness is the treatment of choice next. A Pavlik harness is a removable abduction brace. The brace must be checked every 1 to 2 weeks for adjustment of the straps. The use of double diapering is not recommended for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) because of the possibility of hip extension. Because there are straps applied to the child's skin, it is important to check the skin of the child frequently.

The nurse is assisting a health care provider (HCP) during the examination of an infant with developmental hip dysplasia. The HCP performs the Ortolani maneuver. The nurse determines that the infant exhibits a positive response to this maneuver if which finding is noted? 1. A shrill cry from the infant 2. Asymmetry of the affected hip 3. Reduced range of motion in the right and left hip 4. A palpable click during abduction of the affected hip

4 In the Ortolani maneuver, the examiner abducts both hips. A positive finding is a palpable click on the affected side during abduction. Crying is expected. Asymmetry and reduced range of motion of the affected hip are not positive signs of this maneuver.

The nurse is planning care for a child with acute bacterial meningitis. Based on the mode of transmission of this infection, which precautionary intervention should be included in the plan of care? 1. Maintain enteric precautions. 2. Maintain neutropenic precautions. 3. No precautions are required as long as antibiotics have been started. 4. Maintain respiratory isolation precautions for at least 24 hours after the initiation of antibiotics.

4 Meningitis is an infectious process of the central nervous system caused by bacteria and viruses; it may be acquired as a primary disease or as a result of complications of neurosurgery, trauma, infection of the sinus or ears, or systemic infections. A major priority of nursing care for a child suspected to have meningitis is to administer the antibiotic as soon as it is prescribed. The child also is placed on respiratory isolation precautions for at least 24 hours while culture results are obtained and the antibiotic is having an effect. Enteric precautions and neutropenic precautions are not associated with the mode of transmission of meningitis. Enteric precautions are instituted when the mode of transmission is through the gastrointestinal tract. Neutropenic precautions are instituted when a child has a low neutrophil count.

A child is diagnosed with Reye's syndrome. The nurse creates a nursing care plan for the child and should include which intervention in the plan? 1. Assessing hearing loss 2. Monitoring urine output 3. Changing body position every 2 hours 4. Providing a quiet atmosphere with dimmed lighting

4 Reye's syndrome is an acute encephalopathy that follows a viral illness and is characterized pathologically by cerebral edema and fatty changes in the liver. In Reye's syndrome, supportive care is directed toward monitoring and managing cerebral edema. Decreasing stimuli in the environment by providing a quiet environment with dimmed lighting would decrease the stress on the cerebral tissue and neuron responses. Hearing loss and urine output are not affected. Changing the body position every 2 hours would not affect the cerebral edema directly. The child should be positioned with the head elevated to decrease the progression of the cerebral edema and promote drainage of cerebrospinal fluid.

A child who has undergone spinal fusion for scoliosis complains of abdominal discomfort and begins to have episodes of vomiting. On further assessment, the nurse notes abdominal distention. On the basis of these findings, the nurse should take which action? 1. Administer an antiemetic. 2. Increase the intravenous fluids. 3. Place the child in a Sims' position. 4. Notify the health care provider (HCP).

4 Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity that usually involves lateral curvature, spinal rotation resulting in rib asymmetry, and hypokyphosis of the thorax. A complication after surgical treatment of scoliosis is superior mesenteric artery syndrome. This disorder is caused by mechanical changes in the position of the child's abdominal contents, resulting from lengthening of the child's body. The disorder results in a syndrome of emesis and abdominal distention similar to that which occurs with intestinal obstruction or paralytic ileus. Postoperative vomiting in children with body casts or children who have undergone spinal fusion warrants attention because of the possibility of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect.

A 9-year-old child fractures the left tibia along an epiphyseal line while using a skateboard. What is the nurse's priority concern during future growth? 1. Infection 2. Paralysis 3. Pressure ulcer 4. Uneven leg growth

4 The epiphyseal line is the area that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. A fracture affecting this area places the child at risk for uneven future growth if proper healing does not occur. The epiphyses are located at the proximal and distal ends of a bone and are the insertion sites for muscles. The diaphysis is the shaft or main longitudinal portion of a long bone. The metaphysis is an area of flaring of bone, located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Paralysis, pressure ulcer, and infection are not priority concerns for future growth. Paralysis and neurovascular status are priority concerns during the immediate period postinjury, but not during future growth.

An adolescent is seen in the emergency department for a suspected sprain of the ankle. X-rays have been obtained, and a fracture has been ruled out. Which instruction should the nurse provide to the adolescent regarding home care for treatment of the sprain? 1. Elevate the extremity, and maintain strict bed rest for a period of 7 days. 2. Immobilize the extremity, and maintain the extremity in a dependent position. 3. Apply heat to the injured area every 4 hours for the first 48 hours, and then begin to apply ice. 4. Apply ice to the injured area for a period of 30 minutes every 4 to 6 hours for the first 24 to 48 hours.

4 The injured area should be wrapped immediately to support the joint and control the swelling. Ice is applied to reduce the swelling and should be applied for not longer than 30 minutes every 4 to 6 hours for the first 24 to 48 hours. The joint should be immobilized and elevated, but strict bed rest for a period of 7 days is not required. A dependent position will cause swelling in the affected area.

The pediatric nurse educator provides a teaching session to the nursing staff regarding juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Which action by a nursing staff member in the care of a child with JIA indicates a need for further education? 1. Assesses for joint stiffness in the child 2. Encourages performance of isometric exercises 3. Administers nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication 4. Emphasizes the importance of rising quickly in the mornings

4 The nursing plan of care for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) focuses on the status of affected joints. Isometric exercises and passive range of motion exercises will prevent contractures and deformities. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications are used to treat joint stiffness and pain. The child may need more time than average to begin morning activities.

The nurse is assessing a child with increased intracranial pressure. On assessment, the nurse notes that the child is now exhibiting decerebrate posturing. The nurse should modify the client's plan of care based on which interpretation of the client's change? 1. An insignificant finding 2. An improvement in condition 3. Decreasing intracranial pressure 4. Deteriorating neurological function

4 The progression from decorticate to decerebrate posturing usually indicates deteriorating neurological function and warrants health care provider notification. The remaining options are inaccurate interpretations.

The nurse is assessing for Kernig's sign in a child with a suspected diagnosis of meningitis. Which action should the nurse perform for this test? 1. Tap the child's facial nerve and assess for spasm. 2. Compress the child's upper arm and assess for tetany. 3. Bend the child's head toward the knees and hips and assess for pain. 4. Raise the child's leg with the knee flexed and then extend the leg at the knee and assess for pain.

4 To test for Kernig's sign, the client's leg is raised with the knee flexed and then extended at the knee. If any resistance is noted or pain is felt, the result is a positive Kernig's sign. This is a common finding in meningitis. Chvostek's sign, seen in tetany, is a spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland. Trousseau's sign is a sign for tetany in which carpal spasm can be elicited by compressing the upper arm and causing ischemia to the nerves distally. Brudzinski's sign occurs when flexion of the head causes flexion of the hips and knees.

A child is placed in skeletal traction for treatment of a fractured femur. The nurse creates a plan of care and should include which intervention? 1. Ensure that all ropes are outside the pulleys. 2. Ensure that the weights are resting lightly on the floor. 3. Restrict diversional and play activities until the child is out of traction. 4. Check the health care provider's (HCP's) prescriptions for the amount of weight to be applied.

4 When a child is in traction, the nurse would check the HCP's prescription to verify the prescribed amount of traction weight. The nurse would maintain the correct amount of weight as prescribed, ensure that the weights hang freely, check the ropes for fraying and ensure that they are on the pulleys appropriately, monitor the neurovascular status of the involved extremity, and monitor for signs and symptoms of immobilization. The nurse would provide therapeutic and diversional play activities for the child.