PEDs: Chapter 38 Alteration in Intracranial regulation/Neurological disorder

Neurologic disorders result from ___________ problems, infections, or traumas.

CONGENITAL

A nurse is assessing a 3-year-old child for possible bacterial meningitis. Which sign would indicate irritation of the meninges? A. Negative Kernig sign B. Negative Brudzinski sign C. Positive Chadwick sign D. Positive Kernig sign

D. Positive Kernig sign A positive Kernig sign can indicate irritation of the meninges. A positive Brudzinski sign also is indicative of the condition. A positive Chadwick sign is a bluish discoloration of the cervix indicating pregnancy.

The parents of children with chronic neurologic disorders will require large amounts of ________and support throughout the child's lifetime.

EDUCATION

A bulging ________ can be a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

FONTANELLE

The major complications associated with shunts are _____ and _____ .

INFECTION MALFUNCTION

The infant with bacterial meningitis may rest in the ______ position.

POISTHOTONIC

Abrupt eruption of a petechial or purplish rash warrants immediate medical attention. TRUE FALSE

TRUE Abrupt eruption of a petechial or purplish rash can be indicative of meningococcemia (infection with N. meningitidis). Immediate medical attention is warranted.

A family teaching plan for a child with epilepsy should include instructions for responding to seizures for parents, family, teachers, and day care workers. FALSE TRUE

TRUE An important nursing function is to educate not only the child and family but also the community, including the child's teachers and caregivers, on the reality and facts of the seizure disorder.

A care plan for a child with neonatal seizures will include ensuring adequate ______________ , correcting any underlying metabolic disturbances, and administering anticonvulsant therapy.

VENTILATION

A 1-year-old infant has just undergone surgery to correct craniosynostosis. Which comment is the best psychosocial intervention for the parents? A. "I will be watching hemoglobin and hematocrit closely." B. "The surgery was successful. Do you have any questions?" C. "This only happens in 1 out of 2,000 births." D. "I told you yesterday there would be facial swelling."

B. "The surgery was successful. Do you have any questions?" Often what parents need most is someone to listen to their concerns. Although this is a good time for education, the parents are more concerned about the success of the surgery than their infant's appearance. Watching the hemoglobin, hematocrit and swelling are important nursing functions but they do not address the parents' psychosocial needs. The parents do not need to be taught statistics about their infant's condition. They more than likely know this from health care provider visits, the Internet, and parent support groups. Following surgery, this knowledge is not what parents are concerned about. Parents want to know their infant is safe and well.

Decorticate posturing occurs with damage of the cerebral ____

CORTEX

The nurse is teaching the mother of an infant with a temporary ileostomy about stoma care. What is the most important instruction to emphasize to the mother to avoid an emergency situation? A. "You must be meticulous in caring for the surrounding skin." B. "Gather all of your supplies before you begin." C. "You may need adhesive remover to ease pouch removal." D. "Call the doctor immediately if the stoma is not pink/red and moist."

D. "Call the doctor immediately if the stoma is not pink/red and moist." A healthy stoma is pink and moist. If the stoma is dry or pale, the mother must notify the health care provider immediately because it could indicate compromised circulation. Gathering supplies is important but would not be involved in avoiding an emergency situation. All of the other instructions are valid, but emphasizing the color of the healthy stoma is most important to avoid an emergency situation. Adhesive remover may be needed to ease pouch removal, but this action would not necessarily avoid an emergency situation. Meticulous skin care is important, but this action would not necessarily avoid an emergency situation.

Which of these age groups has the highest actual rate of death from drowning? A. infants B. preschool children C. school-aged children D. toddlers

D. toddlers Toddlers and older adolescents have the highest actual rate of death from drowning.

Sunset eyes is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure. FALSE TRUE

FALSE Sunset eyes are an early sign of increased intracranial pressure.

Febrile seizures are typically benign seizures associated with a fever and viral illness. TRUE FALSE

TRUE Febrile seizures are associated with a fever that is not the result of an intracranial infection or metabolic imbalance, and are usually related to a viral illness. These seizures are usually benign but can be very frightening for both the child and family. In most cases the prognosis is excellent

The nurse helps position a child for a lumbar puncture. Which statement describes the correct positioning for this procedure? A. "For a lumbar puncture, the child will be placed in a side-lying position with knees bent and neck flexed to assist with arching the back." B. "The child will be held by the mother on her lap with his back toward the health care provider." C. "The child will be placed in the prone position with the nurse holding the child still." D. "When positioning the child, the nurse needs to assist the child to a side-lying position and keep his back as flat as much as possible."

A. "For a lumbar puncture, the child will be placed in a side-lying position with knees bent and neck flexed to assist with arching the back." Correct positioning for a lumbar puncture is to place the child on his or her side with the neck flexed and knees bent and drawn up to their chest. This helps to keep the back arched as much as possible. Newborns may be seated upright with their head bent forward. The child is not placed prone; this does not allow the back to be arched.

To detect complications as early as possible in a child with meningitis who's receiving IV fluids, monitoring for which condition should be the nurse's priority? A. Cerebral edema B. Cardiogenic shock C. Renal failure D. Left-sided heart failure

A. Cerebral edema The child with meningitis is already at increased risk for cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure due to inflammation of the meningeal membranes; therefore, the nurse should carefully monitor fluid intake and output to avoid fluid volume overload. Renal failure and cardiogenic shock aren't complications of IV therapy. The child with a healthy heart wouldn't be expected to develop left-sided heart failure.

A preschool-age child has just been admitted to the pediatric unit with a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The nurse would include which recommendation in the nursing plan? A. Decrease environmental stimulation B. Take vital signs every 4 hours C. Encourage the parents to hold the child D. Monitor temperature every 4 hours

A. Decrease environmental stimulation A child with the diagnosis of meningitis is much more comfortable with decreased environmental stimuli. Noise and bright lights stimulate the child and can be irritating, causing the child to cry, in turn increasing intracranial pressure. Vital signs would be taken initially every hour and temperature monitored every 2 hours. Children with bacterial meningitis are usually much more comfortable if allowed to lie flat because this position doesn't cause increased meningeal irritation.

The nurse is collecting data from a child who may have a seizure disorder. Which nursing observations suggest an absence seizure? A. Minimal or no alteration in muscle tone, with a brief loss of responsiveness or attention B. Brief, sudden contracture of a muscle or muscle group C. Sudden, momentary loss of muscle tone, with a brief loss of consciousness D. Muscle tone maintained and child frozen in position

A. Minimal or no alteration in muscle tone, with a brief loss of responsiveness or attention Absence seizures are characterized by a brief loss of responsiveness with minimal or no alteration in muscle tone. They may go unrecognized because the child's behavior changes very little. A sudden loss of muscle tone describes atonic seizures. A frozen position describes the appearance of someone having akinetic seizures. A brief, sudden contraction of muscles describes a myoclonic seizure.

Which nursing assessment data should be given the highest priority for a child with clinical findings related to meningitis? A. Signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) B. Occurrence of urine and fecal contamination C. Onset and character of fever D. Degree and extent of nuchal rigidity

A. Signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) Assessment of fever and evaluation of nuchal rigidity are important aspects of care, but assessment for signs of increasing ICP should be the highest priority due to the life-threatening implications. Urinary and fecal incontinence can occur in a child who's ill from nearly any cause but doesn't pose a great danger to life.

The nurse is assessing a 10-day-old infant for dehydration. Which finding indicates severe dehydration? A. Tenting of skin B. Pale and slightly dry mucosa C. Blood pressure of 80/42 mm Hg D. Soft and flat fontanels (fontanelles)

A. Tenting of skin Tenting of skin is an indicator of severe dehydration. Soft and flat fontanels (fontanelles) indicate mild dehydration. Pale and slightly dry mucosa indicates mild or moderate dehydration. Blood pressure of 80/42 mm Hg is a normal finding for an infant.

A child who has been having seizures is admitted to the hospital for diagnostic testing. The child has had laboratory testing and an EEG, and is scheduled for a lumbar puncture. The parents voice concern to the nurse stating, "I don't understand why our child had to have a lumbar puncture since the EEG was negative." What is the best response by the nurse? A. "I know it must be frustrating not having a diagnosis yet, but you have to be patient. Seizure disorders are difficult to diagnose." B. "The lumbar puncture can help rule out any infection in fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord as the cause of the seizures." C. "Since the EEG was negative there must be some other cause for the seizures. The lumbar puncture is necessary to determine what the cause is." D. "A lumbar puncture is a routine test that is performed anytime someone has a seizure disorder."

B. "The lumbar puncture can help rule out any infection in fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord as the cause of the seizures." Lumbar punctures are performed to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to rule out meningitis or encephalitis as a cause of seizures. A normal EEG does not rule out epilepsy because seizure activity rarely occurs during the actual testing time. A 24-hour or longer EEG can help in diagnosing a seizure disorder. Just telling the parents that it needs to be done, to be patient, or it is a routine does not address the parents' concerns.

A 6-week-old infant is diagnosed with pyloric stenosis. When taking a health history from the parent, which symptom would the nurse expect to hear described? A. Chronic diarrhea B. Vomiting immediately after feeding C. Vomiting about 2 hours after feeding D. Refusal to eat

B. Vomiting immediately after feeding With pyloric stenosis the circular muscle pylorus is hypertrophied. This thickness causes gastric outlet obstruction. The condition is seen in younger infants starting at 3 to 6 weeks of age. The infant has projectile nonbilious vomiting. It occurs directly after eating and is not related to the feeding position. The infant is hungry shortly after eating. There is weight loss and/or dehydration. The treatment is a pyloromyotomy to reduce the increased size and increase the opening. Diarrhea is not associated with the disorder.

The nurse is caring for an adolescent who suffered an injury during a diving accident. During assessment the client is demonstrating the posturing in the figure. The nurse is aware that this type of posturing is the result of injury to what area? A. mid-cervical B. brain stem C. frontal lobe D. cerebral cortex

B. brain stem Decerebrate posturing is seen with injuries occurring at the level of the brain stem. Decorticate posturing occurs with damage of the cerebral cortex. Both types of posturing are characterized by extremely rigid muscle tone. Injuries to the frontal lobe of the brain and the mid-cervical spine would not cause these types of posturing.

The nurse is examining a 7-year-old with suspected appendicitis. Which physical findings would indicate the possibility of appendicitis? A. Intermittent, left lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness B. Diffuse, intermittent abdominal pain C. Persistent, right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness D. Tenderness that comes and goes in the lower abdomen

C. Persistent, right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness With appendicitis, symptoms typically do not come and go. They are usually persistent and intensify with time. With appendicitis, maximal tenderness occurs in the area of the McBurney point in the right lower quadrant, not the left. There is pain upon palpation with rebound tenderness. Pain is usually in the right lower quadrant, not the left, and is persistent. There is pain on palpation with rebound tenderness. Pain typically occurs in the right lower quadrant and is persistent and intensifies with time.

A child is experiencing an acute exacerbation of Crohn disease for which she is prescribed prednisone. The nurse teaches the parents and child about this medication. Which statement by the parents indicates that the teaching was successful? A. "This drug helps to control the abdominal cramping." B. "We might notice some of the medication in her stool." C. "She might lose some weight initially." D. "We should not stop this medication abruptly."

D. "We should not stop this medication abruptly." Prednisone is a corticosteroid. Stopping the medication abruptly could lead to adrenal insufficiency. Weight gain would be associated with corticosteroid use. Weight loss is associated with the disease. Corticosteroids help to reduce inflammation and suppress the normal immune response. Typically, anti-inflammatory agents such as mesalamine may appear in the stool. This indicates poor absorption.

The nurse is administering an enteral feeding to a child with a gastrostomy tube (G-tube). Which action will the nurse take when administering a prescribed feeding through the client's G-tube? A. Use a syringe plunger to administer the feeding. B. Position the client with the head of the bed at a 20° angle. C. After feeding, flush the tube with a small amount of saline and leave the G-tube open for 2 minutes. D. Check for gastric residual before starting feeding.

D. Check for gastric residual before starting feeding. The nurse should check for gastric residual before starting feeding by gently aspirating from the tube with a syringe or positioning the tube below the level of the stomach with only the barrel of the syringe attached. The client should be positioned with his or her head elevated 30° to 45° and the formula should be allowed to flow with gravity, not plunged unless the tube is clogged. After feeding, the nurse should flush the tube with a small amount of water, unless contraindicated, and leave the G-tube open for 5 to 10 minutes after feeding to allow for escape of air.

A neonatal nurse teaches students how to recognize gastrointestinal disorders in infants. The nurse tells the students that failure of the newborn to pass meconium in the first 24 hours after birth may indicate what disease? A. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) B. Gastroenteritis C. Ulcerative colitis (UC) D. Hirschsprung disease

D. Hirschsprung disease The nurse should suspect Hirschsprung disease when the newborn does not pass meconium in the first 24 hours after birth, and has bilious vomiting or abdominal distention and feeding intolerance with bilious aspirates and vomiting. Typical signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The characteristic GI manifestation of UC is bloody diarrhea accompanied by crampy, typically left-sided lower abdominal pain. Clinical manifestations of untreated SBS include profuse watery diarrhea, malabsorption, and failure to thrive.

Dexamethasone is often prescribed for the child who has sustained a severe head injury. Dexamethasone is a(n): A. diuretic. B. antihistamine. C. anticonvulsant. D. steroid.

D. steroid. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may be caused by several factors: head trauma, birth trauma, hydrocephalus, infection, and/or tumors. Whatever the reason, the brain swells and becomes inflamed. Dexamethasone is a steroid. A steroid may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and pressure on vital centers of the brain. The diuretic mannitol may be used to decrease edema. An anticonvulsant is used with increased ICP to prevent seizures. An antihistamine would not be warranted for the treatment of a head injury.

The parents of a 17-year-old adolescent diagnosed with bacterial meningitis tell the nurse, "We just do not understand how this could have happened. Our adolescent has always been healthy and just received a booster vaccine last year." How should the nurse respond? A. "I understand your frustration. Unfortunately, immunizations are not 100% effective in preventing the infection." B. "Maybe your child's immune system is not strong enough to fight off the infection, even with having received the vaccine." C. "Meningococcal conjugate vaccine covers only two types of bacterial meningitis." D. "Your child may have been exposed to the type of meningitis that is not covered by the vaccine received."

A. "I understand your frustration. Unfortunately, immunizations are not 100% effective in preventing the infection." Showing empathy while letting the parents know that vaccines are not 100% effective is the best response. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine protects against four types of meningitis. There is nothing in the scenario to lead the nurse to believe that a different strain of bacteria caused the infection, or that the adolescent's immune system is compromised.

The nurse is caring for a neonate who has undergone an intestinal pull-through procedure for an imperforate anus. Which action would be most important for the nurse to do postoperatively? A. Listening for bowel sounds B. Determining the infant's ability to suck on a pacifier C. Turning the infant every 4 hours D. Observing the abdominal skin

A. Listening for bowel sounds Bowel sounds will allow the nurse to know how peristalsis is progressing after surgery. This will determine when the infant is able to receive nourishment other than through the intravenous route. Observing the perianal skin would be important because the perianal skin is at significant risk for breakdown because this will be the first time that stool has passed through the anal sphincter. The infant's ability to suck on the pacifier is important but is unrelated to the surgery. The infant should be turned at least every 2 hours.

The nurse is caring for an 8-year-old girl who was in a car accident. Which symptom suggests the child has a cerebral contusion? A. trouble focusing when reading B. difficulty concentrating C. vomiting D. bleeding from the ear

A. trouble focusing when reading Signs and symptoms for cerebral contusions include disturbances to vision, strength, and sensation. A child suffering a concussion will be distracted and unable to concentrate. Vomiting is a sign of a subdural hematoma. Bleeding from the ear is a sign of a basilar skull fracture.

The nurse is caring for a child admitted with pyloric stenosis. Which clinical manifestation would likely have been noted in the child with this diagnosis? A. Explosive diarrhea B. Projectile vomiting C. Severe abdominal pain D. Frequent urination

B. Projectile vomiting During the first weeks of life, the infant with pyloric stenosis often eats well and gains weight and then starts vomiting occasionally after meals. Within a few days the vomiting increases in frequency and force, becoming projectile. The child may have constipation, and peristaltic waves may be seen in the abdomen, but the child does not appear in severe pain. Urine output is decreased and urination is infrequent.

An 18-month-old infant is brought to the emergency department with flu-like symptoms. The infant is diagnosed with pneumonia secondary to aspiration of stomach contents. The nurse explains to the parents that pneumonia is a condition that often occurs secondary to: A. inflammatory bowel disease. B. gastroesophageal reflux disease. C. Hirschsprung disease. D. cystic fibrosis.

B. gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus. These refluxed contents may be aspirated into the lungs. The child with gastroesophageal reflux disease may present with the physical findings of pneumonia or GER-induced asthma. GER may cause apnea or an apparent life-threatening event in the younger infant. Pneumonia can occur in children with cystic fibrosis, but the child would need to have the cystic fibrosis diagnosis first. Hirschsprung and inflammatory bowel diseases are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that do not present with respiratory symptoms.

The nurse is caring for an infant who is at risk for increased intracranial pressure. What statement by the parent would alert the nurse to further assess the child's neurological status? A. "She is a pretty happy baby, unless her diaper is wet, then she cries until we change her diaper." B. "She always cries when the person holding her has on glasses...I guess glasses scare her." C. "She has been irritable for the last hour....seems like she is just upset for some reason." D. "She typically breastfeeds, but lately we have had to supplement with some oat cereal."

C. "She has been irritable for the last hour....seems like she is just upset for some reason." Irritability in an infant can be a sign of declining neurological function. Because infants are not able to answer questions pertaining to person, place and time, their neurological assessment must be catered to their level of development. The other responses would be typical and normal for an infant.

The nurse is teaching an in-service program to a group of nurses on the topic of gastrointestinal disorders. The nurses in the group make the following statements. Which statement is most accurate related to the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux? A. A thickened, elongated muscle causes an obstruction at the end of the stomach. B. There are recurrent paroxysmal bouts of abdominal pain. C. In this disorder the sphincter that leads into the stomach is relaxed. D. A partial or complete intestinal obstruction occurs.

C. In this disorder the sphincter that leads into the stomach is relaxed. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when the sphincter in the lower portion of the esophagus, which leads into the stomach, is relaxed and allows gastric contents to be regurgitated back into the esophagus. Congenital aganglionic megacolon is characterized by persistent constipation resulting from partial or complete intestinal obstruction of mechanical origin. Colic consists of recurrent paroxysmal bouts of abdominal pain. Pyloric stenosis is characterized by hypertrophy of the circular muscle fibers of the pylorus, which leads to an obstruction at the distal end of the stomach.

The mother of a toddler tells the nurse during a routine well-child appointment that she is concerned because, "It seems like my son is falling and hitting his head all of the time." What is the best response by the nurse? A. "I understand your concern, but toddlers fall and hit their heads a lot since they are not very coordinated yet." B. "You probably don't have anything to worry about. It is common for toddlers to fall." C."Due to the size of their heads and immature neck muscles falling is common, but I will let the physician know your concerns." D. "Most mothers are concerned because their toddlers fall a lot. As long as your child seems to be developmentally normal it shouldn't be a concern."

C."Due to the size of their heads and immature neck muscles falling is common, but I will let the physician know your concerns." The head of the infant and young child is large in proportion to the body, and is the fastest-growing body part during infancy and continues to grow until the child is 5 years old. In addition, the infant's and child's neck muscles are not well developed. Both of these differences lead to an increased incidence of head injury from falls. The nurse should still let the physician know the mother's concerns in case there is another issue causing the falls.

The nurse is educating parents of a male infant with Chiari type II malformation. Which statement about their child's condition is most accurate? A. "You won't need to change diapers often." B. "You'll see a big difference after the surgery." C. "Lay him down after feeding." D. "Take your time feeding your baby."

D. "Take your time feeding your baby." One of the problems associated with Chiari type II malformation is poor gag and swallowing reflexes, so the infant must be fed slowly. There is a great risk of aspiration, requiring that the child be placed in an upright position after feeding. The goal of surgery is to prevent further symptoms, rather than to relieve existing ones. Infrequent urination is a problem associated with type I malformations.

What information is most correct regarding the nervous system of the child? A. The child's nervous system is fully developed at birth. B. The child has underdeveloped gross motor skills and well-developed fine motor skills. C. The child has underdeveloped fine motor skills and well-developed gross motor skills. D. As the child grows, the gross and fine motor skills increase.

D. As the child grows, the gross and fine motor skills increase. As the child grows, the quality of the nerve impulses sent through the nervous system develops and matures. As these nerve impulses become more mature, the child's gross and fine motor skills increase in complexity. The child becomes more coordinated and able to develop motor skills.

The nurse is providing care to a child with an intussusception. The child has a bowel movement and the nurse inspects the stool. The nurse would most likely document the stool's appearance as having what quality? A. Clay-colored B. Greasy C. Bloody D. Currant jelly-like

D. Currant jelly-like The child with intussusception often exhibits currant jelly-like stools that may or may not be positive for blood. Greasy stools are associated with celiac disease. Clay-colored stools are observed with biliary atresia. Bloody stools can be seen with several gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease.

The nurse is preparing a child experiencing new-onset seizures for an electroencephalogram (EEG) test. How can the nurse best explain this procedure to the child? A. Show the child a video of the procedure. B. Tell the child he or she can take a nap during the procedure. C. Assure the child the procedure will not hurt. D. Use a doll with electrodes attached to the head.

D. Use a doll with electrodes attached to the head. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain. It is conducted by attached electrodes over sections of the head and obtains an electrical reading via a monitor. There is no pain involved in the procedure, but the child must lie still. The best way for the nurse to explain the procedure to the child is via a doll with attached electrodes that the child can play with, feel, and manipulate. This helps to reduce the child's anxiety and aids in cooperation. Videos can help with the education process but they do not allow for interaction and physical touching. The child can take a nap during the procedure but this does not prepare the child for the procedure. Assuring the child that the procedure will not hurt is not the best way to prepare the child.

Preterm infants have more fragile capillaries in the periventricular area than term infants. This put these infants at risk for which problem? A. early closure of the fontanels (fontanelles) B. congenital hydrocephalus C. moderate closed-head injury D. intracranial hemorrhaging

D. intracranial hemorrhaging Fragile capillaries in the periventricular area of the brain put preterm infants at risk for intracranial hemorrhage. Closure of the fontanels (fontanelles) has nothing to do with fragile capillaries within the brain. Larger head size gives children a higher center of gravity, which causes them to hit their head more readily. Congenital hydrocephalus may be caused by abnormal intrauterine development or infection.

The nurse is assessing a child following a head injury sustained in a bicycle accident. The child falls asleep frequently unless the parents are talking to the child or the nurse is asking the child questions. How should the nurse document the child's level of consciousness? A. decreased level of consciousness B. stupor C. fully conscious D. obtunded

D. obtunded Obtunded is defined as a state in which the child has limited responses to the environment and falls asleep unless stimulation is provided. Fully conscious describes a child who has no neurologic changes. Stupor exists when the child only responds to vigorous stimulation. Decreased level of consciousness is a vague term that does not describe the assessment findings.

External bruising of the head and face in an infant is the classic presentation of shaken baby syndrome (SBS). FALSE TRUE

FALSE External bruising of the head and face may be evident in some inflicted head traumas. However, no evidence of external trauma, but the presence of intracranial or intraocular hemorrhages, is the classic presentation of SBS. Retinal hemorrhages are seen in most cases, which is a rare finding in accidental or nontraumatic events.

All children younger than 5 years old should have their head circumference measured and plotted on a growth chart. TRUE FALSE

FALSE The relationship between head and brain growth explains why head circumference is a standard assessment made in children younger than 3 years of age. All children younger than 3 years old, and any child whose head size is questionable, should have their head circumference measured and plotted on a growth chart.

At birth, the cranial bones are not fused, leading to an increased risk for hemorrhage. FALSE TRUE

FALSE At birth, the cranial bones are not well developed and are not fused. Therefore, there is an increased risk for fracture. The brain is highly vascular, leading to an increased risk for hemorrhage.

Prematurity, difficult delivery, and infection during pregnancy are risk factors associated with neurologic disorders. FALSE TRUE

TRUE Risk factors associated with neurologic disorders include prematurity, difficult birth, infection during pregnancy, family history of genetic disorders with a neurologic manifestation, seizure disorders, and headaches.