Peoples and Cultures - Southeast Asia
Nicholas Spkyman (4)
-American geographer at Yale -revised Mackinder's Heartland Theory based on the emergence of new technologies -created the new theory Rimland Theory -became known as "the godfather of containment"
The goals of the Khmer's policies: (3)
-Autarky -agrarianism -isolation
Who adapted Darwin's theories to a new field called Political Geography, sometimes called Geostrategy? (2)
-Fredrich Ratzel -Rudolf Kjellen
What countries in this region partially or totally govern using Sharia Law? (3)
-Indonesia -Malaysia -Brunei
Indonesia is comprised of 17,000 islands, but most of the population lives on just two of the largest: (2)
-Java -Sumatra
Other related Austronesian languages include: (2)
-Javanese in Indonesia -Tagalog, Cebuano, and several others in the Philippines
Most famous volcanoes in Indonesia: (2)
-Krakatoa -Mt. Bromo
The region is comprised of two parts: (2)
-Mainland Southeast Asia -Maritime Southeast Asia
French Indochina was partitioned into four countries: (4)
-The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (communist) (North Vietnam) -the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam) -Cambodia -Laos
Khmer Rouge (4)
-a communist organization formed in Cambodia in 1970 -were originally aided by Viet Minh -led by Pol Pot -killed more than 3 million people in a genocide
Malay language (4)
-a lingua franca in SE Asia -it has many dialects and is the most spoken of the Austronesian languages -it is similar in its scope to perhaps Spanish, Russian, or Arabic -is widely spoken in Malaysia and Indonesia and other areas
Palm oil (4)
-a major primary sector good -is widely produced on plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia -many of these plantations are illegal and have caused major deforestation -is preferred around the world because it is solid at room temperature and cheap to produce
Vichy France (3)
-a pro-Nazi regime of the French government -allowed Japanese control during WWII -Nazi "puppet"
Tsunami (2)
-a seismic wave traveling through water as a result of the displacement of a large volume of water due to tectonic plate convergence -can travel at 500mph and slows and grows in size as it approaches shore
Rudolf Hess (3)
-a student of Haushofer -later became Hitler's first collaborator -helped write Mein Kampf with Hitler in jail after the Beer Hall Putsch
Second Indochina War (Vietnam War) (2)
-a war between North and South Vietnam with the US supporting the south and the Soviet Union and China supporting the north -it ended in a stalemate but two years after US ceasefire, the north invaded the south, unifying Vietnam as a communist country which remains today
Domino Theory (3)
-adopted by Dwight Eisenhower (Monroe Doctrine) -stated that all potential communist countries in SE Asia were like dominoes -if one fell to communism, it would knock the next one over and they would all become communist
First Indochina War (2)
-between the French and Viet Minh for control of French Indochina -it ended with Viet Minh victory
Viet Minh (2)
-communist Vietnamese movement -fought the Japanese during Word War II and the French afterward
Rimland Theory (4)
-created by Nicholas Spkyman -new technologies like submarines and aircraft carriers once again made the inland of Eurasia reachable by sea power -so seapower was now more important again, making the southern coastal areas of Eurasia the most strategic places to control -this area was called the rimland
Pol Pot (2)
-dictator of Khmer Rouge -installed a brutal system where urbanites were forced to live as farmers
Indonesian War of Independence (2)
-from 1946-1949 -fought the Dutch and kicked them out
Burma / Myanmar (2)
-has 54 million and is predominantly rural -70% live in rural areas
Thailand (2)
-has 68 million people and is predominantly rural -55% of the population lives in rural areas
Laos (6)
-has a very similar story to that of Vietnam -it was once part of French Indochina and occupied by the Japanese -after WWII, the French returned until partitioning of French Indochina -the Laotian monarch was reestablished -a communist revolution led by the Pathet Lao took control in 1975 -many Hmong refugees resulted and were settled in the USA
Why did Halford Mackinder write the Heartland Theory? (2)
-he wrote this paper to warn the British about the possibilities of losing their colonial empire -he feared that the British as a traditional naval power would lose this power to any alliance that could control the heartland aided by railroad transportation
Mainland Southeast Asia (2)
-historically called Indochina, because it is the landmass sandwiched between India and China and which was influence by both -Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), and mainland Malaysia
Maritime Southeast Asia (2)
-historically called Nusantara, literally "the outer islands" -Indonesia, Maritime Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, Christmas Island, and the Adaman Islands
Typhoons (3)
-in SE Asia in the Northern Hemisphere -they spin counterclockwise -they occur between August-October
Cyclones (3)
-in SE Asia in the Southern Hemisphere -they spin clockwise -they occur from November to April
Kra-Dai language family (2)
-includes Thai (Thailand) and Lao (Laos) -they have relative languages spoken in China
Vietnam (3)
-is third largest country with a population of 95 million which are 2/3 rural -rural people live in the river valleys and on the coasts -the largest cities are Ho Chi Minh city in the South and Hanoi in the north
Buddhism and Hinduism (3)
-it is prevalent in Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines -it was spread by missionaries from S. Asia -major Buddhist temples are found throughout the region
Coup d'état (2)
-literally, "a blow against the state" -is when a government is overthrown by unconstitutional means, usually by the military or a political faction
casus belli (2)
-literally, 'cause for war' -an event that starts the fighting or provides justification for fighting to start
Lebensraum (3)
-literally, 'living space' -this was the idea that the Germans as a genetically superior race needed more space to live and occupy -those spaces would be in a future German colonial empire and in Eastern Europe where the genetically inferior Slavs lived
Richter Scale (3)
-measures earthquake -it is a base ten scale, so each higher number in the system represents an earthquake 10 times more powerful -so an "8" earthquake on the Richter scale is 10 times more powerful than a "7"
Mount Bromo (2)
-most famous volcano today in Indonesia -erupted in 2011 and 2015
Valuable agricultural commodities were found here. What were some examples of those? (3)
-nutmeg -mace -cloves
Halford Mackinder (5)
-one of the first major geopolitical theories was proposed by him -called "the father of geopolitics" -called "the father of British geography" -in 1904, he wrote The Geographic Pivot of History -in it, he outlined a theory that has come to be known as Heartland Theory
Pan-Regions Theory (3)
-suggesting that all northern hemisphere powers naturally had a southern hemisphere resource base available to them -Germany needed an African colonial empire as a resource base -this was a combination of Mackinder and Ratzel's theories -created by Karl Haushofer
Spice Islands (2)
-the Maluku Islands, which are part of Indonesia -colonial economies included rice, natural rubber, and mining
Heartland Theory (2)
-the inland of Eurasia is the most geographically strategic place on earth to control and whoever controls it can threaten to take over the world -the influence of this theory identified Eurasia as the most strategic place in the world on which to focus efforts to control
Charles Darwin (4)
-the most influential biologist of all time -his most famous works were "The Descent of Man" and "On the Origin of Species" -his theories on evolution and natural selection influenced many other academic disciplines and were adapted to them for use, especially in the social sciences -these adaptations are called Social Darwinism
Java Island (2)
-the most populous island in the world -141 million people on an island the size of Arkansas
Sumatra Island (2)
-the world's sixth largest island -has a population of 50 million
The state as an organism (3)
-this is the idea that countries behave just like organisms -their borders are fluid because they must grow in order to survive -they will grow into and at the expense of lesser evolved peoples and countries
How were religions introduced to this region? (3)
-trade -empire building -colonization
Krakatoa (2)
-volcano in Indonesia -erupted in 1883
Islam (2)
-was introduced by Muslim traders who sailed coastal trade routes to SE Asia -it was adopted by the rulers of many SE Asian cultures between 1100s to 1400s because of its prestige and global scope
What possibilities did Halford Mackinder foresee with the Heartland Theory? (3)
1. A German invasion of Russia 2. A Russo-German alliance 3. Conquest of Russia by a Chinese/Japanese alliance
When did the Philippines gain independence?
1946
In total, SE Asia is one of the most linguistically and ethnically diverse regions on earth. Indonesia has over __________ ethnic groups and _________ languages alone
300 / 700
What percent of Indonesia is urbanized?
55%
Indonesia was a major ____________________ ally in SE Asia during the Cold War.
American
Another language family is the ____________________ languages of mainland SE Asia
Austroasiatic
First religion was _______________ and to a lesser extent, _____________ from South Asia
Buddhism / Hinduism
_______________ was created in 1954 from French Indochina and a monarch was re-established
Cambodia
China's Belt and Road Policy
China plans to connect itself with the economies of Eurasia via one belt (road and rail transportation across Eurasia) and one belt (shipping lanes to connect itself to Eurasian coastal countries
What explains the United States strategy in fighting the Korean War and the Vietnam War?
Domino Theory
After Japanese occupation, the _____________ tried to recolonize Indonesia in 1946
Dutch
The small country of ____________ _______________ is majority Catholic and former Portuguese colony
East Timor
The official language of some countries is _______________ (Christmas Island, Keeling Islands, Singapore). Also Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines
English
Who coined the term lebensraum?
Fredrich Ratzel
After the war, the _______________ tried to re-establish control over French Indochina
French
The Viet Minh defeated the French and the 1954 _____________ Conference settled the Korean and Indochina conflicts
Geneva
____________________ was especially influenced by the field of biology and Charles Darwin
Geopolitics
Karl Haushofer
German geographer who created a theory called Pan-Regions Theory
Fredrich Ratzel
German geographer who helped create Geostrategy
In 1964, the __________________ __________ ________________ Incident caused the United States to become directly involved in the conflict
Gulf of Tonkin
What was the casus belli for the Second Indochina War?
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Much of SE Asia was occupied by the _________________ __________________army during Word War II
Imperial Japanese
The French were decisively defeated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, ending the First _____________ War
Indochina
________________ is the largest Muslim country on Earth
Indonesia
___________________ is the most populous country in the region
Indonesia
The religion that was introduced after Buddhism / Hinduism was _______________
Islam
What other country invaded and controlled the Philippines?
Japan from 1942-1945
French Indochina was occupied by the ______________________ during World War II.
Japanese
Javanese and Sundanese live on what island?
Java
The largest ethnic group in Indonesia are the _________________ with 100 million members
Javanese
In 1975, a communist coup saw the ______________ _______________ take power in Cambodia
Khmer Rouge
What island do most of the people in the Philippines live on?
Luzon
The strait of ________________ is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.
Malacca
A lingua franca in the region, especially in maritime SE Asia, is _______________
Malay
Most of _______________ SE Asia has Tropical (A) climate type
Maritime
Sunni Islam
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership
During World War II, the ____________ acted on many of the elements of these theories (by Haushofer, Kjellen, Ratzel)
Nazis
The United States gained control of the ________________ in 1898 at the end of the Spanish American War
Philippines
The _________________ is the second largest country with 100 million people
Philippines
In 1974, a left-wing coup occurred in ________________ that overthrew a dictatorship there. Many colonies gained independence as a result. One example was East Timor.
Portugal
Roman Catholicism was introduced by the Spanish and _______________
Portuguese
______________ theory suggested that some groups (like the Germans) were more and better evolved that other groups
Race
We measure earthquakes using the ______________ Scale
Richter
SE Asia is a major part of the _______________ ______ ________________
Ring of Fire
What religion was introduced after Islam?
Roman Catholicism
The ________________ Islands were an initial target of colonialism
Spice
Who was the ruler of Indonesia?
Suharto
The second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia are the __________________ with 40 million
Sundanese
What type of Islam is primarily practiced in Indonesia?
Sunni Islam
Rudolf Kjellen
Swede who helped create Geostrategy
Inland Indochina experiences mostly ________________________ climates
Temperate (C)
__________________ was never been colonized
Thailand
_________ ____________________ is the largest Catholic country in Asia today (80%) and a former Spanish colony
The Philippines
The primary climate of SE Asia is ________________
Tropical (A)
When the Japanese were defeated, some places were occupied by the ______________, and attempts were made by various colonial powers to re-establish control over their former colonies.
USA
"He who is Lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of _______________".
Venice
The French government during WWII turned into a pro-Nazi regime called _________________ France
Vichy
The Viet Minh helped created an insurgency in the State of Vietnam called the ________________ _____________which carried out attacks against the government there.
Viet Cong
In the north, Ho Chi Minh led a communist guerilla force called the _______________ __________________ with aid from the Soviet Union and later, Communist China (after the 1949 Chinese Civil War was over).
Viet Minh
What country invaded and took control of Cambodia from 1978 until 1992?
Vietnam
What is the Second Indochina War called in the United States?
Vietnam War
Lingua franca
a common language spoken widely throughout a region, especially one with many other regional languages
Stalemate
a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
East Timor
a former Portuguese colony, seized by Indonesia, that gained independence in 2002
Austronesian languages
a large language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia
Ring of Fire
a major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean
Autarky
a situation in which a country does not trade with other countries
Tropical climates in SE Asia made it an ____________________ productive region
agriculturally
Hmong
an ethnic group native to Vietnam, China, and Laos
Sharia Law
any legal/penal code rooted in Islamic teaching from the Quran or hadith
Millions of Vietnamese fled from the south and became refugees abroad. Some were evacuated by the USA, many more fled in boats and were known as ___________ people
boat
Containment strategy
communism must be contained and not allowed to expand into the rimland of Eurasia
Ho Chi Minh
communist leader of North Vietnam
In 1965, a communist _____________ attempt in Indonesia was repelled by the army led by ____________ who later became ruler
coup / Suharto
The region has numerous areas of tectonic convergence; the results are: (3)
earthquakes, volcanism, and tsunamis as natural hazards
It is a resource rich region, and very _____________________
geostrategic
Austroasiatic language family
includes Vietnamese, and Khmer (Cambodia)
Southeast Asia is a region of _______________ religions
introduced
Vietnamese folk religion
is a mix of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucian philosophy (call the "three teachings" in Vietnam)
Pathet Lao
led a communist revolution in Laos
What was abolished by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?
money
SE Asia also experiences a relatively milder summer ________________ season, for the same reasons experienced in India. Ocean air is brought onto land making it rainier.
monsoon
Agrarianism
philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy
Swidden
slash and burn agriculture, shifting cultivation, natural fertilizer
Typhoons and cyclones storms are the exact same, they just have regional names and different ___________ due to the Coriolis effect and hemisphere in which they occur
spins
Traditional agricultural was ______________ in the rainforested areas
swidden
How long did America rule the Philippines?
the USA ruled it as an overseas territory until 1946
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
the USS Maddox was attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin by Vietnamese torpedo boats
Social Darwinism
the adaptation of Darwin's biological theories to social sciences like sociology, and geography
Viet Cong
the communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnam's government
Almost immediately, Indonesia who controlled West Timor, invaded East Timor with US assistance. Why?
the fear was a communist government in East Timor forming after independence
Ratzel and Kjellen develop the concept of:
the state as an organism
Geopolitics
the study of the relationship between politics and geographical space
What attracted European colonial powers to SE Asia?
the valuable agricultural commodities
Haushofer brought reading materials to Hess and Hitler in jail and Hess communicated Haushofer, Kjellen, and Ratzel's ideas to Hitler. True or false?
true
In addition to the indigenous cultures of Southeast Asia, the region has been heavily influenced by neighboring cultures, especially India and China. It was also influenced by various colonial powers as well as Imperial Japan before and during World War II. True or false?
true
Many colonial languages failed to catch on in SE Asia. For instance, despite 350 years of involvement with the Dutch, very few people in Indonesia speak Dutch today. True or false?
true
Some have suggested that China's new Belt and Road policy is simply Heartland/Rimland theory for the 21st century. True or false?
true
Southeast Asia has been greatly affected by World War II, European decolonization, communism, and the Cold War. True or false?
true
The United States became the primary supporter of the State of Vietnam against communist expansion. True or false?
true
The monarchy was once again reestablished after 1992 in Cambodia. True or false?
true
The population of Philippines is almost exactly split between rural and urban. True or false?
true
The region is extremely tectonically active. True or false?
true
This region has been influenced by neighboring China and India, as well as numerous European colonial powers (Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, British, French). True or false?
true
A side-effect of earthquakes in maritime regions like SE Asia is ________________
tsunamis
Another natural hazard in SE Asia are _________________ and ________________. Both are the same type of storm, which meteorologists call tropical cyclones
typhoons / cyclones
Many islands in SE Asia are _____________________ active
volcanically
What did Nicholas Spkyman warn?
warned about any country trying to take over and capture the rimland because naval bases in the rimland would allow that country to project their military power all over the world in every direction and thus, take over the world
Philippine-American War
what was fought in order for America to gain control of it (1899-1902)
